US588276A

US588276A - Carl kellner

Info

Publication number: US588276A
Authority: US
Publication date: 1897-08-17
Anticipated expiration: 1914-08-17

Description

(No Model.)

0. KELLNER. ELECTROLYTIC PROCESS AND APPARATUS THEREFOR.

Patented Aug. 17,1897,

Wlmwwa UNITED STATES PATE T OFFICE.

CARL KELLNER, OF VIENNA, AUSTRIAJIUNGARY.

ELECTROLYTIC PROCESS AND APPARATUS THEREFOR.

SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters Patent No. 588,276, dated August 17, 1897'.

Application filed February 24, 1896. Serial No, 580,570. (No model.) Patented in Belgium April 11, 1895, No. 115,029; in France April 11, 1895,1T0. 246,574; in England April 11, 1895, No. 7,458; in Norway July 16,1895, No. 4,451, and in Italy September 80, 1895, XXX, 39,885, and LXXVII, 190.

To all whom it may concern.-

Be it known that I, CARL KELLNER, a sub ject of the Emperor of Austria-Hi1ngary, residing at Vienna, in the Province of Lower Austria, in the Empire of Austria-Hungary, have invented certain Improvements in Electrolytic Processes and Apparatus Therefor,

(for which patents have been obtained in the following countries, to wit: Belgium, No. 115,029, dated April 11, 1895; France, No. 246,574, dated April 11, 1895; England, No. 7,458, dated April 11, 1895; Norway, No. 4,451, dated July 16, 1895, and Italy, XXX, 39,385, and LXXVII, 190, dated September 30, 1895 and I do hereby declare the following to be a full, clear, and exact description of the invention, such as will enable others skilled in the art to which it appertains to make and use the same, reference being had tothe accompanying drawings, and to letters of reference marked thereon, which form a part of this specification.

My invention has relation to the electrolytic decomposition of compounds whose electropositive constituent will combine or form an amalgam with mercury.

In the electrolytical treatment of the compounds referred to as, for instance, the salts of metals which will amalgamate with mercury, such as the salts of the metals of the alkalies-as heretofore conducted great difficulties have been experienced in separating many of the electropositive constituents of these compounds from the mercury as fast as they combine or amalgamate therewith under the action of the electric current. On the other hand, in all the apparatuses used in these electrolytic processes so far as known to me it is very difficult to convert the energy generated by the decomposition of the amalgam into electric energy of a higher poten tial than that necessary to the electrolytic decomposition of the compound, because it is impracticable to connect in series the separating-cellsthat is to say, the cells in which the electropositive constituent of the salt deposited in or amalgamated with the mercury is removed or separated-owin g to the differ ence of potential relatively to that of the main current.

In order to facilitate the decomposition of the amalgam, various means have heretofore been proposednamely, by increasing the surface in contact with the decomposing agent or reaction liquid, by heating said liquid, or by separating the amalgam from the mercury through the medium of the difference in their specific gravity. In most cases the ends in vieware attained by these means, which, however, have a disadvantage in that comparatively large quantities of mercury are re quired. It has further been proposed to utilize the amalgam as a galvanic element and also to utilize the mercury as a bipolar electrode. In the former of the two propositions last referred to it is difficult to maintain the cells independently at a given potential, and in the last-named proposition it is hardly possible to avoid the oxidation of the mercury after a long period of operation. To avoid the latter disadvantage, the use of a second weaker source of electricity, as a dynamomachine, for the purpose of continuously enrichin g the mercury with acertain proportion of metal has been proposed. This method has, however, given very uncertain results, because of the occlusion of hydrogen, in the absence of which the mercury does not give up the metal amalgamated therewith, notwithstanding the fact that the amalgam is in contact with water, and because when the apparatuses are connected in series two mutually-complementary currents pass through the same, giving rise to considerable difficulties when working on a large scale, owing to the difference in potential of the currents.

This invention has for its object to overcome the difficulties enumerated, so that the electrolytic decomposition of the compounds referred to can be effected economically and on a large scale.

The invention may be said to consist, essentially, in withdrawing the amalgam formed by an action of an electric current from the influence of such current, then moving the amalgam into contact with a suitable electrolyte and passing through the latter an electric current of a potential different from that of the main current for the purpose of decomposing the amalgam. In this manner I am enabled to readily effect the separation from mercury of eleetropositive ions, which have heretofore been separated therefrom with dilficulty. On the other hand, when workin with salts of metals which are readily oxidized and dissolved by a suitable agent as water, for instancethe auxiliary electric generator can be dispensed with and the energy developed by the reaction converted into electrical energy and utilized in the electrolytic process or otherwise, while a current of a higher potential than that of the decomposing current can thus be obtained.

That my invention may be fully understood, I will describe the same in detail, reference being had to the accompanying drawings, in which Figure 1 is a diagrammatic sectional view of an apparatus designed for carrying out my invention. Fig. 2 is a like detail.

As shown in Fig. 1, the apparatus consists, essentially, of a number of decomposing-cells athat is to say, cells in which a salt of a metal capable of am algamating with mercury is decomposed by the action of an electric current and of a corresponding number of groups of separatin g-cellsthat is to say, cells wherein the metal deposited in the mercury in the decomposing-cells is separatedi. 6., wherein the amalgam is decomposed.

In the drawings I have shown a group of two separating-cells b b for each decomposing-cell, but the number of these separatingcells in each group may be varied, and, as shown, said cells are not only bodily isolated or separated from their respective decomposing-cells a, but they are also electrically isolated from said cells a.

Inasmuch as the liquid electrode (mercury) has to be moved from the decomposing-cells through their respective groups of separating-cells and thence back to said decomposing-cells, it is necessary that the flow of mercury be such as to prevent electrical connection therethrough between the two denominations of cells, which would be the case if such mercury were flowing in an uninterrupted stream from the cells a to the first cells Z) of the respective groups of separating-cells. This I avoid by providing any suitable means for interrupting or breaking up the fiow of mercury, as cocks or valves. I prefer, however, to use rocking feed-hoppers (1 cl, angular in cross-section and partitioned off into feedchanibers, said hoppers constructed of a nonconductive material and adapted to empty first one and then the other feed-chamber during their rocking movements. As shown, the mercury and metal deposited thereon or amalgamated therewith by the action of an electric current in the cells Ct flows through a pipe 0 into one or the other hopper-chamber, said hopper d adapted to rock in a vessel 6, connected by pipe c with the first separatingcell 1) of a group of such, the mercury flowing from such cell through a pipe 0 its fiow being interrupted by a hopper in a vessel 6 connected by pipe U with the second separating-cell Z)", and so on, it there are more, the last separating-cell of a group being connected by a pipe 2) with the suction-port of apump p, that moves the mercury f reed from the metal amalgamated therewith through a pipe f back to the decomposing-cell a, the flow being likewise interrupted by a hopper d in a vessel connected by pipe {I with said cell.

The decomposing-cells to contain each a suitable anode, the mercury constituting the cathode, and said electrodes maybe connected in parallel or in series with the terminals of a suitable source of electricity, as a dynamo i of high potential.

The separating-cells contain each a fixed electrode 71, the amalgam constituting the second electrode, the cells of a group and the several groups of cells being connected together in series-tliat is to say, the mercury amalgam of the first cell 1) of the first group is connected with the electrode h of the second cell 1/ of said group, while the mercury amalgam of the latter cell is connected with the electrode h of the first cell of the second group, and so on throughout the series, the electrode h of the first cell 1) of the firstgroup and the mercury or amalgam of the second cell 1) of the last group being respectively connected with the positive and negative poles of a source of electricity, as the dynamo 7, Fig. 2, of low potential, so that a current can be sent through the separating-cells, whereby the decomposition of the amalgam is facilitated and expedited, which is of great importance, as I am thereby enabled to readily decompose amalgams which under other conditions or in the processes as usually carried on can only be effected with great difiicnltyand under great disadvantages. On the other hand, when working with amalgams that are readily decomposed in the presence of a suitable electrolyte the generator Z is dispensed with and the energy developed by the mutual reaction of the electrolyte and amalgam can be converted into electric energy, which may be utilized in any desired manner, or in the electrolytic process itself by introducing a number of decomposingcclls a into the circuit of the separating-cells,

Fig. 3, the positive and negative conductorsto and in forming then a continuation of the like conductors 00 and 5c of said circuit.

In the arrangement of the apparatus shown and described the potential of any one or more or of all the-cells can be readily regulated by means of a suitable resistance or resistances, so that the variations which occur in all electrolytic processes in which mercury is used as a cathode can readily be adjusted.

From what has been said it will be seen that the described electrolytic process may also be carried out in most of the apparatuses as heretofore constructed for use with a mercury cathode.

Having thus described my invention, what I claim as new therein, and desire to secure by Letters Patent, is

1. In a continuous process for the electrolytical decomposition of compounds the electropositive constituents of which amalgamate with mercury, passing an electric current through a solution of such compound to a body of mercury included in the electric circuit and moving continuously out of and back into the field of action of the electric currents to successive points where the amalgam formed by such electric action acts as an anode, decomposing the amalgam successively at such points by means of a suitable decomposing agent in presence of a suitable cathode, connecting the successive electrodes in series, whereby an independent current of electricity is generated whose potential is higher than that of the electrolyzing-current, and utilizing such current, for the purpose set forth.

2. In electrolytic apparatus, a number of decomposing-cells having mercury cathodes and suitable anodes, said cells connected in series,in combination with a plurality of oxidizing-cells connected in series, and means for transferring the amalgam formed in the decomposing-cells to the oxidizingcells in the presence of a suitable cathode and solution, means for utilizing the current set up in the oxidizing-cells, and means for returning the mercury from the oxidizing-cells to the primary or decomposing cells.

3. In an electrolytic apparatus, a series of decomposing-cells each containing a fixed anode and a liquid cathode, as mercury, said cells connected in series, in combination with a group of oxidizing-cells for each decomposing-cell, a fixed cathode in each of the oxidizing-cells, meansfor moving the liquid cathode from a decomposing-cell successively through the oxidizing-cells of a group and back to such decomposing-cell, an electrical su pply for the cells, and means for preventing electrical connection throrgh the liquid cathode between a decomposing-cell and the first and last 0Xldizing-cells of a group of such, for the purpose set forth.

4. In electrolytic apparatus, a plurality of decomposing-cells having mercury cathodes, said cells connected in series, in combination with a plurality of oxidizing-cells connected in series and means for dropping the amalgam formed in the decomposing-cell into the oXidiZing-cellsin succession, means for breaking the electrical connection between the cells, means for returning the mercury to the decomposing-cells and means for utilizing the current set up in the oxidizing-cells, substantially as and for the purpose set forth.

5. In an electrolytic apparatus, a series of decomposing-cells each containing a fixed anode and a liquid cathode, as mercury, said cells connected in series, in combination with a group of oxidizingcells for each decomposing-cell, a fixed cathode in each of the oxidizingcells, means for moving the liquid cathode from a decomposing-cell successively through the oxidizing-cells of a group and back to such decomposing-cell, suitable electrical connec-' tions connecting all of the oxidizing-cells in series, and means for preventing electrical connection between a decomposing-cell and the first and last oxidizingcells of a group of such through the liquid cathode, for the purpose set forth.

In testimony whereof I aflix my signature in presence of two witnesses.

CARL KELLNER.

Witnesses:

DEAN B. Mason, HARRY BELMONT.