US5699179A - Cancellation of distortion components in a fiber optic link with feed-forward linearization - Google Patents
Cancellation of distortion components in a fiber optic link with feed-forward linearization Download PDFInfo
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- US5699179A US5699179A US08/605,989 US60598996A US5699179A US 5699179 A US5699179 A US 5699179A US 60598996 A US60598996 A US 60598996A US 5699179 A US5699179 A US 5699179A
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N7/00—Television systems
- H04N7/22—Adaptations for optical transmission
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- the present invention relates to optical fiber communication systems, and more particularly to a technique to compensate for fiber-induced distortion in an externally modulated, feed-forward linearized, analog cable television (CATV) link.
- CATV analog cable television
- Various communication systems such as CATV systems, currently distribute information signals via coaxial cable.
- the replacement of coaxial cable with optical fiber transmission lines in such communications systems has become a high priority.
- Production single mode fiber can support very large bandwidths and has low attenuation. Accordingly, a fiber optic distribution system or a fibercoax cable hybrid would provide substantially increased performance at a competitive cost as compared to conventional coaxial cable systems.
- the information that is communicated is contained in a radio-frequency (RF) television signal.
- RF radio-frequency
- the use of a television signal comprising amplitude-modulated vestigial sideband (AM-VSB) subcarriers is preferred in the distribution of cable television signals due to the compatibility of that format with the standards of the National Television Standards Committee (NTSC), and the ability to provide an increased number of channels within a given bandwidth.
- AM-VSB transmission of television signals requires a carrier to noise ratio (CNR) of at least 40 dB, and preferably 60 dB, to provide clear reception.
- CNR carrier to noise ratio
- Distortion is also caused by the particular AM-VSB signal which is being transmitted from the transmitter side of the link.
- external modulators such as the Mach-Zehnder modulator, can exhibit residual chirping. This phenomenon, caused by asymmetric field overlap between the two arms of the Mach-Zehnder structure, can contribute to phase modulation of the transmitted light wave.
- dispersion in an optical fiber may be of several varieties.
- Dielectric media such as optical fibers used to carry light are not totally transparent.
- glass is approximately transparent in the visible region of the optical spectrum, but absorbs ultraviolet and infrared light.
- Propagation of light can be characterized by an absorption coefficient ⁇ , and a propagation constant ⁇ . The intensity of the lightwave is thus attenuated with distance z according to the factor e - ⁇ z, and the phase changes with distance z according to the factor ⁇ .
- Dispersion is characterized by a change in the susceptibility ⁇ , refractive index n, and speed of light c in the fiber as a function of wavelength ⁇ or frequency ⁇ of the transmitted radiation.
- a dispersive medium will therefore broaden a pulse of light since the different frequency components in the light will travel at different speeds. As a result, the pulse is carried over an increasingly wider time interval. Moreover, as the propagation distance increases, the dispersion will increase.
- the pulse will be broadened at the rate
- ⁇ .sub. ⁇ seconds per unit distance, where ⁇ .sub. ⁇ is the spectral width of the light, and D.sub. ⁇ -( ⁇ 0 /C 0 ) d 2 n/d 2 ⁇ 0 is a dispersion coefficient.
- D.sub. ⁇ is commonly measured in units of ps/km-nm (picoseconds of temporal spread per kilometer of optical fiber length per nanometer of spectral width), while D.sub. ⁇ is measured in units of sec/m-Hz.
- the zero dispersion wavelength of SMF-28TM is 1,310 nm.
- ⁇ .sub. ⁇ is measured in units of wavelength broadening per unit spectral width per unit distance (e.g., sec-nm/m).
- dispersion can be either normal or anomalous.
- normal dispersion D.sub. ⁇ >0
- anomalous dispersion D.sub. ⁇ ⁇ 0
- higher frequency components have a shorter travel time.
- normal dispersion occurs in a typical fiber optics application with infrared light at 1,550 nm.
- Material dispersion is caused by the wavelength dependency of the index of refraction (n) of the fiber optic material.
- n index of refraction
- an optical pulse with different frequency components will experience spectral width spreading in the fiber due to different group velocities ⁇ of the spectral components.
- Waveguide dispersion is a function of the relative size of the optical fiber and the wavelength of the transmitted light pulse. Waveguide dispersion is particularly important in single mode fibers, where there is no multimode dispersion, and with ⁇ such that material dispersion is relatively small. Since the phase velocities in the core and cladding of the optical fiber are different, the field distribution is a function of the ratio of the core radius to the light pulse wavelength, a/ ⁇ 0 .
- the temporal pulse broadening due to waveguide dispersion is
- ⁇ .sub. ⁇ L, where D w is a waveguide dispersion coefficient, defined by D w -(1/2 ⁇ C 0 )V 2 d 2 ⁇ /DV 2 .
- the shape of a transmitted light pulse is altered as a function of the intensity I (e.g., amplitude) of the pulse.
- I e.g., amplitude
- the refractive index n becomes intensity-dependent and exhibits nonlinear characteristics. That is, the high-intensity parts of the pulse will exhibit phase shifts which are different from the low-intensity parts, thereby also shifting the frequency of different portions of the pulse by different amounts. Accordingly, the pulse shape is altered.
- a nonlinear dielectric medium exhibits a nonlinear relationship between the polarization density P and the electric field E of light travelling in the medium, where P and E can be time-varying.
- P ⁇ 0 ⁇ E.
- the relationship between p and E is linear when E is small, but becomes nonlinear as E reaches 10 5 to 10 8 Volts per meter (V/m), which is comparable to interatomic electric fields.
- the relationship between N and E is nonlinear when the number of atoms in the optical fiber which occupy the energy levels involved in the absorption and emission of light depends on the intensity of the light, as in a laser.
- a 2 represents a second-order nonlinearity
- a 3 represents a third-order nonlinearity.
- the second order coefficient a 2 indicates second-order harmonic generation in glass fibers doped with, for example, germanium or phosphorus.
- Third order nonlinear effects are related to the coefficient a 3 .
- This effect known as the optical Kerr effect, is a self-induced effect wherein the phase velocity of the wave varies as a function of the wave intensity.
- a wave travelling in a third-order nonlinear media undergoes self-modulation (i.e., self-chirping or self-phase modulation).
- the phase shift increases with the optical power Pwr and the length of the fiber link L.
- a dispersive, nonlinear medium is said to have a memory since the polarization P(t) at time t results from an applied electric field E(t') at time t', where t' ⁇ t.
- the coefficients a 2 and a 3 are not constants, but will depend on the frequency of the light wave travelling in the optical fiber.
- CSO composite second order
- self-phase modulation are also a function of the data signal which is carried over the fiber.
- CSO distortion components will be a function of amplitude variations of the signal, cross-channel interference, the number of channels, the carrier frequencies, and other factors.
- the CSO is negligible at the transmitter, but increase in the fiber due to overlapping E fields in the optical data signal.
- the RF modulating signal is modulated with a compensating RF signal before being applied to an optical modulator.
- This approach is not optimal, however, since the required amount of distortion compensation, or pre-chirping, is a function of fiber dispersion at the source laser operating wavelength, the length of the link fiber, and the detected signal power.
- an externally modulated fiber-optic link employs a pair of modulators, such as Mach-Zehnder modulators. See J. D. Farna of Photonic Applications, Inc., Bloomfield, Conn., "New Method for Electro-Optic Linearization of External Modulators," IEEE/LEOS 1995 Digest of the LEOS Summer Topical Meetings, Aug. 7-11, 1995.
- a single optical source drives the two modulators, namely a primary modulator in a first arm and an error-correcting modulator in a second arm of the linearizer.
- a radio-frequency (RF) data signal to be transmitted (e.g., a CATV signal) is applied to the primary modulator.
- the output of the primary modulator is a composite signal that contains both the fundamentals and the distortion products generated within the modulator.
- a feed-forward network is employed to compare this composite output signal with the RF data signal.
- the feed-forward network then generates a corresponding error signal comprising the distortion products which is fed into the error-correcting modulator.
- the error-correcting modulator provides a corresponding optical error signal which is then provided to an output optical coupler. At the coupler, the distortion products are subtracted from the composite signal to produce a substantially distortion-free transmission signal.
- the transmitter is thus said to be linearized.
- the signals in the first (primary) and second (error-correcting) arms of the feed-forward linearizer must be combined incoherently. This can be accomplished by rapidly scrambling the phase of the optical signal in the error-correcting arm at a frequency (e.g., 2 GHz) which is well above the CATV band (e.g., approximately 50 to 550 Mhz for a typical 77-channel system).
- a frequency e.g. 2 GHz
- the optical signal in the second arm of the linearizer is effectively depolarized.
- a depolarizing phase modulator is provided in the second arm of the linearizer prior to the error-correcting modulator.
- the depolarizing phase modulator also results in broadening of the linewidth of the optical data signal and, consequently, the reduction of Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS).
- the first arm of the linearizer also includes a phase modulator, but, conventionally, this is not used since there is no need for additional SBS suppression in the first arm of the linearizer.
- OMIs optical modulation indexes
- the CNR of the fiberoptic link is proportional to the square of the intensity OMI.
- a large OMI such as that obtainable in the feed-forward linearization approach is highly desirable for long distance communications (e.g., several kilometers).
- the aforementioned EDFAs with an optical power of about 16 dB are typically employed at the transmitter end of the link as a booster amplifier, and at periodic locations in the fiber link as line amplifiers (e.g., every 50 km).
- system performance is limited by CSO distortion (including self-phase modulation) in the fiber, and by phase modulation of the modulator due to residual chirp.
- CSO distortion is negligible at the transmitter, it can increase to unacceptably large levels along the fiber. Additionally, CSO distortion becomes worse as the OMI is increased.
- the technique should be compatible with a feed-forward linearization system, and should reduce or substantially cancel all CSO distortion components in the fiber. Moreover, the technique should be applicable to a fiber optic link where the optical signal is transmitted at a sub-optimal wavelength, i.e., where the transmission wavelength is not the same as the minimum dispersion wavelength of the particular fiber used. The technique should also be compatible with fiber links of varying lengths which carry AM-VSB data signals, and should allow the use of existing commercially available modulation devices.
- the present invention provides a method and apparatus for reducing distortion components in an externally-modulated fiber optic link with feed-forward linearization having the above and other advantages.
- the apparatus reduces distortion components in an RF data signal carried in a fiber optic link, where the transmitter of the link comprises a feed-forward linearizer.
- the linearizer includes a primary modulator in a first optical path, and an error-correcting modulator in a second optical path.
- the first and second optical paths carry a common coherent optical power signal such as that from a laser.
- a phase modulator is provided in the first optical path between the optical power source and the primary modulator, and an RF data signal with a phase optical modulation (OMI) index k is used to drive the phase modulator.
- OMI phase optical modulation
- the apparatus is particularly adapted for use where the RF data signal is an amplitude-modulated, vestigial sideband (AM-VSB) signal such as that used in CATV transmission, where the data signal is transmitted over the fiber optic link at a carrier wavelength other than the minimum dispersion wavelength of the fiber optic link.
- the RF data signal may be transmitted at a carrier wavelength of approximately 1,550 nm, where the fiber optic link has a minimum dispersion wavelength of approximately 1,310 nm.
- a feed-forward linearizer for reducing distortion components in an RF data signal carried in a fiber optic link receives a coherent optical power signal such as that from a laser.
- a divider splits the optical power signal into to a first optical path and a second optical path, where there is a primary modulator in the first optical path and an error-correcting modulator in the second optical path.
- a first phase modulator is provided in the first optical path between the divider and the primary modulator
- a second phase modulator is provided in the second optical path between the divider and the error-correcting modulator.
- the linearizer further includes a first RF line for providing the RF data signal to the first phase modulator, a second RF line for providing the RF data signal to the primary modulator.
- a combiner of a feed-forward circuit of the linearizer receives the RF data signal via a third RF line.
- a detector is located in the linearizer which receives an optical output from the primary modulator, and provides an RF comparison signal from the detector to the combiner over a fourth RF line. At the combiner, an error signal is created and then provided to the error-correcting modulator over a fifth RF line.
- a sixth RF line provides a depolarizing signal to the second phase modulator.
- an optical output coupler receives a first optical signal from the primary modulator via the first optical path, and a second optical signal from the error-correcting modulator via the second optical path. The coupler then provides a corresponding optical data signal for transmission over the fiber optic link.
- a method for reducing distortion components in an RF data signal carried in a fiber optic link comprises providing a coherent optical power signal in a first optical path and a second optical path.
- the optical power signal in the first path is phase modulated according to a phase OMI k of the RF data signal.
- the phase-modulated optical power signal in the first optical path is then amplitude-modulated according to an intensity OMI m of the RF data signal.
- the optical power signal in the second optical path is depolarized, and the depolarized optical power signal in the second optical path is amplitude-modulated in response to a feed-forward linearization error signal.
- the amplitude-modulated and phasemodulated optical power signal of the first optical path is combined with the depolarized and amplitude-modulated optical power signal in the second optical path to provide an optical data signal for transmission over the fiber optic link.
- FIG. 1 is block diagram of a conventional fiber optic communication link.
- FIG. 2 is block diagram of a feed-forward linearizer in accordance with the present invention.
- FIG. 3a is graph showing the reduction in composite second order (CSO) distortion as a function of frequency in accordance with the present invention.
- FIG. 3b is graph showing the reduction in composite second order (CSO) distortion for a link length of 100 km in accordance with the present invention.
- FIG. 3c is a graph showing the reduction in composite second order (CSO) distortion for a link length of 115 km in accordance with the present invention.
- the present invention relates to a method and apparatus for reducing fiber-induced composite second order distortion components in a fiber optic link, where the link is driven with an externally modulated, feed-forward linearization configuration.
- FIG. 1 is block diagram of a conventional fiber optic communication link.
- a transmitter shown generally at 10, transmits an RF data signal to a receiver 60 over an optical fiber path 30.
- Coherent radiation from the laser is provided to a modulator 16 via optical path 14.
- the modulator 16 may comprise a single modulator such as a Mach-Zehnder modulator, or may comprise more than one modulator such as in a feed-forward linearizer.
- the modulator 16 also receives, via terminal 18 and line 20, an RF data signal such as an amplitude modulated vestigial sideband (AM-VSB) cable television (CATV) data signal. Moreover, when a feed-forward linearizer is used, a depolarizing signal is provided to the modulator 16 via terminal 22 and line 24. The depolarizing signal is used to depolarize the optical input to an error-correcting modulator (not shown) in the modulator 16.
- an RF data signal such as an amplitude modulated vestigial sideband (AM-VSB) cable television (CATV) data signal.
- A-VSB amplitude modulated vestigial sideband
- CATV cable television
- An optical data signal which carries the RF data signal is provided via line 26 to an amplifier 28.
- the amplifier 28 may be, for example, an erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA).
- EDFA erbium doped fiber amplifier
- the amplified optical data signal is provided via optical path 30 to the receiver 60.
- the optical fiber transmission path 30 may be a long-distance path extending over several kilometers.
- line amplifiers such as EDFA 28 may be provided periodically in the line in order to boost the signal to desired levels.
- an amplifier (not shown) may be provided to boost the incoming optical signal if required.
- the boosted signal is then demodulated at the receiver 60 to recover the RF data signal at line 50.
- FIG. 2 is block diagram of a feed-forward linearizer in accordance with the present invention. Solid lines indicate an RF signal is carried, while dashed lines indicate an optical path.
- the linearizer shown generally at 200, includes a continuous wave laser 202 which produces an optical carrier at a wavelength ⁇ .
- the laser may be of the Fabry-Perot, Distributed Feedback (DFB), Distributed Bragg Reflector (DBR), or other known variety.
- DFB Distributed Feedback
- DBR Distributed Bragg Reflector
- the laser 202 provides an optical carrier on optical path 204, which communicates with a first optical path 206 and a second optical path 220 via, for example, an optical divider or coupler (not shown).
- a phase modulator (PM) 208 receives the optical signal on path 206.
- the phase modulator 208 also receives an RF data signal, such as an AM-VSB CATV signal, from a splitter 250 via line 252.
- an RF data signal such as an AM-VSB CATV signal
- a filter may be provided in the splitter 250 or on line 252 that passes only a portion of the RF data signal.
- the upper portion of the RF data signal spectrum may be provided to the phase modulator 208 to reduce CSO distortion in the corresponding upper bands of the transmitted optical data signal at line 218. In fact, as discussed below, CSO distortion is more prevalent at higher carrier frequencies.
- the PM 208 adjusts the phase of the optical signal received via optical path 206 in accordance with a phase optical modulation index (OMI), k, of the RF data signal in order to cancel or reduce CSO distortion components which will be introduced into the optical data signal which is carried over optical path 218.
- OMI phase optical modulation index
- the RF data signal provided to the phase modulator 208 via line 252 may be pre-conditioned by adjusting its phase and amplitude.
- phase and amplitude adjusting means may also be provided on line 252 for adjusting the phase and amplitude, respectively, of the RF data signal that is input to the PM 208.
- the phase-modulator 208 thus provides a phase modulated, or pre-chirped, optical signal to the primary modulator 212 via optical path 210.
- the RF data signal is also provided to the primary modulator 212, via line 256.
- the primary modulator 212 modulates the optical signal from path 210 in accordance with an intensity OMI, m, of the RF data signal, and provides an intensity (e.g., amplitude) modulated optical signal via optical paths 214 and 240.
- the signal on paths 214 and 240 is a composite signal that includes both the fundamentals and the distortion products generated within the primary modulator 212.
- the composite signal of path 214 is provided to an optical output coupler 216, while the composite signal of path 240 is provided to a detector 242.
- the detector 242 converts the composite optical signal of path 240 into a corresponding RF signal on line 244 for comparison with the RF data signal provided on line 254.
- a combiner 246 receives the two RF signals and provides an error signal to an error-correcting modulator 230 via line 248.
- a feed-forward network is described. Commonly, the feed-forward error signal on line 248 is boosted using an amplifier (not shown).
- the error-correcting modulator 230 intensity-modulates an optical signal received via path 228 to provide the optical signal of path 232 to the coupler 216.
- the coupler 216 then outputs an optical data signal for transmission at path 218, which may comprise an optical fiber.
- the optical fiber 218 is preferably a single-mode fiber such as SMF-28TM manufactured by Corning Incorporated. Note that the optical error-correcting signal of path 232 is typically much smaller in amplitude compared to the fundamental signal of path 214, so it is reasonable to assume the error-correcting signal does not experience a significant fiber-induced distortion. Pre-chirping of the error signal is therefore probably unnecessary for link lengths up to one hundred kilometers, but may be desirable for longer link lengths.
- the optical signal of path 228 is generated from the optical signal of path 220, which is modulated by a phase modulator 222.
- the phase modulator 222 receives an RF depolarizing signal via terminal 226 and line 224.
- the depolarizing signal is an out-of-band signal, such as a single tone, that rapidly scrambles the phase of the optical signal of path 220 at a frequency (e.g., 2 GHz) which is well above the CATV band.
- a frequency e.g., 2 GHz
- the phase modulator 222 also broadens the linewidth of the optical signal to reduce Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS).
- SBS Stimulated Brillouin Scattering
- the optical signals of paths 232 and 214 will be incoherent relative to one another.
- the same optical source drives both the primary modulator 212 and the error-correcting modulator 230
- the relative coherence of the two signals at the coupler 216 is crucial to the operation of the feed-forward linearizer.
- the signals in the primary and error-correcting arms of the linearizer must therefore be combined incoherently.
- the even order distortion components introduced in the transmitted signal at path 218 will be essentially negligible.
- the distortion introduced by the primary modulator 212 and compensated for by the error-correcting modulator 230 is predominantly of odd order.
- the feed-forward approach allows for the correction of all orders of distortion, thereby allowing relatively large intensity OMIs, m, to be used in the RF data signal of line 256.
- the performance of the fiber optic link is degraded by dispersion and self-phase modulation in the fiber. This is in addition to the phase modulation introduced by the primary modulator 212 due to its own residual chirp.
- a phase modulated optical signal travels along a dispersive medium, such as an optical fiber, composite second order distortions (CSOs) are introduced at a level which is unacceptable for most CATV applications.
- CSOs composite second order distortions
- fiber-induced CSO could be unacceptably large.
- recent studies have shown that this problem is worsened as the intensity OMI increases. Hence, a large intensity OMI may not be very desirable. In long distance applications, therefore, fiber-induced CSO must be compensated.
- the RF data signal-driven phase modulator 208 provides this required compensation.
- the present invention provides an implementation that is compatible with commercially available external modulators such as, for instance, the Model m2420C Dual-Output Lithium Niobate Modulator, available from AT&T Microelectronics of Breinigsville, Pa.
- the Model m2420C modulator may be employed in the first optical path 206 of the linearizer 200. It includes two SMA connectors, the first of which is conventionally used as a DC bias input, while the second is an RF signal input.
- the DC bias input is used instead for phase modulation, while the RF signal input receives an RF data signal.
- the second optical path 220 of the linearizer 200 can use, for instance, the APETM Dual Output Modulator for CATV Transmitters, available from United Technologies Photonics of Bloomfield, Conn.
- the APE includes a DC bias input, an RF signal input, a phase modulation input, and an optional photodetector output.
- the phase modulator is thus integral with the device, and is used conventionally for depolarization and SBS suppression as discussed above.
- FIG. 3a is graph showing the reduction in CSO distortion as a function of frequency in accordance with the present invention.
- Fiber-induced CSO is shown as a function of RF data signal frequency with and without phase modulation (pre-chirping) of the external modulator in a feed-forward linearizer.
- a seventy-seven channel NTSC plan is assumed.
- a fiber optic link length of one hundred kilometers was also assumed, with an intensity OMI, m, of 4.5%.
- the CSO distortion increases with frequency. This is due to the fact that in the frequency domain, the upper channels are farthest from the optical carrier and therefore cause greater dispersion. Thus, it would be sufficient in many cases to pre-chirp just the higher frequency channels, for example, from 300 to 550 MHz. In this case, CSO distortion would remain under -60 dB.
- this would also ease the phase balance requirement of the RF signal input to the PM 208 of FIG. 2.
- a filter (not shown) could be employed on line 252 of FIG. 2 to pass the channels to be pre-chirped before providing the resulting signal to an amplifier (not shown) and then to the PM 208. The provision of a filter would also ease the linearity requirement of the amplifier.
- CSO composite second order
- FIG. 3c is graph showing the reduction in composite second order (CSO) distortion for a link length of 115 km in accordance with the present invention.
- CSO composite second order
- the optical phase and intensity modulation indexes, k and m can be varied experimentally to arrive at an optimum solution.
- the present invention provides a technique for reducing CSO distortion in an externally-modulated feed-forward linearizer of a fiber optic link.
- the technique allows use of commercially available modulators to achieve this result, and compensates for fiber dispersion caused by operation at a wavelength other than the optimal wavelength for which the fiber is designed.
- CSO distortion levels would otherwise reach unacceptably high levels when an optical data signal is transmitted using a relatively large intensity optical modulation index over a long-distance fiber optic link.
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Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US08/605,989 US5699179A (en) | 1996-02-23 | 1996-02-23 | Cancellation of distortion components in a fiber optic link with feed-forward linearization |
TW085105372A TW310505B (en) | 1996-02-23 | 1996-05-06 | Cancellation of distortion components in a fiber optic link with feed-forward linearization |
EP97100325A EP0792069B1 (en) | 1996-02-23 | 1997-01-10 | Cancellation of distortion components in a fiber optic link with feed-forward linearization |
DE69712943T DE69712943T2 (en) | 1996-02-23 | 1997-01-10 | Suppression of distortion components in a fiber optic connection with feedforward linearization |
HK98101560A HK1005284A1 (en) | 1996-02-23 | 1998-02-27 | Cancellation of distortion components in a fiber optic link with feed-forward linearization |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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DE69712943T2 (en) | 2003-01-23 |
EP0792069A3 (en) | 1998-04-15 |
TW310505B (en) | 1997-07-11 |
EP0792069A2 (en) | 1997-08-27 |
EP0792069B1 (en) | 2002-06-05 |
HK1005284A1 (en) | 1998-12-31 |
DE69712943D1 (en) | 2002-07-11 |
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