US589554A - Ernst trainer - Google Patents
Ernst trainer Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US589554A US589554A US589554DA US589554A US 589554 A US589554 A US 589554A US 589554D A US589554D A US 589554DA US 589554 A US589554 A US 589554A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- phosphate
- parts
- enamel
- trainer
- glass
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 210000003298 Dental Enamel Anatomy 0.000 description 38
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 38
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 28
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 26
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 description 24
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 24
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 18
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 16
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 16
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 12
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 10
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 235000010339 sodium tetraborate Nutrition 0.000 description 10
- 239000004328 sodium tetraborate Substances 0.000 description 10
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium carbonate Substances [K+].[K+].[O-]C([O-])=O BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 6
- 238000009877 rendering Methods 0.000 description 6
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbonic acid Chemical compound OC(O)=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- REHXRBDMVPYGJX-UHFFFAOYSA-H Sodium hexafluoroaluminate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].F[Al-3](F)(F)(F)(F)F REHXRBDMVPYGJX-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 4
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 229910001610 cryolite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000010433 feldspar Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 235000011007 phosphoric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 235000015320 potassium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 4
- KEAYESYHFKHZAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium Chemical compound [Na] KEAYESYHFKHZAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boric acid Chemical compound OB(O)O KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 102100019383 MAZ Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 101700075471 MAZ Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 241001676573 Minium Species 0.000 description 2
- 231100000614 Poison Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- XPPKVPWEQAFLFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrophosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O XPPKVPWEQAFLFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 206010039897 Sedation Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 150000001447 alkali salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002956 ash Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000010338 boric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229960002645 boric acid Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052570 clay Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052803 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001385 heavy metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- UEZVMMHDMIWARA-UHFFFAOYSA-N meta-phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(=O)=O UEZVMMHDMIWARA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000001473 noxious Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229940072033 potash Drugs 0.000 description 2
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000001184 potassium carbonate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000027 potassium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 229940005657 pyrophosphoric acid Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052904 quartz Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000036633 rest Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000001488 sodium phosphate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000162 sodium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- RYFMWSXOAZQYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K trisodium phosphate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O RYFMWSXOAZQYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 2
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C8/00—Enamels; Glazes; Fusion seal compositions being frit compositions having non-frit additions
- C03C8/02—Frit compositions, i.e. in a powdered or comminuted form
- C03C8/08—Frit compositions, i.e. in a powdered or comminuted form containing phosphorus
Definitions
- cryolite adapted to act as both a flux and an agent for dulling the color of the enamel or glaze, especially in those cases where the employment of boneashes which are mostly used for dulling, is found inconvenient, which is sometimes the case, because bone-ashes have the property of rendering glass less fusible, and therefore require particularly large quantities of flux.
- All of these fluxes and dulling agents are attended with the common defect of being comparatively expensive and thereby rendering the employment of enamel altogether impracticable in many cases.
- the fluxes hitherto used, suchas borax must be simply described as-neces sary evils, inasmuch as the greater the quantity of them used the worse the quality of the glass, glazes, and enamels turns out to be.
- the fluxes named above are either wholly or partly replaced byphosphates of alkali metals.
- Alkaline earths must invariably be rejected.
- glazes or enamels are obtained which possess all the good qualities which similar substances have exhibited up to the present time. They will, in fact, prove very resistant and elastic, sufliciently fluid and brilliant.
- the glaze or enamel is dulled when required, and such dulling action becomes particularly intense when some heavy metal is added; but the chief ad vantage of the improved fluxes over similar substances heretofore used is that besides their improved quality and reduced cost the enamels thereby produced are fit to be directly applied to almost any conceivable pur- 1 It rests, of course, with the manufacturer to effect an entire or only a partial substitution, and the composition of the enamel will necessarily vary accordingly as one or the other course is adopted.
- orthophosphoric acid (l-I PO metaphosphoric acid, (111 0 pyrophosphoric acid, (H,P O
- Phosphate of lead has been used, but not phosphate of an alkali metal. These two salts cannot be. regarded as equivalent substances.
- the lead phosphate is very expensive. If it is used instead of borax, cryolite, or other usual fluxes and dulling agents, the enamel cannot be manufactured in a cheap way, as
- the alkali phosphate produces the same effect or result when added to a composition for producing enamels as When added to a composition for producing glass.
- sand or quartz weight, of sand or quartz; one hundred and twenty parts, by weight, of soda, (sodium carbonateg) one hundred parts, by weight, of red lead or minium; fifty parts, by weight, of potash, (potassium carbonate;) ninety-five parts, by weight, of feldspar; one hundred parts, by Weight, of finer-spar; seventy-five parts, by weight, of sodium phosphate, and a very small quantity of manganese.
- Glazes, glass, orenamels having with silica. an alkali compound and an admixture of a minimum quantity of five per cent. of a phosphate of an alkali metal, such phosphate acting as a flux and a dulling agent, substantially as described.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Glass Compositions (AREA)
Description
UNITED STATES ATENT ries.
ERNJT TRAINER, OF DORTMUND, GERMANY.
E N A M s SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters Patent No. 589,554, dated September '7, 1897'.
Application filed April 23, 1895. Serial No. 546,916. (No specimens.) 4
To all 10710111. in 7mm; concern-- Be it known that I, ERNST TRAINER, analytical chemist, residing at Dortmund, in the German Empire, have invented a new and useful Enamel, of which the following is a specification.
Hitherto in manufacturing enamels or glazes it has been usual to add borax or boracic acid to the mass under treatment, both with a view to rendering it sufficiently fusible for practical purposes and for imparting to it the gloss or brilliancy upon which its attractive appearance mainly depends. When it is desired in the case of some kinds of enamel to impart to the substances a certain milky whiteness or dullness, there is generally added, in addition to the borax, a
certain quantity of cryolite, adapted to act as both a flux and an agent for dulling the color of the enamel or glaze, especially in those cases where the employment of boneashes which are mostly used for dulling, is found inconvenient, which is sometimes the case, because bone-ashes have the property of rendering glass less fusible, and therefore require particularly large quantities of flux. All of these fluxes and dulling agents, however, are attended with the common defect of being comparatively expensive and thereby rendering the employment of enamel altogether impracticable in many cases. In addition to this the fluxes hitherto used, suchas borax, must be simply described as-neces sary evils, inasmuch as the greater the quantity of them used the worse the quality of the glass, glazes, and enamels turns out to be.
Now according to this invention the fluxes named above are either wholly or partly replaced byphosphates of alkali metals. Alkaline earths must invariably be rejected. By such substitution glazes or enamels are obtained which possess all the good qualities which similar substances have exhibited up to the present time. They will, in fact, prove very resistant and elastic, sufliciently fluid and brilliant. At the same time, owing to the employment of a compound of phosphoric acid with alkali metals, the glaze or enamel is dulled when required, and such dulling action becomes particularly intense when some heavy metal is added; but the chief ad vantage of the improved fluxes over similar substances heretofore used is that besides their improved quality and reduced cost the enamels thereby produced are fit to be directly applied to almost any conceivable pur- 1 It rests, of course, with the manufacturer to effect an entire or only a partial substitution, and the composition of the enamel will necessarily vary accordingly as one or the other course is adopted. In no case, however, should the amount of phosphates of alkali metals be less than five per cent, as otherwise it will not perform the desired combined action of a flux and dulling agent, nor will it materially reduce the cost of the final product if used in an insufficient proportion.
The following is an enamel composition embodying my invention: silica, thirty-three parts feldspar, twenty parts; phosphate of sodium, twelve parts; calcareous spar, twelve parts; soda, eighteen parts; nitrate of potassium, four parts; floor-spar, ten parts; clay, two parts; oxid of cobalt, (chiua-blue,) five thousandths of one part.
The following three known acids and their alkali salts can be used: orthophosphoric acid, (l-I PO metaphosphoric acid, (111 0 pyrophosphoric acid, (H,P O
The action of a phosphate of an alkali metal differs considerably from that of a phosphate of an alkaline earth.
The phosphates of the alkaline earths-e. g. phosphate of lime-are only dulling agents; but at the same time they render the glass and enamels stubborn or hard to be melted. In consequence of this large quantities of fluxes, such as borax, must be added. By this large amount of fluxes the good qualities of the glass and of the enamel are destroyed. This disadvantage is prevented by the use of a phosphate of alkali metal. These phosphates likewise are good agents for dulling the glass, and the glasses containing phos phate of alkali metal melt easily. Therefore an addition of the noxious fluxes is no longer necessary and the destruction of the good qualities of the glass is avoided.
Phosphate of lead has been used, but not phosphate of an alkali metal. These two salts cannot be. regarded as equivalent substances. The lead phosphate is very expensive. If it is used instead of borax, cryolite, or other usual fluxes and dulling agents, the enamel cannot be manufactured in a cheap way, as
is possible by using alkali phosphates. Furthermore, the enamel containing lead phosphate is not proof against chemical agents, such as acids. By adding alkali phosphate the resistance of the enamel to chemical agents, on the contrary, is increased. Lead is poisonous. The enamels containing it, therefore, cannot be used without danger.
Glass and enamel are equivalent materials with regard to this process. The alkali phosphate produces the same effect or result when added to a composition for producing enamels as When added to a composition for producing glass.
The application of the new process to the production of glass is of great technical importance. adding alkali phosphates all kinds of dull glasses-such as 'lazes alabasterlasses and enamelscan be reduced.
The following is a good composition for producing glasses: six hundred parts, by
weight, of sand or quartz; one hundred and twenty parts, by weight, of soda, (sodium carbonateg) one hundred parts, by weight, of red lead or minium; fifty parts, by weight, of potash, (potassium carbonate;) ninety-five parts, by weight, of feldspar; one hundred parts, by Weight, of finer-spar; seventy-five parts, by weight, of sodium phosphate, and a very small quantity of manganese.
XV hat I claim, and desire to secure by Letters Patent of the United States, is
Glazes, glass, orenamels having with silica. an alkali compound and an admixture of a minimum quantity of five per cent. of a phosphate of an alkali metal, such phosphate acting as a flux and a dulling agent, substantially as described.
In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand in presence of two witnesses.
,ERNST TRAINER. -\Vitnesses:
THEODOR GRoLL, ERNESTINE ANDRE.
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US589554A true US589554A (en) | 1897-09-07 |
Family
ID=2658217
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US589554D Expired - Lifetime US589554A (en) | Ernst trainer |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US589554A (en) |
-
0
- US US589554D patent/US589554A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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