US5958464A - Veterinary pharmaceutical composition - Google Patents

Veterinary pharmaceutical composition Download PDF

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US5958464A
US5958464A US08/969,034 US96903497A US5958464A US 5958464 A US5958464 A US 5958464A US 96903497 A US96903497 A US 96903497A US 5958464 A US5958464 A US 5958464A
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calcium
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cow
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weight
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Jack W. Register
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K33/00—Medicinal preparations containing inorganic active ingredients
    • A61K33/14—Alkali metal chlorides; Alkaline earth metal chlorides

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  • the present invention relates, generally to veterinary pharmaceutical and feed supplement compositions and to methods of administering the compositions. More particularly, the invention relates to a composition of calcium, B-vitamins and propylene glycol and to a method of orally administering or dispensing the composition to a recently freshened dairy cow.
  • the process of a cow giving birth to a calf is called "freshening" in the dairy industry.
  • the first milk or colostrum of a fresh cow has a high level of calcium and antibodies to benefit the newborn calf's immune system.
  • the calcium found in the colostrum is taken from the bloodstream, thus lowering the serum calcium level of the cow, and is replaced either by intestinal calcium absorption or by bone calcium resorption. Calcium replacement is a special concern in today's dairy industry because fresh cows are milked soon after freshening, and thus can lose a considerable amount of calcium.
  • hypocalcemia occurs because calcium enters the mammary gland faster than it is replaced.
  • a cow suffering from milk fever will typically stagger and have cold ears.
  • freshening cows do not show symptoms of milk fever, they still may develop typically asymptomatic subclinical milk fever.
  • the normal level of serum calcium in a cow's blood is 8.0 mg/100 cc of blood.
  • Subclinical milk fever occurs when the serum calcium level drops below 7.5 mg/100 cc.
  • the cow's rumen shuts down at 6.0 mg/100 cc and the cow is down at 4.0 mg/100 cc.
  • Other problems related to low serum calcium levels include a displaced abomasum, slow calving, a retained placenta, ketosis, downer cow syndrome, uterine prolapse, and metritis.
  • Milk fever and the other problems associated with low serum calcium can be prevented in freshening cows by keeping serum calcium in the blood at or above the level of 7.5 mg/100 cc of blood. Should a cow develop subclinical milk fever, it is extremely important to treat the cow immediately both to prevent the serum calcium levels from dropping further and to quickly raise the serum calcium back to near normal levels.
  • Dry Feed Supplements may contain calcium chloride and other minerals. These supplements are fed to an entire herd, often weeks before they freshen. See Goff (Journal of Dairy Science, 77 no. 4, April 1994, 1451-1456) and Moore (U.S. Pat. No. 5,556,634). Therefore, dry feed supplements are not an efficient treatment for an individual freshening cow.
  • IV dosing is generally administered by a veterinarian. It is time consuming due to the importance of a slow administration rate. It also tends to spike the blood with a large amount of calcium. The cow responds to the spike by releasing a hormone called calcitonin that temporarily prevents the cow from naturally restoring its own serum calcium levels. Relapse can occur within 12 hours after an IV calcium treatment. Thus, IV dosing tends to be a temporary solution and, therefore, is not good for milk fever prevention. Furthermore, IV treatments shock the cow's system, stress the animal, and may even cause death.
  • Gel tubes are difficult to administer. Viscous gels and pastes are forced from a caulking gun and are placed over the cow's tongue.
  • a 300 cc dose of gel contains about 50 grams of calcium in the form of 150-200 grams of calcium chloride. This high amount of calcium chloride gives the gel a harsh salty taste. The cow's natural reflex is to cough out the bad tasting substance, resulting in considerable waste. Furthermore, the high levels of calcium chloride in the gel can cause acidosis and can irritate the throat, both of which can limit additional feedings if the first feeding does not produce the desired results. Additionally, forcing the gels over the tongue excites the cow, which has been shown to reduce calcium absorption.
  • Liquid calciums are orally administered calcium solutions that typically consist of calcium chloride, potassium, magnesium, phosphorous and water. They are usually administered by pouring the low viscosity liquid drench into a cow's mouth using a long-necked bottle. As with the gels, the cow becomes excited and is at risk of aspirating the fluid, which may result in pneumonia and death. Because of this danger, the known art teaches away from using liquid compositions in favor of using viscous gels or dry feed supplements in spite of the fact that the liquid compositions are generally absorbed faster (Goff, page 1454, col. 1 line 1 to col. 2 line 6). Conventional liquid calciums also contain a high level of calcium chloride, typically 150-200 grams in a 300 to 400 cc dose.
  • a dose of conventional liquid calciums can cause acidosis and irritate the throat. Furthermore, forcing a cow's mouth open, inserting a long neck bottle, and pouring the fluid into the cow's mouth excites the cow because it is not a natural swallowing action. Therefore, this method fails to stimulate receptors in the mouth and pharynx to close the cow's esophageal groove and to allow the liquid calcium to enter and be quickly absorbed in the omasum. Additionally, these conventional liquid calciums do not contain vitamins or carriers, such as propylene glycol, to improve the effectiveness of the calcium solution.
  • the present invention provides a liquid composition for preventing and treating milk fever in freshening cows, and a method of administering that composition.
  • the basic composition is a mixture of water, calcium chloride, propylene glycol, B vitamins and minerals.
  • a relatively low calcium content is provided by an effective concentration of calcium chloride.
  • the propylene glycol is a carrier that aids in the dispersion of the calcium into the blood stream, and gives the cow an energy boost.
  • the B vitamins stimulate the cow's appetite.
  • the minerals help the cow absorb calcium and replace the minerals that are used to make the colostrum.
  • the composition of the present invention is a drench, i.e. a low viscosity free-flowing liquid which the freshening cow drinks, as opposed to a viscous gel or paste typically administered using a squeeze tube.
  • the liquid composition is preferably administered using a 200-300 cc drench gun.
  • the end of the dispensing tube of the drench gun is placed between the teeth and cheek of the cow.
  • the drench gun tube has a feature, such as a curved tube or a bend in the end of the tube, that ensures that the tube is properly positioned toward the back of the mouth of the cow. This feature causes an externally visible bulge in the cow's cheek.
  • a properly positioned dispensing tube allows the cow to remain calm and to swallow a dispensed solution in a near normal manner, thus preventing the solution from being inhaled by an excited cow and causing aspiration pneumonia.
  • the near normal swallowing action of the composition stimulates receptors to close the esophageal groove, thereby allowing the liquid to enter the omasum where calcium is absorbed quicker than in the rumen where other calcium treatments are typically absorbed. Because of the faster and better absorption in the omasum, calcium dosages in the present invention are lower and more effective than calcium dosages found in conventional treatments.
  • compositions include the incorporation of the B vitamins, the low levels of calcium chloride, and its liquid form.
  • a significant feature of the method of administration is that a tube is placed between a cow's teeth and cheek, thus allowing the cow to remain calm when liquid is dispensed near the receptors that invoke the esophageal groove reflex. These receptors are found in the cow's mouth and pharynx.
  • the B vitamins stimulate appetite in freshening cows, which is desirable because a well-nourished cow is less likely to develop milk fever, ketosis, a displaced abomasum or a retained placenta.
  • the composition uses considerably lower levels of calcium in the form of calcium chloride than has ever been used or suggested to prevent or treat milk fever in cows.
  • the use of lower levels of calcium chloride eliminates the severe and fatal risks associated with higher levels of calcium chloride, including metabolic acidosis, loss of appetite, and irritation/ulceration of the mouth and throat.
  • liquid drenches are quicker, cheaper, more effective and more efficient at preventing and treating milk fever than dry feed supplements or gels.
  • the cow absorbs the composition quickly the effectiveness of a treatment can be observed in the eating habits and the overall physical appearance of the cow, including whether the cow is up or down and whether the cow appears sharp and healthy or slow and depressed.
  • the calcium chloride concentration, the liquid form, and the method of administration all contribute to stimulating the esophageal groove reflex.
  • the composition enters the omasum and raises the serum calcium levels to near normal levels within 10 to 15 minutes
  • FIG. 1A is an illustration of a dispenser having a bent tube feature used to administer the solution in a cow's mouth.
  • FIG. 1B is an illustration of a dispenser having a curved tube feature used to administer the solution in a cow's mouth.
  • FIG. 1C is an illustration showing the external bulge in the cow's cheek caused by the tube feature.
  • FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional side view of a preferred dispenser used to administer the solution to a cow.
  • FIG. 3 is an illustration of the digestive system of a cow.
  • the present invention provides a low-viscosity, free-flowing liquid drench, and further provides a method of administration for preventing and treating milk fever in freshening cows.
  • the composition generally comprises water, calcium chloride, propylene glycol, magnesium chloride, potassium chloride, and B-vitamins, including riboflavin supplement, vitamin B12 supplement, thiamin HCL, pyridoxine HCL, and D-calcium pantothenate.
  • the calcium provided in this composition quickly raises the serum calcium level in the blood of freshening cows. Effective ranges of calcium, and the corresponding ranges of calcium chloride, are shown in Table 1 in terms of both percent by weight for a 200 cc dose and in terms of grams.
  • Calcium chloride is an economical means of providing calcium in the solution. However, it is anticipated that the calcium could be provided by other sources. Other calcium sources include calcium proportionate, calcium oxide, and calcium sulfate. Calcium proportionate raises serum calcium levels slower than calcium chloride but the effects tend to last longer.
  • the amount of calcium in the present invention is lower than in other calcium solutions, which typically range from 40 to 55 g/per 300-400 cc dose. Both the composition and the method of administering the composition of the present invention stimulate the esophageal groove reflex and allow the liquid to enter the omasum where it is absorbed more quickly than if it entered the rumen. Other calcium treatments tend to enter the rumen and are absorbed more slowly.
  • the lower level of calcium chloride also has the added benefits of being less likely to cause acidosis and less likely to irritate the cow's throat. Therefore, additional treatments may be given if the first treatment is not successful. Table 2 compares amounts of calcium chloride and calcium in the composition of the present invention to typical gel tubes and liquid calcium supplements.
  • composition of the present invention has successfully balanced the opposing demands of having an effective amount of calcium to raise the serum calcium levels, an effective concentration of calcium chloride to stimulate the esophageal reflex, and an effective amount of calcium chloride to prevent acidosis.
  • the propylene glycol gives the cow an energy boost and also gives the composition a sweet taste to encourage the cow to swallow it rather than fight it or spit it out. Both the propylene glycol and the concentration of the calcium chloride contribute to the normal swallowing action of the cow and the closing of the esophageal groove.
  • the amount of propylene glycol in the liquid composition ranges from 1% to 25% by weight, and more particularly the amount is from 5 to 10% by weight, with 7% being preferred.
  • the magnesium chloride and potassium chloride provide the minerals magnesium and potassium, which replace minerals used to make the colostrum and help the cow absorb calcium.
  • the amount of magnesium chloride in the liquid composition ranges from 0.05% to 10% by weight, with 1.67% being preferred.
  • the amount of potassium chloride in the liquid composition ranges from 0.01% to 1% by weight with 0.72% being preferred.
  • the liquid composition includes B vitamins to stimulate the cow's appetite.
  • the composition contains riboflavin, vitamin B12, thiamin HCL, pyridoxine HCL and D-calcium pantothenate collectively within a range of 0.005% to 0.1% by weight.
  • each element is present in an amount of about 0.0239% by weight.
  • Table 3 shows the elements and their effective range, a more particular range, and their preferred concentrations.
  • a significant feature of the composition is its liquid form. Liquid drenches are quicker, more effective and more efficient at preventing and treating milk fever than dry feed supplements or gels.
  • the liquid form allows the composition to enter and be directly absorbed by the cow's omasum, and thus quickly and effectively raise the serum calcium level of the cow in 10 to 15 minutes.
  • liquid drenches cost a third of the cost of anionic salts.
  • the liquid composition provides for easier observation and assurance of the effectiveness of a treatment because the cow absorbs the liquid form quicker than dry compositions. The effectiveness of a treatment can be observed in the eating habits and the overall physical appearance of the cow, including whether the cow is up or down and whether the cow appears sharp and healthy or slow and depressed.
  • Table 4 displays the ingredients of a first alternate embodiment that may be added to the preferred embodiment to provide additional benefits to the freshening cow.
  • Table 5 displays the ingredients and quantities of another composition that can be added to the composition of the preferred or the first alternate embodiments to prevent and treat Ketosis. That composition is preferably prepared and mixed in equal amounts with a composition of the preferred embodiment or a composition of the first alternate embodiment. Maximum, minimum and preferred quantities listed are for a 200 cc volume.
  • FIGS. 1A, 1B, and 1C a preferred method of administering compositions of the present invention is illustrated in FIGS. 1A, 1B, and 1C.
  • a dispenser 10 or 110 is used to administer compositions of the present invention into the mouth 20 of a cow 30.
  • the dispenser is preferably a 200-300 cc drench gun.
  • the drench gun 10 is loaded with a liquid composition 6 and is positioned so that the dispensing tube 15 is inserted in a cow's mouth 20 between the teeth 22 and cheek 24.
  • the dispensing tube 15 is preferably placed such that its entire length, generally 7-10 inches, is within the mouth 20 and the end 16 of tube 15 is at or near the back 26 of cheek 24.
  • a bulge 28 in the cheek 24 of the cow 30 is externally visible and indicates that the tube 15 is in the proper position within the cow's mouth.
  • the bulge 28 is caused by a feature, such as a bent section 17a in FIG. 1A or a curved section 17b in FIG. 1B, of the end 16 of dispensing tube 15.
  • the composition is administered at a rate of about 20 to 50 cc per second, with the head of the cow somewhat raised.
  • the cow can swallow in an unexcited or near normal manner with this method of administration, thus reducing the risk of aspiration pneumonia.
  • this method of administration dispenses the composition near the receptors that invoke the esophageal groove reflex.
  • liquid 6 is dispensed from the dispenser through a dispensing tube 15 by manually compressing spring-loaded levers 13A and 13B on a handle 14. These levers 13A and 13B push a piston 12 down a cylinder 11 to force the liquid 6 out of the cylinder 11 and into the dispensing tube 15.
  • FIGS. 1B and 2 A preferred dispenser, or drench gun, is shown in FIGS. 1B and 2.
  • This drench gun is the subject of Applicant's U.S. Utility Patent Application Ser. No. 08/880,891 filed Jun. 23, 1997, which is based on Applicant's U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/025,904 filed Sep. 11, 1996, and is hereby incorporated by reference.
  • the gun 110 generally comprises a handle 112, a shaft 114, a fill limiter 116, a dispensing limiter 118, a cone 120, a cylinder 122, a piston 124, and an end cap 126.
  • the piston 124 is attached to an end of the shaft 114 and provides a moveable seal within the cylinder 122.
  • the fill limiter 116 is adjustably attached to the handle 112 and interacts with the shaft 114 to limit the distance that both the shaft 114 and piston 124 can be retracted. Thus, adjusting the fill limiter 116 modifies the capacity of the cylinder 122 as determined by the retracted position of the piston 124. In a preferred embodiment, the fill limiter 116 is adjustable in 50 cc dose intervals.
  • the dispensing limiter 118 interacts with a set of notches on the shaft 114 in such a manner as to move both the shaft 114 and piston 124 forward to expel a predetermined dose of fluid when it is actuated and to prevent the shaft 114 from moving forward when it is not actuated.
  • the dispensing limiter 118 and shaft 114 are constructed and arranged to dispense fluid in 50 cc doses.
  • the cone 120 provides an interface between the handle 112 and the replaceable cylinder 122.
  • the gun 110 can accommodate different drench dosages by replacing the cylinder 122 with one of a different size.
  • the shaft 114 can be replaced with one having a different set of notches that correspond with a different dispensing interval.
  • the end cap 126 mounts onto the end of the cylinder 122. It preferably includes a piercing member designed to puncture a bladder, packet, or other liquid container within the cylinder 122 upon the application of pressure by the piston 124. Additional pressure applied by the piston 124 expels the liquid out of the container through an outlet in the end cap 126.
  • the drench gun could draw fluid from a bulk container.
  • a cow 30 objects less to having the tube 15 placed between its teeth 22 and its cheek 24 than if the tube 15 is forced between its upper and lower teeth 22.
  • the cow 30 swallows the composition in a near-normal manner, thereby nearly eliminating the danger of pneumonia and death caused by aspirating the composition into the cow's lungs.
  • This method of administration prevents the cow 30 from becoming excited and it stimulates the esophageal groove reflex, thereby allowing the calm cow to absorb calcium better and to quickly attain near normal serum calcium levels.
  • This simple method of administration does not require a veterinarian.
  • the composition of the present invention uses lower amounts of calcium to provide a quick, effective and efficient treatment. As such, the composition and method of administration of the present invention is an excellent treatment for individual freshening cows at risk of developing milk fever.

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Abstract

A composition for preventing and treating milk fever in freshening cows, and a method of administering the composition. The basic composition is a mixture of water, calcium chloride, propylene glycol, B vitamins and minerals. The calcium content is lower than conventional calcium treatments used for this purpose. The propylene glycol gives the cow an energy boost and sweetens the taste so the cow does not object to it as it does to conventional gels and liquids. The B vitamins stimulate the cow's appetite. The minerals replace minerals lost in the milk and also help the cow absorb calcium. The composition of the present invention is in a liquid form and is preferably administered using a 200-300 cc drench gun. The end of the dispensing tube of the drench gun is placed between the teeth and cheek of the cow near the receptors that stimulate the esophageal groove reflex. A feature near the end of the dispensing tube causes a bulge in the cow's cheek which indicates the position of the dispensing tube within the cow's mouth. The composition stimulates the receptors and closes the esophageal groove, thereby allowing the liquid into the omasum where calcium is absorbed quicker than in the rumen. The cow swallows the liquid mixture in a near normal manner which prevents the solution from causing aspiration pneumonia.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a continuation-in-part under 37 CFR 1.53(b)(1) of application Ser. No. 08/599,021, filed Feb. 08, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,827,545
STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT
Not applicable.
REFERENCE TO A MICROFICHE APPENDIX
Not applicable.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates, generally to veterinary pharmaceutical and feed supplement compositions and to methods of administering the compositions. More particularly, the invention relates to a composition of calcium, B-vitamins and propylene glycol and to a method of orally administering or dispensing the composition to a recently freshened dairy cow.
2. Background Information
The process of a cow giving birth to a calf is called "freshening" in the dairy industry. The first milk or colostrum of a fresh cow has a high level of calcium and antibodies to benefit the newborn calf's immune system. The calcium found in the colostrum is taken from the bloodstream, thus lowering the serum calcium level of the cow, and is replaced either by intestinal calcium absorption or by bone calcium resorption. Calcium replacement is a special concern in today's dairy industry because fresh cows are milked soon after freshening, and thus can lose a considerable amount of calcium.
Low serum calcium levels in the blood of freshening cows can cause hypocalcemia, commonly referred to as milk fever. Hypocalcemia occurs because calcium enters the mammary gland faster than it is replaced. A cow suffering from milk fever will typically stagger and have cold ears. However, even though freshening cows do not show symptoms of milk fever, they still may develop typically asymptomatic subclinical milk fever.
The normal level of serum calcium in a cow's blood is 8.0 mg/100 cc of blood. Subclinical milk fever occurs when the serum calcium level drops below 7.5 mg/100 cc. The cow's rumen shuts down at 6.0 mg/100 cc and the cow is down at 4.0 mg/100 cc. Other problems related to low serum calcium levels include a displaced abomasum, slow calving, a retained placenta, ketosis, downer cow syndrome, uterine prolapse, and metritis. Milk fever and the other problems associated with low serum calcium can be prevented in freshening cows by keeping serum calcium in the blood at or above the level of 7.5 mg/100 cc of blood. Should a cow develop subclinical milk fever, it is extremely important to treat the cow immediately both to prevent the serum calcium levels from dropping further and to quickly raise the serum calcium back to near normal levels.
In the past, various devices and/or methods have been used to raise serum calcium levels in freshening cows. These include intravenous dosing, gel tube solutions placed into the mouth with a caulking gun, and liquid solutions poured into the cow's mouth from a bottle. However, these devices and methods have significant limitations and shortcomings.
Dry Feed Supplements may contain calcium chloride and other minerals. These supplements are fed to an entire herd, often weeks before they freshen. See Goff (Journal of Dairy Science, 77 no. 4, April 1994, 1451-1456) and Moore (U.S. Pat. No. 5,556,634). Therefore, dry feed supplements are not an efficient treatment for an individual freshening cow.
Intravenous dosing (IV) is generally administered by a veterinarian. It is time consuming due to the importance of a slow administration rate. It also tends to spike the blood with a large amount of calcium. The cow responds to the spike by releasing a hormone called calcitonin that temporarily prevents the cow from naturally restoring its own serum calcium levels. Relapse can occur within 12 hours after an IV calcium treatment. Thus, IV dosing tends to be a temporary solution and, therefore, is not good for milk fever prevention. Furthermore, IV treatments shock the cow's system, stress the animal, and may even cause death.
Gel tubes are difficult to administer. Viscous gels and pastes are forced from a caulking gun and are placed over the cow's tongue. A 300 cc dose of gel contains about 50 grams of calcium in the form of 150-200 grams of calcium chloride. This high amount of calcium chloride gives the gel a harsh salty taste. The cow's natural reflex is to cough out the bad tasting substance, resulting in considerable waste. Furthermore, the high levels of calcium chloride in the gel can cause acidosis and can irritate the throat, both of which can limit additional feedings if the first feeding does not produce the desired results. Additionally, forcing the gels over the tongue excites the cow, which has been shown to reduce calcium absorption. The harsh tasting gels enter into the rumen rather than the omasum, which is not desirable because the rumen absorbs calcium slower than the omasum. This slow rate of absorption encourages using higher levels of calcium chloride in the gels which, as addressed above, causes acidosis and irritation. Furthermore, an excited cow can inhale the product into its lungs, which may result in aspiration pneumonia and death.
Liquid calciums are orally administered calcium solutions that typically consist of calcium chloride, potassium, magnesium, phosphorous and water. They are usually administered by pouring the low viscosity liquid drench into a cow's mouth using a long-necked bottle. As with the gels, the cow becomes excited and is at risk of aspirating the fluid, which may result in pneumonia and death. Because of this danger, the known art teaches away from using liquid compositions in favor of using viscous gels or dry feed supplements in spite of the fact that the liquid compositions are generally absorbed faster (Goff, page 1454, col. 1 line 1 to col. 2 line 6). Conventional liquid calciums also contain a high level of calcium chloride, typically 150-200 grams in a 300 to 400 cc dose. Therefore, a dose of conventional liquid calciums can cause acidosis and irritate the throat. Furthermore, forcing a cow's mouth open, inserting a long neck bottle, and pouring the fluid into the cow's mouth excites the cow because it is not a natural swallowing action. Therefore, this method fails to stimulate receptors in the mouth and pharynx to close the cow's esophageal groove and to allow the liquid calcium to enter and be quickly absorbed in the omasum. Additionally, these conventional liquid calciums do not contain vitamins or carriers, such as propylene glycol, to improve the effectiveness of the calcium solution.
Problematic side-affects for the above-mentioned treatments include their tendency to cause the freshening cow to lose its appetite at a time when proper nourishment is vital. A well-nourished cow is less likely to develop milk fever, ketosis, a displaced abomassum or a retained placenta, and is more likely to quickly recover from the effects of low serum calcium levels. Furthermore, the high levels of calcium chloride used by the known art are associated with severe and fatal risks, including metabolic acidosis, loss of appetite, and irritation/ulceration of the mouth and throat (Goff, page 1455, column 1, lines 3-25).
It is a general object of this invention to provide a milk fever treatment and preventative for cows which overcomes the limitations and shortcomings of the known art described above.
It is a further object of this invention to provide a calcium treatment for cows which does not cause the cow to lose its appetite, but rather stimulates the cow's appetite.
It is a further object of this invention to provide a calcium treatment for cows which does not shock the cow's system.
It is a further object of this invention to provide an oral calcium treatment which stimulates the esophageal groove reflex, thereby allowing the composition into the omasum rather than the rumen.
It is a further object of this invention to provide an oral calcium treatment for cows which reduces the risk of acidosis.
It is a further object of this invention to provide an oral calcium treatment for cows which does not irritate the throat.
It is a further object of this invention to provide an oral calcium treatment for cows which is not harsh or bitter tasting.
It is a further object of this invention to provide an oral calcium treatment for cows which provides additional nutritional benefits to the cow.
It is a further object of this invention to provide a calcium treatment for cows which is easy to administer.
It is a further object of this invention to provide an oral calcium treatment for cows which reduces the risk of aspiration pneumonia.
It is a further object of this invention to provide an oral calcium treatment for cows which does not excite the cow.
It is a further object of this invention to provide an oral calcium treatment for cows which is not administered between the teeth and over the tongue.
It is a further object of this invention to provide an oral calcium treatment for cows which can be administered with a drench gun.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides a liquid composition for preventing and treating milk fever in freshening cows, and a method of administering that composition. The basic composition is a mixture of water, calcium chloride, propylene glycol, B vitamins and minerals. A relatively low calcium content is provided by an effective concentration of calcium chloride. The propylene glycol is a carrier that aids in the dispersion of the calcium into the blood stream, and gives the cow an energy boost. The B vitamins stimulate the cow's appetite. The minerals help the cow absorb calcium and replace the minerals that are used to make the colostrum.
The composition of the present invention is a drench, i.e. a low viscosity free-flowing liquid which the freshening cow drinks, as opposed to a viscous gel or paste typically administered using a squeeze tube. The liquid composition is preferably administered using a 200-300 cc drench gun. The end of the dispensing tube of the drench gun is placed between the teeth and cheek of the cow. The drench gun tube has a feature, such as a curved tube or a bend in the end of the tube, that ensures that the tube is properly positioned toward the back of the mouth of the cow. This feature causes an externally visible bulge in the cow's cheek. A properly positioned dispensing tube allows the cow to remain calm and to swallow a dispensed solution in a near normal manner, thus preventing the solution from being inhaled by an excited cow and causing aspiration pneumonia. The near normal swallowing action of the composition stimulates receptors to close the esophageal groove, thereby allowing the liquid to enter the omasum where calcium is absorbed quicker than in the rumen where other calcium treatments are typically absorbed. Because of the faster and better absorption in the omasum, calcium dosages in the present invention are lower and more effective than calcium dosages found in conventional treatments.
Significant features of the composition include the incorporation of the B vitamins, the low levels of calcium chloride, and its liquid form. A significant feature of the method of administration is that a tube is placed between a cow's teeth and cheek, thus allowing the cow to remain calm when liquid is dispensed near the receptors that invoke the esophageal groove reflex. These receptors are found in the cow's mouth and pharynx.
The B vitamins stimulate appetite in freshening cows, which is desirable because a well-nourished cow is less likely to develop milk fever, ketosis, a displaced abomasum or a retained placenta. Additionally, the composition uses considerably lower levels of calcium in the form of calcium chloride than has ever been used or suggested to prevent or treat milk fever in cows. The use of lower levels of calcium chloride eliminates the severe and fatal risks associated with higher levels of calcium chloride, including metabolic acidosis, loss of appetite, and irritation/ulceration of the mouth and throat. Furthermore, liquid drenches are quicker, cheaper, more effective and more efficient at preventing and treating milk fever than dry feed supplements or gels. Because the cow absorbs the composition quickly, the effectiveness of a treatment can be observed in the eating habits and the overall physical appearance of the cow, including whether the cow is up or down and whether the cow appears sharp and healthy or slow and depressed. The calcium chloride concentration, the liquid form, and the method of administration all contribute to stimulating the esophageal groove reflex. The composition enters the omasum and raises the serum calcium levels to near normal levels within 10 to 15 minutes
The features, benefits and objects of this invention will become clear to those skilled in the art by reference to the following description, claims and drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING
FIG. 1A is an illustration of a dispenser having a bent tube feature used to administer the solution in a cow's mouth.
FIG. 1B is an illustration of a dispenser having a curved tube feature used to administer the solution in a cow's mouth.
FIG. 1C is an illustration showing the external bulge in the cow's cheek caused by the tube feature.
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional side view of a preferred dispenser used to administer the solution to a cow.
FIG. 3 is an illustration of the digestive system of a cow.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION COMPOSITION
1. Preferred Embodiment
The present invention provides a low-viscosity, free-flowing liquid drench, and further provides a method of administration for preventing and treating milk fever in freshening cows. The composition generally comprises water, calcium chloride, propylene glycol, magnesium chloride, potassium chloride, and B-vitamins, including riboflavin supplement, vitamin B12 supplement, thiamin HCL, pyridoxine HCL, and D-calcium pantothenate.
The calcium provided in this composition quickly raises the serum calcium level in the blood of freshening cows. Effective ranges of calcium, and the corresponding ranges of calcium chloride, are shown in Table 1 in terms of both percent by weight for a 200 cc dose and in terms of grams.
              TABLE 1
______________________________________
         Effective Range
                   Particular Range
                               Preferred
______________________________________
Ca (% by weight)
            5 to 20%    9 to 16%   12.7%
Ca (g)     10 to 40 grams
                       18 to 32 grams
                                   25.4 grams
CaCl.sub.2 (% by weight)
           14 to 56%   25 to 44%   35%
CaCl.sub.2 (g)
           28 to 112 grams
                       50 to 88 grams
                                   70 grams
______________________________________
Calcium chloride is an economical means of providing calcium in the solution. However, it is anticipated that the calcium could be provided by other sources. Other calcium sources include calcium proportionate, calcium oxide, and calcium sulfate. Calcium proportionate raises serum calcium levels slower than calcium chloride but the effects tend to last longer.
The amount of calcium in the present invention is lower than in other calcium solutions, which typically range from 40 to 55 g/per 300-400 cc dose. Both the composition and the method of administering the composition of the present invention stimulate the esophageal groove reflex and allow the liquid to enter the omasum where it is absorbed more quickly than if it entered the rumen. Other calcium treatments tend to enter the rumen and are absorbed more slowly. The lower level of calcium chloride also has the added benefits of being less likely to cause acidosis and less likely to irritate the cow's throat. Therefore, additional treatments may be given if the first treatment is not successful. Table 2 compares amounts of calcium chloride and calcium in the composition of the present invention to typical gel tubes and liquid calcium supplements.
              TABLE 2
______________________________________
        Present Liquid
        Invention
                Drenches    Gel Tubes
______________________________________
Dose      200 cc*   300 to 400 cc
                                300 cc
Calcium Chloride
           70 grams 150 to 200 grams
                                150 to 200 grams
Calcium    25.4 grams
                     40 to 55 grams
                                 49 to 55 grams**
______________________________________
 *The present invention can be administered in doses of up to 300 cc in
 which an effective amount of calcium is distributed by a smaller percent
 by weight.
 **Although gel tubes are also available in 100 grams, the majority of
 tubes that are sold are in the 49-55 grains range.
The composition of the present invention, as displayed in Table 1 and Table 2, has successfully balanced the opposing demands of having an effective amount of calcium to raise the serum calcium levels, an effective concentration of calcium chloride to stimulate the esophageal reflex, and an effective amount of calcium chloride to prevent acidosis.
The propylene glycol gives the cow an energy boost and also gives the composition a sweet taste to encourage the cow to swallow it rather than fight it or spit it out. Both the propylene glycol and the concentration of the calcium chloride contribute to the normal swallowing action of the cow and the closing of the esophageal groove. The amount of propylene glycol in the liquid composition ranges from 1% to 25% by weight, and more particularly the amount is from 5 to 10% by weight, with 7% being preferred.
The magnesium chloride and potassium chloride provide the minerals magnesium and potassium, which replace minerals used to make the colostrum and help the cow absorb calcium. The amount of magnesium chloride in the liquid composition ranges from 0.05% to 10% by weight, with 1.67% being preferred. The amount of potassium chloride in the liquid composition ranges from 0.01% to 1% by weight with 0.72% being preferred.
Loss of appetite is a common problem with the calcium treatments of the known art. A well nourished cow is less likely to develop milk fever, ketosis, displaced abomasum or retained placenta. The liquid composition includes B vitamins to stimulate the cow's appetite. The composition contains riboflavin, vitamin B12, thiamin HCL, pyridoxine HCL and D-calcium pantothenate collectively within a range of 0.005% to 0.1% by weight. Preferably, each element is present in an amount of about 0.0239% by weight.
Table 3 shows the elements and their effective range, a more particular range, and their preferred concentrations.
              TABLE 3
______________________________________
                       Particular
           Effective Range
                       Range      Preferred
Ingredient (% By Weight)
                       (% By Weight)
                                  (% By Weight)
______________________________________
Water      --          50 to 60%  --
Calcium Chloride
           14 to 56%   25 to 44%  35%
Pure Calcium
            5 to 20%    9 to 16%  12.7%
Propylene Glycol
            1 to 25%    5 to 10%  7%
B-Vitamins 0.005 to 0.1%
                       --         --
Riboflavin --          --         0.0239%
Vitamin B12
           --          --         0.0239%
Thiamin HCL
           --          --         0.0239%
Pyridoxine HCL
           --          --         0.0239%
D-Calcium  --          --         0.0239%
Mag. Chloride
           --          0.05 to 10%
                                  1.67%
Potassium Chloride
           --          0.01 to 1% 0.72%
______________________________________
A significant feature of the composition is its liquid form. Liquid drenches are quicker, more effective and more efficient at preventing and treating milk fever than dry feed supplements or gels. The liquid form allows the composition to enter and be directly absorbed by the cow's omasum, and thus quickly and effectively raise the serum calcium level of the cow in 10 to 15 minutes. Furthermore, liquid drenches cost a third of the cost of anionic salts. Additionally, the liquid composition provides for easier observation and assurance of the effectiveness of a treatment because the cow absorbs the liquid form quicker than dry compositions. The effectiveness of a treatment can be observed in the eating habits and the overall physical appearance of the cow, including whether the cow is up or down and whether the cow appears sharp and healthy or slow and depressed. On the other hand, dry compositions are evaluated by measuring the pH in the cow's urine, a difficult and time-consuming task for farmers. In spite of these benefits of liquid drenches, the known art teaches away from the use of liquid compositions because of the risk for aspiration pneumonia.
2. First Alternate Embodiment.
Table 4 displays the ingredients of a first alternate embodiment that may be added to the preferred embodiment to provide additional benefits to the freshening cow.
              TABLE 4
______________________________________
Ingredient
         Range       Preferred   Purpose
______________________________________
Selenium 0.1 to 3.0 mg.
                     1.5 mg      Increase the
         per 200 cc dose
                     per 200 cc dose
                                 immune response.
Cobalt   7.5 to 750 ppm
                     350 ppm     Aids the
                                 absorption and
                                 use of
                                 Vitamin B12.
Vitamin E
         10 to 10,000 I. U.
                     1,000 I. U  Increase the
         per 200 cc dose
                     per 200 cc dose
                                 immune response.
Magnesium
         0.05 to 10% 1.67% by weight
                                 Prevent grass
         by weight               tetany.
Calcium  5 to 95 grams
                     10 to 47.5 grams
                                 Additional source
Propionate                       of calcium
                                 and energy.
Flavoring
         --          --          Improve the
(e.g. root beer)                 taste of the
                                 liquid.
______________________________________
3. Second Alternate Embodiment.
Table 5 displays the ingredients and quantities of another composition that can be added to the composition of the preferred or the first alternate embodiments to prevent and treat Ketosis. That composition is preferably prepared and mixed in equal amounts with a composition of the preferred embodiment or a composition of the first alternate embodiment. Maximum, minimum and preferred quantities listed are for a 200 cc volume.
              TABLE 5
______________________________________
Ingredient
        Range          Preferred   Purpose
______________________________________
Propylene
        1 to 500    g      180   g     Energy
Glycol                                 Boost
Niacin  5 to 14     g      10    g     Ketosis
                                       Treatment
Vitamin A
        55,000 to 900,000
                    I. U.  420,000
                                 I. U. Immune
                                       Stimulant
Vitamin B2
        3 to 500    mg     48    mg    Appetite
                                       Stimulant
Vitamin B6
        4 to 200    mg     60    mg    Appetite
                                       Stimulant
Vitamin B12
        45 to 1000  Mcg    600   Mcg   Appetite
                                       Stimulant
D-CAL   15 to 500   mg     180   mg    Appetite
Pantothenate                           Stimulant
Folic Acid
        0.5 to 20   mg     2.8   mg    Appetite
                                       Stimulant
Vitamin C
        15 to 920   mg     180   mg    Immune
                                       Stimulant
Vitamin D3
        10,000 to 900,000
                    I. U.  84,00 I. U. Help Absorb
                                       Calcium
Vitamin E
        5 to 950    I. U.  100   I. U. Immune
                                       Stimulant
______________________________________
METHOD OF ADMINISTERING COMPOSITIONS
Referring to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals designate like or similar elements throughout, a preferred method of administering compositions of the present invention is illustrated in FIGS. 1A, 1B, and 1C.
Referring to FIGS. 1A and 1B, a dispenser 10 or 110 is used to administer compositions of the present invention into the mouth 20 of a cow 30. The dispenser is preferably a 200-300 cc drench gun. The drench gun 10 is loaded with a liquid composition 6 and is positioned so that the dispensing tube 15 is inserted in a cow's mouth 20 between the teeth 22 and cheek 24. The dispensing tube 15 is preferably placed such that its entire length, generally 7-10 inches, is within the mouth 20 and the end 16 of tube 15 is at or near the back 26 of cheek 24.
Referring to FIG. 1C, a bulge 28 in the cheek 24 of the cow 30 is externally visible and indicates that the tube 15 is in the proper position within the cow's mouth. The bulge 28 is caused by a feature, such as a bent section 17a in FIG. 1A or a curved section 17b in FIG. 1B, of the end 16 of dispensing tube 15. The composition is administered at a rate of about 20 to 50 cc per second, with the head of the cow somewhat raised. The cow can swallow in an unexcited or near normal manner with this method of administration, thus reducing the risk of aspiration pneumonia. Furthermore, this method of administration dispenses the composition near the receptors that invoke the esophageal groove reflex.
Referring to FIG. 1A, liquid 6 is dispensed from the dispenser through a dispensing tube 15 by manually compressing spring-loaded levers 13A and 13B on a handle 14. These levers 13A and 13B push a piston 12 down a cylinder 11 to force the liquid 6 out of the cylinder 11 and into the dispensing tube 15.
A preferred dispenser, or drench gun, is shown in FIGS. 1B and 2. This drench gun is the subject of Applicant's U.S. Utility Patent Application Ser. No. 08/880,891 filed Jun. 23, 1997, which is based on Applicant's U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/025,904 filed Sep. 11, 1996, and is hereby incorporated by reference. Referring to FIG. 2, the gun 110 generally comprises a handle 112, a shaft 114, a fill limiter 116, a dispensing limiter 118, a cone 120, a cylinder 122, a piston 124, and an end cap 126. The piston 124 is attached to an end of the shaft 114 and provides a moveable seal within the cylinder 122. The fill limiter 116 is adjustably attached to the handle 112 and interacts with the shaft 114 to limit the distance that both the shaft 114 and piston 124 can be retracted. Thus, adjusting the fill limiter 116 modifies the capacity of the cylinder 122 as determined by the retracted position of the piston 124. In a preferred embodiment, the fill limiter 116 is adjustable in 50 cc dose intervals. The dispensing limiter 118 interacts with a set of notches on the shaft 114 in such a manner as to move both the shaft 114 and piston 124 forward to expel a predetermined dose of fluid when it is actuated and to prevent the shaft 114 from moving forward when it is not actuated. In a preferred embodiment, the dispensing limiter 118 and shaft 114 are constructed and arranged to dispense fluid in 50 cc doses. The cone 120 provides an interface between the handle 112 and the replaceable cylinder 122. The gun 110 can accommodate different drench dosages by replacing the cylinder 122 with one of a different size. Furthermore, the shaft 114 can be replaced with one having a different set of notches that correspond with a different dispensing interval. The end cap 126 mounts onto the end of the cylinder 122. It preferably includes a piercing member designed to puncture a bladder, packet, or other liquid container within the cylinder 122 upon the application of pressure by the piston 124. Additional pressure applied by the piston 124 expels the liquid out of the container through an outlet in the end cap 126. Alternatively to using pre-packaged bags in the cylinder 122, the drench gun could draw fluid from a bulk container.
Referring to FIG. 1C, a cow 30 objects less to having the tube 15 placed between its teeth 22 and its cheek 24 than if the tube 15 is forced between its upper and lower teeth 22. The cow 30 swallows the composition in a near-normal manner, thereby nearly eliminating the danger of pneumonia and death caused by aspirating the composition into the cow's lungs. This method of administration prevents the cow 30 from becoming excited and it stimulates the esophageal groove reflex, thereby allowing the calm cow to absorb calcium better and to quickly attain near normal serum calcium levels. This simple method of administration does not require a veterinarian.
Referring to FIG. 3 because there is minimal irritation in the esophagus 32, a normal swallowing action takes place and the esophageal groove 34 can close allowing the composition to enter the omasum 36. This is desirable because absorption of the composition is faster and more effective, in the omasum 36 than in the rumen 38. Other calcium treatments enter the rumen 38 where the calcium is absorbed slowly. Thus, the composition of the present invention uses lower amounts of calcium to provide a quick, effective and efficient treatment. As such, the composition and method of administration of the present invention is an excellent treatment for individual freshening cows at risk of developing milk fever.
TESTING
In order to determine the effectiveness of the preferred composition and the method of administration, blood tests were performed on freshening Jersey cows in Wisconsin within 2-4 hours of freshening. Blood samples were drawn from the subject cows three times: once just before administering a mixture of the preferred composition; once 15 minutes after administering it; and once 30 minutes after administering it. The blood samples were analyzed for serum calcium content by the laboratory of Myrtle Worth Medical Center, 2321 Stout Road, Menomonie, WI 54751. Table 6 lists the results.
              TABLE 6
______________________________________
       Measured Serum Calcium Levels
       (mg of calcium per 100 cc of blood)
       With Respect to the Time of
       Administering the Composition to the Cow
Cow Number
         Before    15 Minutes After
                               30 Minutes After
______________________________________
32       7.6       9.6         9.8
69       6.3       10.1        9.8
10       5.9       8.3         8.1
66       4.6       5.8         5.8
40       6.0       8.0         8.5
44       7.9       8.8         8.9
77       7.4       10.5        10.8
E        6.7       8.3         7.7
68       8.5       10.9        10.6
 1       8.5       9.8         9.9
 2       6.0       8.0         8.5
______________________________________
 Normal calcium level = 8.0 mg/100 cc of blood.
 Subclinical calcium level = 7.5 & lower mg/100 cc of blood.
 Rumen shuts down = 6.0 mg/100 cc of blood.
 The cow is down at 4.0 mg/100 cc of blood.
Similar blood tests were performed on freshening Holstein cows in Arizona within 2-4 hours of freshening in order to determine the effectiveness of the preferred composition and method of administration on a different breed of cow. Table 7 lists those results.
              TABLE 7
______________________________________
       Measured Serum Calcium Levels
       (mg of calcium per 100 cc of blood)
       With Respect to the Time of
       Administering the Composition to the Cow
Cow Number
         Before    15 Minutes After
                               30 Minutes After
______________________________________
A        8.2       9.4         9.6
B        5.9       6.9         6.9
C        6.9       8.3         8.4
D        7.0       8.9         9.3
E        8.0       8.9         9.0
______________________________________
 Normal Calcium level = 8.0 mg/100 cc of blood.
These tests show that the preferred composition administered in the preferred method of this invention quickly and effectively raises serum calcium levels within 15 minutes of administration. The time immediately following freshening is most critical because, once the serum calcium levels begin to drop into the subclinical milk fever range (below 7.5 mg/100 cc), the cow can quickly develop milk fever, have its rumen shut down, and develop the other complications enumerated above with regards to low serum calcium levels. Therefore, it is vitally important to the health of the cow to stop the downward trend and quickly restore the serum calcium levels to a near normal level, or at least to a level that eliminates the danger of the rumen shutting down. These tests show that a recently freshened cow can be individually treated with the preferred composition using the preferred method of administration to quickly, efficiently, and effectively raise the serum calcium levels, and thus treat a cow suffering with milk fever or prevent a cow from developing milk fever. The cow's natural ability to produce calcium recovers once the critical stage is passed. Therefore, a one-time treatment is often all that is necessary. However, multiple treatments can be given if necessary because the low level of calcium chloride found the present invention does not cause acidosis or irritate the throat.
The descriptions above and the accompanying drawings should be interpreted in the illustrative and not the limited sense. While the invention has been disclosed in connection with the preferred embodiment or embodiments thereof, it should be understood that there may be other embodiments which fall within the scope of the invention as defined by the following claims. Where a claim is expressed as a means or step for performing a specified function it is intended that such claim be construed to cover the corresponding structure, material, or acts described in the specification and equivalents thereof, including both structural equivalents and equivalent structures.

Claims (17)

What is claimed is:
1. A low-viscosity liquid drench for quickly and effectively raising serum calcium levels in the blood of a freshening cow as prophylactic milk fever treatment, said drench comprising:
(a) water;
(b) propylene glycol; and
(c) an amount of calcium for quickly raising serum calcium levels in the freshening cow, said amount of calcium being between 5% and 20% by weight, said amount of calcium being provided by an amount of calcium chloride between 14% and 56% by weight, wherein the concentration of said amount of calcium chloride is low enough to allow said amount of calium in said low-viscosity liquid drench to stimulate the esophageal reflex and enter the cow's omasum.
2. The low-viscosity liquid drench of claim 1, wherein said amount of calcium 9% and 16% by weight.
3. The low-viscosity liquid drench of claim 2, wherein said amount of calcium is approximately 12.7% by weight.
4. The low-viscosity liquid drench of claim 1, wherein said propylene glycol is in an amount between 1% and 25% by weight.
5. The low-viscosity liquid drench of claim 1, further comprising an amount of B vitamins.
6. The low-viscosity liquid drench of claim 5, wherein the amount of B vitamins is between 0.005% and 0.1% by weight.
7. The low-viscosity liquid drench of claim 6, wherein the B vitamins include riboflavin, vitamin B12, thiamin HCL, pyridoxine HCL, and D-calcium pantothenate.
8. The low-viscosity liquid drench of claim 1, further comprising an amount of magnesium chloride between 0.05% and 10% by weight.
9. The low-viscosity liquid drench of claim 8, wherein said amount of magnesium chloride is approximately 1.67% by weight.
10. The low-viscosity liquid drench of claim 1, further comprising an amount of potassium chloride between 0.01% and 1% by weight.
11. The low-viscosity liquid drench of claim 10, wherein said amount of potassium chloride is approximately 0.72% by weight.
12. The low-viscosity liquid drench of claim 1, further comprising selenium, cobalt, vitamin E, calcium propionate, and a flavoring.
13. The low-viscosity liquid drench of claim 1, further comprising niacin, vitamin A, vitamin B2, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, D-calcium pantothenate, folic acid, vitamin C, vitamin D3, and vitamin E.
14. The low-viscosity liquid drench of claim 13, further comprising selenium, cobalt, vitamin E, calcium propionate, and a flavoring.
15. A low-viscosity liquid drench for quickly and effectively raising serum calcium levels in the blood of a freshening cow as a prophylactic milk fever treatent, said drench comprising:
(a) an amount of water;
(b) a pharmaceutically effective amount of propylene glycol for sweetening the composition, for providing an energy boost to the freshening cow, and for quickly and effectively dispersing calcium into the freshening cow by stimulatin e esophageal reflx, said amount of propylene glycol being between 5% and 10% by weight; and
(c) a pharmaceutically effective amount of calcium chloride for quickly raising serum calcium levels in the freshening cows said amount of calcium chloride having an amount of calcium between 9% and 16% by weight, wherein the concentration of said amount of calcium chloride is low enough to allow said amount of calcium in said low-viscosity liquid drench to stimulate the esophageal reflex and enter the cow's omasum.
16. A low-viscosity liquid drench for quickly and effectively raising serum calcium levels in the blood of a freshening cow as prophylactic milk fever treatment, said drench comprising:
(a) an amount of water between 50% and 60% by weight;
(b) a pharmaceutically effective amount of propylene glycol for sweetening the composition, for providing an energy boost to the freshening cow, and for quickly and effectively dispersing calcium into the freshening cow by stimulating the esophageal reflex, said amount of propylene glycol being between 5% and 10% by weight;
(c) a pharmaceutically effective amount of calcium chloride for quickly raising serum calcium levels in the freshening cow, said amount of calcium chloride having an amount of calcium between 9% and 16% by weight, wherein the concentration of said amount of calcium chloride is low enough to allow said amount of calcium in said low-viscosity liquid drench to stimulate the esophageal reflex and enter the cow's omasum;
(d) an amount of B vitamins to stimulate the cow's appetite, said amount of B vitamins being between 0.005% and 0.1% by weight; and
(e) an amount of magnesium chloride and an amount of potassium chloride for replacing minerals in the cow, said amount of magnesium chloride being between 0.05% and 10% by weight and said amount of potassium chloride being between 0.01% and 1% by weight.
17. A 200 ml to 300 ml low-viscosity liquid drench composition for quickly and effectively raising serum calcium levels in the blood of a freshening cow as a prophylactic milk fever treatment, said composition comprising:
(a) water;
(b) propylene glycol; and
(c) an amount of calcium for quickly raising serum calcium levels in the freshening cow, said amount of calcium being between 5% and 20% by weight, said amount of calcium being provided by an amount of calcium chloride between 14% and 56% by weight, wherein the concentration of said amount of calcium chloride is low enough to allow said amount of calcium in said low-viscosity liquid drench to stimulate the esophageal reflex and enter the cow's omasum, said 200 ml to 300 ml composition providing a sufficient amount of calcium in the form of calcium chloride to effectively raise serum calcium levels in the freshening cow.
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