US6216230B1 - Notebook security system (NBS) - Google Patents

Notebook security system (NBS) Download PDF

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Publication number
US6216230B1
US6216230B1 US09/127,218 US12721898A US6216230B1 US 6216230 B1 US6216230 B1 US 6216230B1 US 12721898 A US12721898 A US 12721898A US 6216230 B1 US6216230 B1 US 6216230B1
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United States
Prior art keywords
serial number
computer
copy
validation
key device
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Fee Related
Application number
US09/127,218
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English (en)
Inventor
William N. Rallis
Yaacov Behar
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Durango Corp
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Durango Corp
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Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from US09/022,088 external-priority patent/US6189099B1/en
Application filed by Durango Corp filed Critical Durango Corp
Priority to US09/127,218 priority Critical patent/US6216230B1/en
Priority to DE69905901T priority patent/DE69905901D1/de
Priority to AT99937667T priority patent/ATE234481T1/de
Priority to PCT/US1999/017315 priority patent/WO2000007088A1/fr
Priority to AU52455/99A priority patent/AU5245599A/en
Priority to EP99937667A priority patent/EP1099147B1/fr
Priority to US09/685,811 priority patent/US6425084B1/en
Publication of US6216230B1 publication Critical patent/US6216230B1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Assigned to DURANGO CORPORATION reassignment DURANGO CORPORATION RELEASE AND STOCK TRANSFER Assignors: RALLIS, WILLIAM N.
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Fee Related legal-status Critical Current

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F21/00—Security arrangements for protecting computers, components thereof, programs or data against unauthorised activity
    • G06F21/70—Protecting specific internal or peripheral components, in which the protection of a component leads to protection of the entire computer
    • G06F21/88—Detecting or preventing theft or loss
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F21/00—Security arrangements for protecting computers, components thereof, programs or data against unauthorised activity
    • G06F21/30—Authentication, i.e. establishing the identity or authorisation of security principals
    • G06F21/31—User authentication
    • G06F21/34—User authentication involving the use of external additional devices, e.g. dongles or smart cards
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G06Q20/00—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols
    • G06Q20/30—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols characterised by the use of specific devices or networks
    • G06Q20/36—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols characterised by the use of specific devices or networks using electronic wallets or electronic money safes
    • G06Q20/367—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols characterised by the use of specific devices or networks using electronic wallets or electronic money safes involving electronic purses or money safes
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G06Q20/00—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols
    • G06Q20/30—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols characterised by the use of specific devices or networks
    • G06Q20/36—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols characterised by the use of specific devices or networks using electronic wallets or electronic money safes
    • G06Q20/367—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols characterised by the use of specific devices or networks using electronic wallets or electronic money safes involving electronic purses or money safes
    • G06Q20/3672—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols characterised by the use of specific devices or networks using electronic wallets or electronic money safes involving electronic purses or money safes initialising or reloading thereof
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G06Q20/00—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols
    • G06Q20/30—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols characterised by the use of specific devices or networks
    • G06Q20/36—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols characterised by the use of specific devices or networks using electronic wallets or electronic money safes
    • G06Q20/367—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols characterised by the use of specific devices or networks using electronic wallets or electronic money safes involving electronic purses or money safes
    • G06Q20/3674—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols characterised by the use of specific devices or networks using electronic wallets or electronic money safes involving electronic purses or money safes involving authentication
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F11/00—Error detection; Error correction; Monitoring
    • G06F11/006—Identification

Definitions

  • a security system constructed in accordance with the invention implements a user-validation procedure that requires the user to connect the proper hardware “key” device to a computer at power-up to enable operation.
  • the system can support multiple users and a single supervisor. Each authorized user is provided with a unique key device which is carried and stored separately from the computer. The key device holds a unique serial number and an encryption key.
  • a validation record stored on the computer's hard disk contains an unencrypted key device serial number, an encrypted hard disk serial number, and a Personal Identification Number (PIN) unique to the user.
  • the user is prompted to connect the key device to the computer.
  • the user is prompted to enter a PIN, although the system can be configured to operate without manual PIN entry.
  • the procedure permits entry past a first security level only if the key device serial number matches the unencrypted numbers in the validation record. If the first-level validation is successful, the procedure then uses the encryption key to decrypt the hard drive serial number and PIN found in the stored validation record.
  • the procedure permits entry past the second security level only if the validation record is properly decrypted, the installed hard disk serial number matches the decrypted number, and the manually-entered PIN matches the decrypted PIN.
  • a failure at any step in the user-validation procedure will immediately power down the computer, thereby rendering it useless to a thief not possessing the required key device.
  • the key device is not required for normal computer operations, after the user-validation procedure has successfully terminated, the user can remove the key device and keep it separate from the computer. Moreover, the small size of the key device makes it easy to transport and keep safe.
  • FIG. 1A is an illustration of the Notebook Security System (NBS);
  • FIG. 1B is an illustration of a key device
  • FIG. 2 is a block diagram of the major components within the CPU address space of an IBM-PC compatible computer
  • FIG. 3 is a flow diagram of the boot and user-validation procedure
  • FIGS. 4A-4C depict the PS2/USB interface protocol
  • FIGS. 5A-5F illustrate various key device-to-computer interfaces
  • FIGS. 6A-6E illustrate various IR key device configurations
  • FIG. 7 depicts the IR interface message framing format
  • FIG. 8 is a block diagram of the software partitioning of an IBM-PC compatible computer.
  • FIG. 9 is a depiction of the user screen of the user-validation program application.
  • FIG. 1A shows a key device 20 connected to a notebook computer 10 .
  • the key device 20 shown in FIG. 1B, has no external controls and is comprised of a microcomputer 22 , a read-only-memory 24 and a connector 26 .
  • the connector 26 may attach to one of the I/O ports on the notebook computer 10 .
  • the preferred key device connection is via a PS-2 connector 12 , although alternative connections, such as a Universal Serial Bus (USB) 14 and an Infra-Red (IR) port 16 , can be used as described below.
  • USB Universal Serial Bus
  • IR Infra-Red
  • the key device 20 is of such shape and size as to be placed on the user's key chain. It receives power and command messages from the notebook computer 10 and returns response messages, a serial number and an encryption key. A program running on the notebook computer 10 uses the key device serial number and the encryption key, along with a Personal Identification Number (PIN), in a user-validation procedure to prevent operation (i.e. power-up) of the note book computer 10 by an unauthorized user. For maximum security protection, the key device 20 is connected only during the user-validation procedure and is carried and stored separately from the notebook computer 10 .
  • PIN Personal Identification Number
  • FIG. 2 is a block diagram of the major components within the Central Processing Unit (CPU) 50 address space for a conventional IBM PC-compatible computer.
  • the CPU 50 accesses the Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) Read-Only Memory (ROM) 30 and executes a “boot-up” procedure.
  • BIOS Basic Input/Output System
  • ROM Read-Only Memory
  • the CPU downloads the operating system (OS) program via a memory-mapped interface 40 from a mass storage device, such as a hard drive 42 or possibly a diskette 44 , and reads it into main Random-Access Memory (RAM) memory 60 .
  • the boot-up user-validation program resides in a ROM adapter 34 of the BIOS 30 and is executed at boot-up and prior to the download of the operating system.
  • Step 1 the user-validation program prompts the user to attach the key device 20 to the notebook computer 10 .
  • the program attempts to communicate with the key device 20 for a fixed delay period. If a key device 20 is not detected within this period, then the program proceeds to Step 11 where the computer is automatically powered down.
  • Step 2 the program reads the key device serial number and encryption key that are stored in the key device ROM 24 .
  • the key device serial number and encryption key usually a large prime number, are loaded into the key device 20 by the manufacturer.
  • the protocol for interfacing the key device 20 to the computer 10 through a PS-2 port 12 or a USB port 14 is shown in FIG. 4 .
  • the first portion, shown in FIG. 4A, is the standard, or conventional, initialization protocol flow between the notebook computer 10 and either a keyboard 46 or a mouse 48 .
  • a read identification (F2) command is then issued and a keyboard 46 , for example, will return an acknowledgment (FA) response and the “AB 41 ” identification number.
  • FIG. 4 B A novel protocol for reading the key device data through a PS-2 or USB port is shown in FIG. 4 B.
  • the key device 20 waits for a unique two-command sequence that it will recognize as the cue for sending the key device serial number and encryption key.
  • the sequence is shown as an echo (EE) command followed by a read identification (F2) command.
  • the program sends an echo (EE) command to the key device 20 .
  • the key device 20 returns an echo (EE) response.
  • the program issues a read identification (F2) command to the key device 20 .
  • the key device 20 returns an acknowledgment (FA) response and the “AB 41 ” identification number and further appends the key device serial number and encryption key.
  • the key device 20 appends the serial number and encryption key only when the read identification (F2) command is immediately preceded by the echo (EE) command.
  • Step 3 the program compares the key device serial number to the corresponding number in a set of stored validation records, one of which is maintained for each user.
  • the records are stored in a reserved sector of the hard disk 42 , or other mass storage device, preferably when the security system software is installed on the computer.
  • Each validation record is comprised of the following fields:
  • FIELD 1 key device serial number (standard ASCII characters)
  • FIELD 2 personal identification number (PIN) (encrypted)
  • FIELD 4 level: user or supervisor (encrypted)
  • FIELD 6 user information (encrypted)
  • Step 4 the program uses the encryption key to decrypt the encrypted portions of the validation record. If the decrypted record reads as plain ASCII text, the program moves to Step 5, otherwise, it proceeds to Step 9.
  • Step 5 the user-validation program prompts the user to enter a PIN.
  • the PIN consists of a string of six to eight characters.
  • Step 6 the program compares the PIN to the corresponding number stored in field 2 of the decrypted validation record. If the numbers do not match, the program moves to Step 11. If the system is configured to operate without the manual entry of a password or PIN, Steps 5 and 6 are bypassed.
  • the program reads the serial number of an internal device, preferably the hard disk 42 .
  • the retrieved serial number is compared to the plain text serial number of field 3 of the validation record. If the serial numbers match, the user has been validated. If the numbers do not match, the program moves to Step 11.
  • Step 10 the program waits for the key device 20 to be disconnected from the notebook computer 10 . It periodically executes the read protocol of FIG. 4B to determines whether the key device serial number and encryption key data are appended to the acknowledgment (FA) response. When the key device data is not appended to the acknowledgment (FA) response, the program terminates and normal computer operations can commence.
  • a supervisor is designated by setting the single bit of field 4 of the validation record. If the bit is set, the supervisor can gain access to the users' encryption keys which are stored in field 5 .
  • the user information in field 6 holds user-specific data stored for informational purposes.
  • a “super key” access code procedure may be programmed by the manufacturer into the key device 20 , and a “super key” verification step may be inserted at the start of the user validation procedure.
  • the access code procedure requires the key device 20 to verify receipt of a matching code number before it will output the serial number and encryption key data.
  • the access code “hops”, or changes, each time the key device 20 is accessed.
  • FIG. 4 C A novel protocol for writing data to the key device 20 through a PS-2 port 12 or a USB port 14 is shown in FIG. 4 C.
  • the write protocol is executed after the initialization protocol of FIG. 4 A and prior to the read protocol of FIG. 4 B.
  • the key device 20 waits for a unique two-command sequence that it will recognize as the signal that the program is sending one byte of data. For illustrative purposes, the sequence is shown as two consecutive echo (EE) commands.
  • the key device 20 returns an acknowledgment (FA) response.
  • the “super key” access code number that is sent by the program to the key device 20 may be longer than one byte.
  • the write protocol of FIG. 4C is repeated as necessary for each additional byte of data.
  • the key device 20 microprocessor 22 concatenates the low and high nibbles and compares the resulting number to the access code number stored in its memory 24 . If the numbers do not match, the key device 20 will not append the serial number and encryption key data to the acknowledgment (FA) response as shown in FIG. 4 B.
  • the key device 20 can include special security features, such as a finger print reader 28 (FIG. 5 C), or a “smartcard” reader that senses data on a “smartcard” 29 (FIG. 5 D), to generate key data. This data is forwarded by the key device 20 to the user-validation program in a manner identical to the transmission of serial number and encryption key data.
  • a PS-2 “Y” connector 13 equipped with an internal automatic switch (not shown), is employed to permit the simultaneous PS-2 connection of a key device 20 and a keyboard 46 (or mouse 48 ) to a notebook computer 10 as shown in FIG. 5 E.
  • the key device 20 is connected to the keyboard port 18 of a desktop computer 11 via a AT “Y” connector 19 , equipped with an internal automatic switch (not shown), that also permits the simultaneous connection of an AT keyboard 47 as shown in FIG. 5 F.
  • the internal automatic switch (not shown) in each “Y” connector is controlled by an internal microprocessor (not shown).
  • the switch is configured to be normally open at the key device port and normally closed at the “pass-through” port of each “Y” connector.
  • the microprocessor monitors the transmissions across the switch. When it detects the protocol command sequences described above, it temporarily switches the connection to the key device port and relays the command and response messages between the computer and the key device 20 . The switch automatically reverts back to pass-through mode when the computer 10 /key device 20 communications are completed.
  • the IR key device 21 is equipped for Infrared (IR) communications with a notebook computer 10 via the IR port 16 as shown in FIG. 6 A.
  • the IR key device 21 is of such shape and size as to be placed on the user's key chain. It is self-powered and in its basic configuration, as shown in FIG. 6B, includes an IR transmitter 27 and a momentary transmit switch 25 , in addition to a microprocessor and ROM (not shown).
  • the user aligns the IR key device 21 with the IR port 16 and depresses the switch 25 within the allotted time period (e.g. 30 seconds).
  • the IR key device 21 transmits a message that includes the key device serial number and the encryption key using the Ultra Protocol as established by the Infrared Data Association (IrDA).
  • IrDA Infrared Data Association
  • the Ultra Protocol for exchanging messages between the IR key device 21 and the computer 10 through the IR port 16 is documented in “Infrared Data Association Guidelines for Ultra Protocols” which is incorporated by reference.
  • the message framing and layer specific headers are shown in FIG. 7 .
  • the IR key device 21 utilizes a frame 70 identified by a unique Protocol Identification (PID) field 71 value, e.g. 02 h, assigned and reserved by IrDA.
  • PID Protocol Identification
  • the key data resides in the variable length protocol data field 72 .
  • the frame size is specified in the Frame Check Sequence (FCS) field 73 which is CRC-CCITT (Cyclic Redundancy Check—International Canal and Telephone Consultative Committee; CRC with polynomial equal to X 16 +X 12 +X 5 +1) error correction encoded.
  • FCS Frame Check Sequence
  • CRC-CCITT Cyclic Redundancy Check—International Canal and Telephone Consultative Committee; CRC with polynomial equal to X 16 +X 12 +X 5 +1
  • EEF end-of-file
  • the IR key device 21 includes both an IR transmitter and IR receiver, but does not include a transmit switch.
  • the IR key device 21 remains the powered-down state until it receives an IR pulse.
  • the user-validation program prompts the user to align the IR key device 21 with the IR port 16 , it transmits a command message containing a “super key” access code number.
  • the access code procedure requires the IR key device 21 to verify receipt of a matching code number before it will output the serial number and encryption key data.
  • the access code “hops”, or changes, each time the IR key device 21 is accessed. If the IR key device 21 verifies a match between the received access code and a number stored within the device, it transmits a response message containing the key device serial number and the encryption key.
  • the IR key device 21 can include special security features, such as a finger print reader 28 (FIG. 6 C), or a “smartcard” reader that senses data on a “smartcard” 29 (FIG. 6 D), to generate the key data.
  • This data is forwarded to the user-validation program in a manner identical to the IR transmission of the serial number and encryption key data, although a new PID is assigned to each new configuration.
  • a PS-2/IR “Y” connector 17 equipped with an internal automatic switch (not shown), is employed to permit the simultaneous IR connection of an IR key device 21 and a keyboard 46 (or mouse 48 ) to a notebook computer 10 as shown in FIG. 6 E.
  • the key device 20 may be implemented as a Personal Computer Memory Card Industry Association (PCMCIA) card, a floppy diskette, or by any other detachable means for providing a key device serial number and an encryption key to the notebook computer 10 .
  • PCMCIA Personal Computer Memory Card Industry Association
  • an application program that implements the user-validation procedure may be installed with the security system and, preferably, on a Microsoft Windows 95/98/NT/CE platform.
  • the application will provide either (user selected) automatic hard disk lock-up or computer power-down that triggers during normal operation after expiration of a user-defined inactivity period.
  • the application also supports manual initiation of lock-up or power-down. In cases where the ROM BIOS program is not installed, the application can be used to prevent unauthorized user access to the hard disk contents.
  • an Operating System Interface is provided.
  • the application 92 is interfaced to the operating system 100 via an Application Program Interface (API) layer 90 as shown in FIG. 8 .
  • the OSI is comprised of two parts: the key device driver 112 and the OS visual interface.
  • an interface layer 110 supports various drivers, such as a disk driver 114 , a key device driver 112 , and a network driver 116 .
  • the key device driver 112 provides the application interface to the key device 20 . It reads the key device serial number and the encryption key, matches the key device serial number to that of the validation record stored on the hard disk, and uses the encryption key to decrypt the encrypted portion of the validation record.
  • FIG. 9 An OS visual interface is illustrated in FIG. 9 .
  • the interface is comprised of a display window 82 for displaying messages to the user during the user-validation procedure or setting program parameters, a task bar “key” object 84 to either lock/unlock the hard disk or power-down the computer, a “key” icon 86 in the control panel for adjusting program parameters, and a “vault” object 88 to indicate whether the hard disk is locked or not (e.g. the vault door is either closed or open).
  • warning label it is desirable that some form of warning label be applied to the exterior of the notebook computer 10 to deter a would-be thief. Such a practice is common with home burglary systems.
  • the label should state that the computer is protected by a security system that will not permit operation without a special key device.
  • the key device 20 may also be used as a new and improved “dongle” for software copy protection.
  • a dongle is a hardware security device that attaches to an I/O port, typically the parallel port, of a computer and contains a unique key number.
  • third party applications 91 may require retrieval of a key, such as that stored in a dongle, to permit execution. With little or no modification, the key device 20 may be used as a dongle.
  • software developers may incorporate into their applications the user validation procedure and PS-2/USB/IR communications protocols described above.

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US09/127,218 1998-02-11 1998-07-31 Notebook security system (NBS) Expired - Fee Related US6216230B1 (en)

Priority Applications (7)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US09/127,218 US6216230B1 (en) 1998-02-11 1998-07-31 Notebook security system (NBS)
AU52455/99A AU5245599A (en) 1998-07-31 1999-07-29 Notebook security system (nbs)
AT99937667T ATE234481T1 (de) 1998-07-31 1999-07-29 Notebookrechner-sicherungssystem
PCT/US1999/017315 WO2000007088A1 (fr) 1998-07-31 1999-07-29 Systeme de securite pour ordinateur portatif
DE69905901T DE69905901D1 (de) 1998-07-31 1999-07-29 Notebookrechner-sicherungssystem
EP99937667A EP1099147B1 (fr) 1998-07-31 1999-07-29 Systeme de securite pour ordinateur portatif
US09/685,811 US6425084B1 (en) 1998-02-11 2000-10-10 Notebook security system using infrared key

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US09/022,088 US6189099B1 (en) 1998-02-11 1998-02-11 Notebook security system (NBS)
US09/127,218 US6216230B1 (en) 1998-02-11 1998-07-31 Notebook security system (NBS)

Related Parent Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US09/022,088 Continuation-In-Part US6189099B1 (en) 1998-02-11 1998-02-11 Notebook security system (NBS)

Related Child Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US09/685,811 Continuation US6425084B1 (en) 1998-02-11 2000-10-10 Notebook security system using infrared key

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US6216230B1 true US6216230B1 (en) 2001-04-10

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US09/127,218 Expired - Fee Related US6216230B1 (en) 1998-02-11 1998-07-31 Notebook security system (NBS)
US09/685,811 Expired - Fee Related US6425084B1 (en) 1998-02-11 2000-10-10 Notebook security system using infrared key

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US09/685,811 Expired - Fee Related US6425084B1 (en) 1998-02-11 2000-10-10 Notebook security system using infrared key

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US (2) US6216230B1 (fr)
EP (1) EP1099147B1 (fr)
AT (1) ATE234481T1 (fr)
AU (1) AU5245599A (fr)
DE (1) DE69905901D1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2000007088A1 (fr)

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AU5245599A (en) 2000-02-21
DE69905901D1 (de) 2003-04-17
US6425084B1 (en) 2002-07-23
EP1099147B1 (fr) 2003-03-12
EP1099147A1 (fr) 2001-05-16
WO2000007088A1 (fr) 2000-02-10

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