US5873675A - Method for hazardous waste vitrification - Google Patents

Method for hazardous waste vitrification Download PDF

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Publication number
US5873675A
US5873675A US08/978,497 US97849797A US5873675A US 5873675 A US5873675 A US 5873675A US 97849797 A US97849797 A US 97849797A US 5873675 A US5873675 A US 5873675A
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melting vessel
vessel
melting
failure
hazardous waste
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US08/978,497
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Kenneth H. Wetmore
Kenneth R. Kormanyos
Stephen F. Cox
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Stir Melter Inc
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Stir Melter Inc
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Priority claimed from US08/246,414 external-priority patent/US5562363A/en
Priority claimed from US08/246,412 external-priority patent/US5536114A/en
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
    • C03B5/00—Melting in furnaces; Furnaces so far as specially adapted for glass manufacture
    • C03B5/16—Special features of the melting process; Auxiliary means specially adapted for glass-melting furnaces
    • C03B5/24—Automatically regulating the melting process
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A62—LIFE-SAVING; FIRE-FIGHTING
    • A62D—CHEMICAL MEANS FOR EXTINGUISHING FIRES OR FOR COMBATING OR PROTECTING AGAINST HARMFUL CHEMICAL AGENTS; CHEMICAL MATERIALS FOR USE IN BREATHING APPARATUS
    • A62D3/00—Processes for making harmful chemical substances harmless or less harmful, by effecting a chemical change in the substances
    • A62D3/30—Processes for making harmful chemical substances harmless or less harmful, by effecting a chemical change in the substances by reacting with chemical agents
    • A62D3/33—Processes for making harmful chemical substances harmless or less harmful, by effecting a chemical change in the substances by reacting with chemical agents by chemical fixing the harmful substance, e.g. by chelation or complexation
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
    • B09B—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B09B3/00—Destroying solid waste or transforming solid waste into something useful or harmless
    • B09B3/0066—Disposal of asbestos
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
    • C03B5/00—Melting in furnaces; Furnaces so far as specially adapted for glass manufacture
    • C03B5/005—Melting in furnaces; Furnaces so far as specially adapted for glass manufacture of glass-forming waste materials
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
    • C03B5/00—Melting in furnaces; Furnaces so far as specially adapted for glass manufacture
    • C03B5/02—Melting in furnaces; Furnaces so far as specially adapted for glass manufacture in electric furnaces, e.g. by dielectric heating
    • C03B5/021—Melting in furnaces; Furnaces so far as specially adapted for glass manufacture in electric furnaces, e.g. by dielectric heating by induction heating
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
    • C03B5/00—Melting in furnaces; Furnaces so far as specially adapted for glass manufacture
    • C03B5/02—Melting in furnaces; Furnaces so far as specially adapted for glass manufacture in electric furnaces, e.g. by dielectric heating
    • C03B5/027—Melting in furnaces; Furnaces so far as specially adapted for glass manufacture in electric furnaces, e.g. by dielectric heating by passing an electric current between electrodes immersed in the glass bath, i.e. by direct resistance heating
    • C03B5/0272—Pot furnaces
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
    • C03B5/00—Melting in furnaces; Furnaces so far as specially adapted for glass manufacture
    • C03B5/02—Melting in furnaces; Furnaces so far as specially adapted for glass manufacture in electric furnaces, e.g. by dielectric heating
    • C03B5/027—Melting in furnaces; Furnaces so far as specially adapted for glass manufacture in electric furnaces, e.g. by dielectric heating by passing an electric current between electrodes immersed in the glass bath, i.e. by direct resistance heating
    • C03B5/0275—Shaft furnaces
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
    • C03B5/00—Melting in furnaces; Furnaces so far as specially adapted for glass manufacture
    • C03B5/02—Melting in furnaces; Furnaces so far as specially adapted for glass manufacture in electric furnaces, e.g. by dielectric heating
    • C03B5/027—Melting in furnaces; Furnaces so far as specially adapted for glass manufacture in electric furnaces, e.g. by dielectric heating by passing an electric current between electrodes immersed in the glass bath, i.e. by direct resistance heating
    • C03B5/0277—Rotary furnaces
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
    • C03B5/00—Melting in furnaces; Furnaces so far as specially adapted for glass manufacture
    • C03B5/02—Melting in furnaces; Furnaces so far as specially adapted for glass manufacture in electric furnaces, e.g. by dielectric heating
    • C03B5/033—Melting in furnaces; Furnaces so far as specially adapted for glass manufacture in electric furnaces, e.g. by dielectric heating by using resistance heaters above or in the glass bath, i.e. by indirect resistance heating
    • C03B5/0334—Pot furnaces; Core furnaces
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
    • C03B5/00—Melting in furnaces; Furnaces so far as specially adapted for glass manufacture
    • C03B5/06—Melting in furnaces; Furnaces so far as specially adapted for glass manufacture in pot furnaces
    • C03B5/08—Glass-melting pots
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
    • C03B5/00—Melting in furnaces; Furnaces so far as specially adapted for glass manufacture
    • C03B5/16—Special features of the melting process; Auxiliary means specially adapted for glass-melting furnaces
    • C03B5/167—Means for preventing damage to equipment, e.g. by molten glass, hot gases, batches
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
    • C03B5/00—Melting in furnaces; Furnaces so far as specially adapted for glass manufacture
    • C03B5/16—Special features of the melting process; Auxiliary means specially adapted for glass-melting furnaces
    • C03B5/167—Means for preventing damage to equipment, e.g. by molten glass, hot gases, batches
    • C03B5/1672—Use of materials therefor
    • C03B5/1675—Platinum group metals
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
    • C03B5/00—Melting in furnaces; Furnaces so far as specially adapted for glass manufacture
    • C03B5/16—Special features of the melting process; Auxiliary means specially adapted for glass-melting furnaces
    • C03B5/18—Stirring devices; Homogenisation
    • C03B5/187—Stirring devices; Homogenisation with moving elements
    • C03B5/1875—Stirring devices; Homogenisation with moving elements of the screw or pump-action type
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
    • C03B5/00—Melting in furnaces; Furnaces so far as specially adapted for glass manufacture
    • C03B5/16—Special features of the melting process; Auxiliary means specially adapted for glass-melting furnaces
    • C03B5/42—Details of construction of furnace walls, e.g. to prevent corrosion; Use of materials for furnace walls
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A62—LIFE-SAVING; FIRE-FIGHTING
    • A62D—CHEMICAL MEANS FOR EXTINGUISHING FIRES OR FOR COMBATING OR PROTECTING AGAINST HARMFUL CHEMICAL AGENTS; CHEMICAL MATERIALS FOR USE IN BREATHING APPARATUS
    • A62D2101/00—Harmful chemical substances made harmless, or less harmful, by effecting chemical change
    • A62D2101/20—Organic substances
    • A62D2101/24—Organic substances containing heavy metals
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A62—LIFE-SAVING; FIRE-FIGHTING
    • A62D—CHEMICAL MEANS FOR EXTINGUISHING FIRES OR FOR COMBATING OR PROTECTING AGAINST HARMFUL CHEMICAL AGENTS; CHEMICAL MATERIALS FOR USE IN BREATHING APPARATUS
    • A62D2101/00—Harmful chemical substances made harmless, or less harmful, by effecting chemical change
    • A62D2101/40—Inorganic substances
    • A62D2101/43—Inorganic substances containing heavy metals, in the bonded or free state
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A62—LIFE-SAVING; FIRE-FIGHTING
    • A62D—CHEMICAL MEANS FOR EXTINGUISHING FIRES OR FOR COMBATING OR PROTECTING AGAINST HARMFUL CHEMICAL AGENTS; CHEMICAL MATERIALS FOR USE IN BREATHING APPARATUS
    • A62D2203/00—Aspects of processes for making harmful chemical substances harmless, or less harmful, by effecting chemical change in the substances
    • A62D2203/10—Apparatus specially adapted for treating harmful chemical agents; Details thereof
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P40/00—Technologies relating to the processing of minerals
    • Y02P40/50—Glass production, e.g. reusing waste heat during processing or shaping

Definitions

  • This invention relates to apparatus and a method for vitrifying hazardous waste.
  • Vitrification of waste materials has previously been accomplished in ceramic lined melting vessels that are capable of being heated to relatively high temperatures such as on the order of about 1500° C. to 1600° C.
  • Such heating as disclosed by U.S. Pat. No. 4,820,328 Roberts et al can be utilized to vitrify waste asbestos by a high temperature melting process.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 5,100,453 Richards such high temperature melting can be utilized to recycle glass fibers such as of the type utilized for building insulation.
  • incinerator fly ash can also be vitrified by such high temperature melting in a ceramic melting vessel.
  • the waste and any other necessary components to form a glassy material upon heating are introduced into the ceramic melting vessel, and the melted material permeates into seams or any cracks in the ceramic melting vessel sufficiently to cool and thereby seal the vessel so that there is no leakage.
  • Vitrification of hazardous waste at a lower temperature such as on the order of about 1000° to 1100° C. has also previously been done by heating thereof within a metallic melting vessel.
  • hazardous waste such as nuclear waste or heavy metals etc.
  • the resultant melted mixture can be delivered into a container for storage upon cooling.
  • the metallic melting vessel can fail during use and, in such case, hazardous waste in the melting vessel can contaminate the facility in which the processing is being performed. Such contamination can be a particular problem when nuclear waste processing is involved.
  • heating in a metallic melting vessel has previously been done by passing an electrical current through the melted material between the metallic melting vessel and a stirrer that mixes the material being heated.
  • the metallic melting vessel and the stirrer act as the electrodes between which the current flows for the heating as mixing takes place.
  • Objects of the present invention are to provide improved apparatus and a method for vitrifying hazardous waste in a manner that provides containment of the waste in case of failure of the melting vessel in which the hazardous waste is heated for the vitrification.
  • apparatus for vitrifying hazardous waste in accordance with the present invention includes a metallic melting vessel for receiving hazardous waste and any other necessary components for forming a glassy material upon heating.
  • a heater of the apparatus includes spaced electrical connections for providing a voltage across the metallic melting vessel to provide heating of material in the melting vessel.
  • the apparatus also includes a metallic containment vessel in which the melting vessel is located so the containment vessel upon failure of the melting vessel receives and contains any material that exits the melting vessel due to its failure.
  • a sensor of the apparatus is located externally of the melting vessel and at least partially externally of the containment vessel to detect failure of the melting vessel.
  • the preferred embodiment has the metallic melting vessel made of an alloy of platinum and rhodium when the melting temperature involved is above about 1100° C., and having the melting vessel made of an alloy of nickel and chromium when the melting temperature involved is below about 1100° C.
  • the apparatus for vitrifying hazardous waste is also disclosed as including a stirrer for mixing the material being heated.
  • the containment vessel is hermetically sealed around the melting vessel to form an enclosed chamber that contains gases as well as any other material that exits the failed melting vessel.
  • the sensor is communicated with the hermetically sealed chamber between the melting vessel and the containment vessel to detect a change in pressure within the hermetically sealed chamber when the melting vessel fails to thereby detect such failure.
  • the sensor for detecting failure of the melting vessel senses the presence of material received by the containment vessel from the failed melting vessel and preferably includes an electrical circuit that detects the presence of material received by the containment vessel from the failed melting vessel.
  • the electrical circuit of the sensor includes a pair of electrical probes that are located between the melting and containment vessels and are normally electrically isolated from each other until material received by the containment vessel from the failed melting vessel electrically connects the probes to each other.
  • the electrical circuit includes a flow path that is located between the melting and containment vessels and that is normally closed but is opened by the presence of material received by the containment vessel from the failed melting vessel.
  • the apparatus also includes another sensor for sensing failure of the melting vessel so as to provide a fail-safe detection of the melting vessel failure.
  • another sensor for sensing failure of the melting vessel so as to provide a fail-safe detection of the melting vessel failure.
  • each sensor is preferably either a sensor that is communicated with the hermetically sealed chamber between the melting vessel and the containment vessel to sense a change in pressure when the melting vessel fails, or a sensor including an electrical circuit that senses the presence of material received within the containment vessel from the failed melting vessel.
  • the method for vitrifying hazardous waste is performed by introducing hazardous waste and any other necessary components for forming a glassy material upon heating into a metallic melting vessel.
  • a voltage is applied across the metallic melting vessel to heat material within the melting vessel.
  • the melting vessel is also located within a containment vessel so as to contain any material that exits the melting vessel due to failure of the melting vessel.
  • Sensing for a failure of the melting vessel is also performed from a location external of the melting vessel and at least partially external from the containment vessel to provide an indication that the processing should be terminated so that the hazardous waste does not contaminate the facility in which the processing is being performed.
  • the melting vessel is preferably located within a metallic containment vessel.
  • the material can also be stirred during the heating.
  • the sensing for failure of the melting vessel is performed by detecting a change in pressure of the hermetically sealed chamber between the melting and the containment vessels.
  • the sensing for failure of the melting vessel is performed by detecting the presence of material received within the containment vessel from the failed melting vessel.
  • the presence of material received within the containment vessel from the failed melting vessel is disclosed as being detected by an electrical circuit.
  • the most preferred practice of the method utilizes a pair of sensors to detect failure of the melting vessel so that this detection is performed in a fail-safe manner.
  • FIG. 1 is an elevational view taken in section through apparatus constructed in accordance with the present invention to provide the method thereof for vitrifying hazardous waste;
  • FIG. 2 is a view that illustrates a pressure sensor for detecting failure of a melting vessel of the apparatus
  • FIG. 3 is a view that illustrates a normally open electrical circuit sensor for sensing the failure of the melting vessel
  • FIG. 4 is a view that illustrates a normally closed electrical circuit sensor for sensing the failure of the melting vessel.
  • apparatus 10 constructed in accordance with the present invention performs the method thereof for vitrifying hazardous waste such as nuclear waste, heavy metals etc.
  • This apparatus includes a metallic melting vessel 12 having an inlet 14 for receiving hazardous waste and any other necessary components for forming a glassy material upon heating as is hereinafter more fully described.
  • the melting vessel 12 also has a gas outlet 16 through which gases generated by the processing can flow outwardly for any necessary treatment prior to being released to the atmosphere.
  • Molten material 18 within the vessel 12 is delivered through an outlet 20 with a lower entry end 22 and an upper outer exit end 24 with a construction that functions like a teapot spout.
  • Outlet 20 which has a tubular construction outwardly of the melting vessel 12 extends through a suitable heating insulation 26 secured by an outer shell 28, and the outlet 20 is also surrounded by a heater 30 to maintain the material molten until it is delivered to a suitable container for cooling and consequent solidification.
  • a lower drain 32 of a metallic tubular construction extends through the insulation 26 and is surrounded by an associated heater 34 with its outer end closed by a water cooled plug 36 that can be removed to permit drainage of the melting vessel 12 when necessary.
  • Heating of the material within the melting vessel 12 of apparatus 10 is accomplished by a heater 38. More specifically, the metallic melting vessel 12 includes electrical connections 72 spaced from each other and across which an electrical voltage is applied to heat material within the melting vessel.
  • the melting vessel 12 thus acts as an electric resistance element in providing the heating.
  • the melting vessel 12 is preferably made of an alloy of platinum and rhodium to provide the capability of high temperature heating above about 1100° C. This high temperature allows the use of higher temperature melting glasses some of which have a longer lifetime against breakdown and/or a higher waste loading capability and thus are advantageous in vitrification of radioactive hazardous waste such as plutonium containing components.
  • the melting vessel 12 is preferably made of an alloy of nickel and chromium when using glass compositions having melting temperatures below about 1100° C.
  • Niobium and chromium alloys that can be used are sold by Inco Alloys International, Inc. of Huntington, W. Va., United States of America, under the trademark INCONEL.
  • INCONEL 601 One such alloy is designated INCONEL 601 and has a composition in parts by weight of: aluminum--1 part, chromium--23 parts, iron--14 parts, and nickel--61 parts.
  • INCONEL 690 Another such alloy is designated INCONEL 690 and has a composition in parts by eight of: chromium 29 parts, iron--9 parts, and nickel--62 parts.
  • a metallic containment vessel 46 of the apparatus 10 shown in FIG. 1 is located around the melting vessel 12 so the containment vessel upon failure of the melting vessel receives and contains any material that exits the failed melting vessel.
  • apparatus 10 also includes at least one sensor 48 for detecting failure of the melting vessel as is hereinafter more fully described.
  • both the metallic melting vessel 12 and metallic containment vessel 46 are respectively made from metal plates 50 and 51 that are secured by welds 52 with these two vessels essentially being unitized with each other after completion of the assembly.
  • Lower supports 54 provide the necessary support between the floor plates 50 and 51 while a support rod 55 extends downwardly from the containment vessel floor plate 51 through the insulation 26 to provide support for the unitized melting and containment vessels 12 and 46.
  • Suitable unshown supports between the sidewall plates 50 and 51 of the melting and containment vessels 12 and 46 are also provided and like all of the plates and supports are secured by associated welds.
  • the apparatus 10 can also be provided with a stirrer 39 for mixing the material 18 being heated such as by rotation as shown by arrow 39'.
  • the containment vessel 46 is preferably hermetically sealed around the melting vessel 12 to form an enclosed chamber 58.
  • Such an enclosed chamber is preferable to having an open space between the two vessels since any gas that exits the failed melting vessel 12 will then also be contained within the containment vessel 46 which would not be the case if the vessels are not hermetically sealed.
  • one embodiment of the sensor 48a is illustrated as having a conduit 60 communicated with the hermetically sealed chamber 58 between the melting vessel 12 and the containment vessel 46 to detect a change in pressure within the hermetically sealed chamber when the melting vessel fails to thereby detect such failure.
  • the sensor 48a has a pressure gauge 62 which can detect the pressure change when there is a failure such as illustrated at 64 between the floor and side wall plates 50 of the melting vessel 12.
  • Such pressure change may be an increase in pressure if a vacuum is initially drawn in the chamber 58 or may also be a decrease in pressure if the chamber is initially pressurized.
  • two further embodiments 48b and 48c of the sensor are constructed to detect failure of the melting vessel 12 by sensing the presence of material 18 received by the containment vessel 46 from the failed melting vessel 12.
  • Each of the sensors 48b and 48c includes an electric circuit 66 that detects the presence of material received by the containment vessel 46 from the failed melting vessel 12.
  • the electrical circuit 66 includes a pair of electrical probes 68 that are located between the melting and containment vessels 12 and 46 and are normally electrically isolated from each other with their lower ends suspended just above the containment vessel floor plate 51 in a spaced relationship thereto and with respect to each other. Material 18 received from the melting vessel 12 upon failure thereof such as through the failure 64 indicated electrically connects the lower ends of the probe 68 to complete the electrical circuit 66 and thereby provide an indication of the failure.
  • the embodiment of the sensor 48c has the electrical circuit 66 thereof located between the melting and containment vessels 12 and 46 and having a meltable fuse 70 extending between the lower ends of the probes 68.
  • the fuse 70 is melted to open the circuit 66 as the probes 68 then become electrically isolated from each other as compared to being electrically connected when the fuse is in place for the relative level of electric potential between the electrical probes.
  • the apparatus 10 shown in FIG. 1 there are at least two of the sensors for sensing the failure of the melting vessel 12. These sensors are most preferably of the type illustrated in FIGS. 2, 3 and 4. More specifically, as illustrated, there are two of the sensors 48 having the electrical circuit 66 and are located at opposite sides of the unitized melting and containment vessels 12 and 46. Suitable openings may be provided in the floor supports 54 so that the material received can flow back and forth so that failure at any part of the melting vessel 12 will activate these material presence sensing type sensors. Furthermore, the apparatus 10 is illustrated as having the pressure sensor 48 at its upper left side as well as the other two sensors.
  • Suitable openings can also be provided in the unshown supports between the side wall plates 50 and 51 as well as in the floor supports 54 so that the entire extent of the hermetically sealed chamber 58 is communicated with the pressure sensor 48a for its operation when this type of sensor is used.
  • the hazardous waste vitrifying method of the invention is performed by introducing the hazardous waste and any other necessary components for forming a glassy material upon heating through the inlet 14 into the metallic melting vessel 12.
  • a voltage is applied across the spaced electrical connections 72 to heat material 18 within the melting vessel 12 which is located within the metallic containment vessel 46 to contain any material that exits the melting vessel upon failure of the melting vessel. Sensing of this failure by at least one of the sensors 48 provides an indication that the processing should be terminated.
  • the material 18 can be stirred during the heating.
  • the sensing for the failure of the melting vessel 12 can be performed by detecting a change in the pressure of the hermetically sealed chamber 58 between the melting and containment vessels 12 and 46 and can also be performed by detecting the presence of material received within the containment vessel from the failed melting vessel, with this latter type of detection preferably being performed by an electrical circuit.
  • the method is most preferably performed by utilizing a pair of the sensors to detect failure of the melting vessel 12 in a fail-safe manner.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
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  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)

Abstract

Apparatus (10) and a method for vitrifying hazardous waste includes a melting vessel (12) in which hazardous waste and any other necessary components for forming a glassy mixture upon heating are introduced for heating by a heater (38), and a metallic containment vessel (46) of the apparatus receives the melting vessel so as to receive and contain any material that exits the melting vessel upon failure. A voltage is applied across spaced electrical connections (72) of the melting vessel (46) to heat material within the melting vessel. Any failure of the melting vessel (12) is detected by a sensor (48). Different embodiments of the heater (38) provide current flow through molten material (18) being heated, induction heating, electric resistance heating, and using the metallic mixing vessel (12) as an electric resistance element. A stirrer (39) can be utilized to mix the material (18) during the heating. The containment vessel (46) is preferably hermetically sealed around the melting vessel (12) to contain gases as well as any melted material received from the failed melting vessel (12). The sensing of the failure can be either by a pressure change in the hermetically sealed chamber (58) or by sensing of the presence of material received by the containment vessel (46) from the failed melting vessel (12) such as by electrical circuit type detection.

Description

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
This application is a divisional of application Ser. No. 08/675,338 entitled "Apparatus and Method for Hazardous Waste Vitrification", filed on Jul. 2, 1996 by Kenneth H. Wetmore, Kenneth R. Kormanyos and Stephen F. Cox, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,711,635, which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 08/246,414 entitled "Apparatus For Vitrification Of Hazardous Waste", filed on May 20, 1994 by Kenneth H. Wetmore, Kenneth R. Kormanyos and Stephen F. Fox, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,536,114.
TECHNICAL FIELD
This invention relates to apparatus and a method for vitrifying hazardous waste.
BACKGROUND ART
Vitrification of waste materials has previously been accomplished in ceramic lined melting vessels that are capable of being heated to relatively high temperatures such as on the order of about 1500° C. to 1600° C. Such heating as disclosed by U.S. Pat. No. 4,820,328 Roberts et al can be utilized to vitrify waste asbestos by a high temperature melting process. Furthermore, as disclosed by U.S. Pat. No. 5,100,453 Richards such high temperature melting can be utilized to recycle glass fibers such as of the type utilized for building insulation. Likewise, incinerator fly ash can also be vitrified by such high temperature melting in a ceramic melting vessel. During such processing, the waste and any other necessary components to form a glassy material upon heating are introduced into the ceramic melting vessel, and the melted material permeates into seams or any cracks in the ceramic melting vessel sufficiently to cool and thereby seal the vessel so that there is no leakage.
Vitrification of hazardous waste at a lower temperature such as on the order of about 1000° to 1100° C. has also previously been done by heating thereof within a metallic melting vessel. When hazardous waste such as nuclear waste or heavy metals etc. is vitrified, the resultant melted mixture can be delivered into a container for storage upon cooling. However, the metallic melting vessel can fail during use and, in such case, hazardous waste in the melting vessel can contaminate the facility in which the processing is being performed. Such contamination can be a particular problem when nuclear waste processing is involved. Furthermore, heating in a metallic melting vessel has previously been done by passing an electrical current through the melted material between the metallic melting vessel and a stirrer that mixes the material being heated. Thus, the metallic melting vessel and the stirrer act as the electrodes between which the current flows for the heating as mixing takes place.
DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION
Objects of the present invention are to provide improved apparatus and a method for vitrifying hazardous waste in a manner that provides containment of the waste in case of failure of the melting vessel in which the hazardous waste is heated for the vitrification.
In carrying out the above objects, apparatus for vitrifying hazardous waste in accordance with the present invention includes a metallic melting vessel for receiving hazardous waste and any other necessary components for forming a glassy material upon heating. A heater of the apparatus includes spaced electrical connections for providing a voltage across the metallic melting vessel to provide heating of material in the melting vessel. The apparatus also includes a metallic containment vessel in which the melting vessel is located so the containment vessel upon failure of the melting vessel receives and contains any material that exits the melting vessel due to its failure. A sensor of the apparatus is located externally of the melting vessel and at least partially externally of the containment vessel to detect failure of the melting vessel.
The preferred embodiment has the metallic melting vessel made of an alloy of platinum and rhodium when the melting temperature involved is above about 1100° C., and having the melting vessel made of an alloy of nickel and chromium when the melting temperature involved is below about 1100° C.
The apparatus for vitrifying hazardous waste is also disclosed as including a stirrer for mixing the material being heated.
In the preferred construction of the apparatus, the containment vessel is hermetically sealed around the melting vessel to form an enclosed chamber that contains gases as well as any other material that exits the failed melting vessel.
Different embodiments of the sensor are disclosed. In one embodiment, the sensor is communicated with the hermetically sealed chamber between the melting vessel and the containment vessel to detect a change in pressure within the hermetically sealed chamber when the melting vessel fails to thereby detect such failure. In other embodiments, the sensor for detecting failure of the melting vessel senses the presence of material received by the containment vessel from the failed melting vessel and preferably includes an electrical circuit that detects the presence of material received by the containment vessel from the failed melting vessel. In one embodiment, the electrical circuit of the sensor includes a pair of electrical probes that are located between the melting and containment vessels and are normally electrically isolated from each other until material received by the containment vessel from the failed melting vessel electrically connects the probes to each other. In another embodiment, the electrical circuit includes a flow path that is located between the melting and containment vessels and that is normally closed but is opened by the presence of material received by the containment vessel from the failed melting vessel.
In the preferred construction, the apparatus also includes another sensor for sensing failure of the melting vessel so as to provide a fail-safe detection of the melting vessel failure. Thus, there is a pair of sensors for detecting the failure of the melting vessel, and each sensor is preferably either a sensor that is communicated with the hermetically sealed chamber between the melting vessel and the containment vessel to sense a change in pressure when the melting vessel fails, or a sensor including an electrical circuit that senses the presence of material received within the containment vessel from the failed melting vessel.
In carrying out the objects of the invention, the method for vitrifying hazardous waste is performed by introducing hazardous waste and any other necessary components for forming a glassy material upon heating into a metallic melting vessel. A voltage is applied across the metallic melting vessel to heat material within the melting vessel. The melting vessel is also located within a containment vessel so as to contain any material that exits the melting vessel due to failure of the melting vessel. Sensing for a failure of the melting vessel is also performed from a location external of the melting vessel and at least partially external from the containment vessel to provide an indication that the processing should be terminated so that the hazardous waste does not contaminate the facility in which the processing is being performed.
The melting vessel is preferably located within a metallic containment vessel.
In performing the method for vitrifying hazardous waste, the material can also be stirred during the heating.
In one preferred practice of the method, the sensing for failure of the melting vessel is performed by detecting a change in pressure of the hermetically sealed chamber between the melting and the containment vessels.
In another preferred practice of the method, the sensing for failure of the melting vessel is performed by detecting the presence of material received within the containment vessel from the failed melting vessel. The presence of material received within the containment vessel from the failed melting vessel is disclosed as being detected by an electrical circuit.
The most preferred practice of the method utilizes a pair of sensors to detect failure of the melting vessel so that this detection is performed in a fail-safe manner.
The objects, features and advantages of the present invention are readily apparent from the following detailed description of the best modes for carrying out the invention when taken in connection with the accompanying drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is an elevational view taken in section through apparatus constructed in accordance with the present invention to provide the method thereof for vitrifying hazardous waste;
FIG. 2 is a view that illustrates a pressure sensor for detecting failure of a melting vessel of the apparatus;
FIG. 3 is a view that illustrates a normally open electrical circuit sensor for sensing the failure of the melting vessel; and
FIG. 4 is a view that illustrates a normally closed electrical circuit sensor for sensing the failure of the melting vessel.
BEST MODES FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
With reference to FIG. 1, apparatus 10 constructed in accordance with the present invention performs the method thereof for vitrifying hazardous waste such as nuclear waste, heavy metals etc. This apparatus includes a metallic melting vessel 12 having an inlet 14 for receiving hazardous waste and any other necessary components for forming a glassy material upon heating as is hereinafter more fully described. The melting vessel 12 also has a gas outlet 16 through which gases generated by the processing can flow outwardly for any necessary treatment prior to being released to the atmosphere. Molten material 18 within the vessel 12 is delivered through an outlet 20 with a lower entry end 22 and an upper outer exit end 24 with a construction that functions like a teapot spout. Outlet 20 which has a tubular construction outwardly of the melting vessel 12 extends through a suitable heating insulation 26 secured by an outer shell 28, and the outlet 20 is also surrounded by a heater 30 to maintain the material molten until it is delivered to a suitable container for cooling and consequent solidification. Likewise, a lower drain 32 of a metallic tubular construction extends through the insulation 26 and is surrounded by an associated heater 34 with its outer end closed by a water cooled plug 36 that can be removed to permit drainage of the melting vessel 12 when necessary.
Heating of the material within the melting vessel 12 of apparatus 10 is accomplished by a heater 38. More specifically, the metallic melting vessel 12 includes electrical connections 72 spaced from each other and across which an electrical voltage is applied to heat material within the melting vessel. The melting vessel 12 thus acts as an electric resistance element in providing the heating. The melting vessel 12 is preferably made of an alloy of platinum and rhodium to provide the capability of high temperature heating above about 1100° C. This high temperature allows the use of higher temperature melting glasses some of which have a longer lifetime against breakdown and/or a higher waste loading capability and thus are advantageous in vitrification of radioactive hazardous waste such as plutonium containing components. The melting vessel 12 is preferably made of an alloy of nickel and chromium when using glass compositions having melting temperatures below about 1100° C. Specific nickel and chromium alloys that can be used are sold by Inco Alloys International, Inc. of Huntington, W. Va., United States of America, under the trademark INCONEL. One such alloy is designated INCONEL 601 and has a composition in parts by weight of: aluminum--1 part, chromium--23 parts, iron--14 parts, and nickel--61 parts. Another such alloy is designated INCONEL 690 and has a composition in parts by eight of: chromium 29 parts, iron--9 parts, and nickel--62 parts.
A metallic containment vessel 46 of the apparatus 10 shown in FIG. 1 is located around the melting vessel 12 so the containment vessel upon failure of the melting vessel receives and contains any material that exits the failed melting vessel. Thus, any hazardous waste component of material that exits the failed melting vessel 12 will not contaminate the facility in which the apparatus 10 is located but, rather will be contained within the containment vessel 46 which can then be properly processed during a clean-up operation. Furthermore, apparatus 10 also includes at least one sensor 48 for detecting failure of the melting vessel as is hereinafter more fully described.
With continuing reference to FIG. 1, it will be noted that both the metallic melting vessel 12 and metallic containment vessel 46 are respectively made from metal plates 50 and 51 that are secured by welds 52 with these two vessels essentially being unitized with each other after completion of the assembly. Lower supports 54 provide the necessary support between the floor plates 50 and 51 while a support rod 55 extends downwardly from the containment vessel floor plate 51 through the insulation 26 to provide support for the unitized melting and containment vessels 12 and 46. Suitable unshown supports between the sidewall plates 50 and 51 of the melting and containment vessels 12 and 46 are also provided and like all of the plates and supports are secured by associated welds.
As illustrated in FIG. 1, the apparatus 10 can also be provided with a stirrer 39 for mixing the material 18 being heated such as by rotation as shown by arrow 39'.
With continuing reference to FIG. 1, the containment vessel 46 is preferably hermetically sealed around the melting vessel 12 to form an enclosed chamber 58. Such an enclosed chamber is preferable to having an open space between the two vessels since any gas that exits the failed melting vessel 12 will then also be contained within the containment vessel 46 which would not be the case if the vessels are not hermetically sealed.
With additional reference to FIG. 2, one embodiment of the sensor 48a is illustrated as having a conduit 60 communicated with the hermetically sealed chamber 58 between the melting vessel 12 and the containment vessel 46 to detect a change in pressure within the hermetically sealed chamber when the melting vessel fails to thereby detect such failure. More specifically, the sensor 48a has a pressure gauge 62 which can detect the pressure change when there is a failure such as illustrated at 64 between the floor and side wall plates 50 of the melting vessel 12. Such pressure change may be an increase in pressure if a vacuum is initially drawn in the chamber 58 or may also be a decrease in pressure if the chamber is initially pressurized.
With reference to FIGS. 3 and 4, two further embodiments 48b and 48c of the sensor are constructed to detect failure of the melting vessel 12 by sensing the presence of material 18 received by the containment vessel 46 from the failed melting vessel 12. Each of the sensors 48b and 48c includes an electric circuit 66 that detects the presence of material received by the containment vessel 46 from the failed melting vessel 12.
In the embodiment of the sensor 48b shown in FIG. 3, the electrical circuit 66 includes a pair of electrical probes 68 that are located between the melting and containment vessels 12 and 46 and are normally electrically isolated from each other with their lower ends suspended just above the containment vessel floor plate 51 in a spaced relationship thereto and with respect to each other. Material 18 received from the melting vessel 12 upon failure thereof such as through the failure 64 indicated electrically connects the lower ends of the probe 68 to complete the electrical circuit 66 and thereby provide an indication of the failure.
With reference to FIG. 4, the embodiment of the sensor 48c has the electrical circuit 66 thereof located between the melting and containment vessels 12 and 46 and having a meltable fuse 70 extending between the lower ends of the probes 68. When the material 18 is received from the failed melting vessel 12 such as through the failure 64 shown, the fuse 70 is melted to open the circuit 66 as the probes 68 then become electrically isolated from each other as compared to being electrically connected when the fuse is in place for the relative level of electric potential between the electrical probes.
In the preferred construction of the apparatus 10 shown in FIG. 1, there are at least two of the sensors for sensing the failure of the melting vessel 12. These sensors are most preferably of the type illustrated in FIGS. 2, 3 and 4. More specifically, as illustrated, there are two of the sensors 48 having the electrical circuit 66 and are located at opposite sides of the unitized melting and containment vessels 12 and 46. Suitable openings may be provided in the floor supports 54 so that the material received can flow back and forth so that failure at any part of the melting vessel 12 will activate these material presence sensing type sensors. Furthermore, the apparatus 10 is illustrated as having the pressure sensor 48 at its upper left side as well as the other two sensors. Suitable openings can also be provided in the unshown supports between the side wall plates 50 and 51 as well as in the floor supports 54 so that the entire extent of the hermetically sealed chamber 58 is communicated with the pressure sensor 48a for its operation when this type of sensor is used.
The hazardous waste vitrifying method of the invention is performed by introducing the hazardous waste and any other necessary components for forming a glassy material upon heating through the inlet 14 into the metallic melting vessel 12. A voltage is applied across the spaced electrical connections 72 to heat material 18 within the melting vessel 12 which is located within the metallic containment vessel 46 to contain any material that exits the melting vessel upon failure of the melting vessel. Sensing of this failure by at least one of the sensors 48 provides an indication that the processing should be terminated.
In performing the method for vitrifying hazardous waste, the material 18 can be stirred during the heating.
As discussed above, the sensing for the failure of the melting vessel 12 can be performed by detecting a change in the pressure of the hermetically sealed chamber 58 between the melting and containment vessels 12 and 46 and can also be performed by detecting the presence of material received within the containment vessel from the failed melting vessel, with this latter type of detection preferably being performed by an electrical circuit. Furthermore, as previously mentioned, the method is most preferably performed by utilizing a pair of the sensors to detect failure of the melting vessel 12 in a fail-safe manner.
While the best modes for practicing the invention have been described in detail, those familiar with the art to which this invention relates will recognize various alternative designs and embodiments for practicing the invention as defined by the following claims.

Claims (8)

What is claimed is:
1. A method for vitrifying hazardous waste comprising:
introducing the hazardous waste and any other necessary components for forming a glassy material upon heating into a metallic melting vessel;
applying a voltage across the melting vessel to heat material within the melting vessel;
locating the melting vessel within a containment vessel so as to contain any melted material that exits the melting vessel due to failure of the melting vessel; and
sensing for a failure of the melting vessel from a location external of the melting vessel and at least partially external from the containment vessel.
2. A method for vitrifying hazardous waste as in claim 1 wherein the melting vessel is located within a metallic containment vessel.
3. A method for vitrifying hazardous waste as in claim 1 wherein the material is stirred during the heating.
4. A method for vitrifying hazardous waste as in claim 1 wherein the sensing for failure of the melting vessel is performed by detecting a change in pressure of a hermetically sealed chamber between the melting and containment vessels.
5. A method for vitrifying hazardous waste as in claim 1 wherein the sensing for failure of the melting vessel is performed by detecting the presence of material received within the containment vessel from the failed melting vessel.
6. A method for vitrifying hazardous waste as in claim 5 wherein the presence of material received within the containment vessel from the failed melting vessel is detected by an electrical circuit.
7. A method for vitrifying hazardous waste as in claim 1 wherein a pair of sensors are utilized to detect failure of the melting vessel.
8. A method for vitrifying hazardous waste comprising:
introducing the hazardous waste and any other necessary components for forming a glassy material upon heating into a metallic melting vessel;
applying a voltage across the melting vessel to heat material within the melting vessel;
stirring the material during the heating;
locating the melting vessel within a metallic containment vessel so as to contain any melted material that exits the melting vessel upon failure of the melting vessel; and
sensing for a failure of the melting vessel from a location external of the melting vessel and at least partially external from the containment vessel.
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US08/675,338 US5711635A (en) 1994-05-20 1996-07-02 Apparatus for hazardous waste vitrification
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DE69725583T2 (en) 2004-08-05
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EP0914218B1 (en) 2003-10-15
EP0914218A1 (en) 1999-05-12

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