US5694521A - Variable speed playback system - Google Patents

Variable speed playback system Download PDF

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Publication number
US5694521A
US5694521A US08/371,258 US37125895A US5694521A US 5694521 A US5694521 A US 5694521A US 37125895 A US37125895 A US 37125895A US 5694521 A US5694521 A US 5694521A
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templates
excitation signal
lpc
determining
ratios
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Eyal Shlomot
Albert Achuan Hsueh
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OHearn Audio LLC
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Rockwell International Corp
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Priority to JP7320765A priority patent/JPH08251030A/ja
Priority to DE69521405T priority patent/DE69521405T2/de
Priority to EP95120294A priority patent/EP0726560B1/en
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
    • G10L—SPEECH ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES OR SPEECH SYNTHESIS; SPEECH RECOGNITION; SPEECH OR VOICE PROCESSING TECHNIQUES; SPEECH OR AUDIO CODING OR DECODING
    • G10L21/00—Speech or voice signal processing techniques to produce another audible or non-audible signal, e.g. visual or tactile, in order to modify its quality or its intelligibility
    • G10L21/04—Time compression or expansion
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
    • G10L—SPEECH ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES OR SPEECH SYNTHESIS; SPEECH RECOGNITION; SPEECH OR VOICE PROCESSING TECHNIQUES; SPEECH OR AUDIO CODING OR DECODING
    • G10L19/00—Speech or audio signals analysis-synthesis techniques for redundancy reduction, e.g. in vocoders; Coding or decoding of speech or audio signals, using source filter models or psychoacoustic analysis
    • G10L19/04—Speech or audio signals analysis-synthesis techniques for redundancy reduction, e.g. in vocoders; Coding or decoding of speech or audio signals, using source filter models or psychoacoustic analysis using predictive techniques
    • G10L19/06—Determination or coding of the spectral characteristics, e.g. of the short-term prediction coefficients

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a combined speech coding and speech modification system. More particularly, the present invention relates to the manipulation of the periodical structure of speech signals.
  • voice compression allows electronic devices to store and playback digital incoming messages and outgoing messages. Enhanced features, such as slow and fast playback are desirable to control and vary the recorded speech playback.
  • LPC linear predictive coding
  • LPC techniques may be reed for speech coding involving code excited linear prediction (CELP) speech coders.
  • CELP code excited linear prediction
  • These conventional speech coders generally utilize at least two excitation codebooks.
  • the outputs of the codebooks provide the input to the LPC synthesis filter.
  • the output of the LPC synthesis filter can then be processed by an additional postfilter to produce decoded speech, or may circumvent the postfilter and be output directly.
  • CELP Code Excited Linear Prediction
  • speech modification such as fast and slow playback
  • speech modification has been achieved using a variety of time domain and frequency domain estimation and modification techniques, where several speech parameters are estimated, e.g., pitch frequency or lag, and the speech signal is accordingly modified.
  • speech parameters e.g., pitch frequency or lag
  • greater modified speech quality can be obtained by incorporating the speech modification device or scheme into a decoder, rather than external to the decoder.
  • template matching instead of pitch estimation, simpler and more robust speech modification is achieved.
  • energy-based adaptive windowing provides smoother modified speech.
  • the present invention is directed to a variable speed playback system incorporating multiple-period template matching to alter the LPC excitation periodical structure, and thereby increase or decrease the rate of speech playback, while retaining the natural quality of the speech.
  • Embodiments of the present invention enable accurate fast or slow speech playback for store and forward applications.
  • a multiple-period similarity measure is determined for a decoded LPC excitation signal.
  • a multiple-period similarity i.e., a normalized cross-correlation, is determined.
  • Expansion or compression of the time domain LPC excitation signal may then be performed according to a rational factor, e.g., 1:2, 2:3, 3:4, 4:3, 3:2, and 2:1.
  • the expansion and compression are performed on the LPC excitation signal, such that the periodicity is not obscured by the formant structure.
  • fast playback is achieved by combining N templates to M templates (N>M), and slow playback is obtained by expanding N templates to M templates (N ⁇ M).
  • a; least two templates of the LPC excitation signal are determined according to a maximal normalized cross-correlation.
  • the templates are defined by one or more segments within the LPC excitation signal. Based on the energy ratios of these segments, two complementary windows are constructed. The templates are then multiplied by the windows, overlapped, and summed.
  • the resultant excitation signal represents modified excitation signal, which is input into an LPC synthesis filter, to be later output as modified speech.
  • FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a decoder incorporating an embodiment of a speech modification and playback system of the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates speech compression and expansion according to the embodiment of FIG. 1.
  • FIG. 3 is a flow diagram of an embodiment of the speech modification scheme shown in FIGS. 1 and 2.
  • FIG. 4 shows an embodiment of window-overlap-and-add scheme of the present invention.
  • an adaptive window-overlap-and-add technique for maximally correlated LPC excitation templates is utilized.
  • the preferred template matching scheme results in high quality fast or slow playback of digitally-stored signals, such as speech signals.
  • a decoded excitation signal 102 is sequentially processed from the beginning of a stored message to its end by a multiple-period compressor/expander 106.
  • the compressor/expander two templates X ML and y ML are identified within the excitation signal 102 (step 200 in FIG. 2).
  • the templates are formed of M segments. Accordingly, fast or slow playback is achieved by compressing or expanding, respectively, the excitation signal 302 in rational ratios of values N-to-M, e.g., 2-to-1, 3-to-2, 2-to-3, where M represents the resultant number of segments.
  • Tstart indicates a dividing marker between the past, previously-processed portion of an excitation signal 302 (indicated as 102 in FIG. 1) and the remaining unprocessed portion.
  • Tstart marks the beginning of the X ML template.
  • properly aligned templates X ML and y ML of the excitation signal 302 are correlated (step 202 in FIG. 2) for each possible integer value L between a minimum number Lmin to a maximum Lmax.
  • the normalized correlation is given by: ##EQU1##
  • a maximum C ML can then be determined for a particular value of L, indicated as L * (step 202 in FIG. 2).
  • L * represents the periodical structure of the excitation signal, and in most cases coincides with the pitch period. It will be recognized, however, that the normalized correlation is not confined to the usual frame structure used in LPC/CELP coding, and L * is not necessarily limited to the pitch period.
  • two complementary adaptive windows of the size ML * are determined (step 204), W x ML* for x ML* and W 6 ML* for y ML ⁇ .
  • the sum of the two windows equals 1 at every point.
  • the adaptation is performed according to the energy ratio of each L * segment of x ML* and y ML* .
  • the templates x ML* and y ML* are multiplied by the complementary adaptive windows of length ML * , overlapped, and then summed to yield the modified (fast or slow) excitation signal.
  • Step 206 The indicator Tstart is then moved to the right of Y ML* (step 208), and points to the next part of the unprocessed excitation signal to be modified.
  • the excitation signal can then be filtered by the LPC synthesis filter 104 (FIG. 1) to produce the decoded output speech 108.
  • the general formulation of the adaptive windows is given.
  • the windows are adapted according to the ratios of the energies between x ML* and y ML* on each L * segment.
  • a window structure variable t can be defined as: ##EQU6## Accordingly, the windows are determined as: ##EQU7##
  • Template x L 312 is defined by the L samples starting from Tstart, and y L is defined by the next segment of L samples.
  • x L* is multiplied by W x L* (402) and y L* is multiplied by W Y L* (404).
  • the resulting signals are then overlapped (406) and summed (408), yielding the compressed excitation signal (410).
  • Tstart can then be shifted to the end of y L* (point 304 in FIG. 3(a)).
  • the next template matching and combining loop can then be performed.
  • data compression at a 3-to-2 ratio is achieved by combining templates x 2L 320 and y 2L 322 into one template of length 2L.
  • Template x 2L 320 is defined by a segment of 2 L samples starting at Tstart
  • y 2L is defined by 2L samples starting L samples subsequent to Tstart (i.e., to the right of Tstart in the figure).
  • the normalized correlation C 2L is calculated for each L in the range Lmin to Lmax.
  • x 2L* is multiplied by W x 2L* (402) and y 2L* is multiplied by W y 2L* (404).
  • the resultant signals are overlapped (406) and summed (408) to yield a 3-to-2 compressed excitation signal (410).
  • the trailing end of the first segment x 2L 320 is overlapped by the leading end of the next segment y 2L 322, each having lengths of 2 L * samples, such that the overlapped amount is L samples long.
  • Tstart can be moved to the end of y 2L* for the next template matching and combining loop.
  • data expansion at a 2-to-3 ratio is achieved by combining templates x 3L 330 and y 3L 332 into one template of length 3 L.
  • the template x 3L 330 is defined by 3 L samples starting from Tstart, and yes is defined by 3 L samples beginning at point 334, L samples before Tstart, representing previous excitation signals in time (i.e., to the left of Tstart).
  • the normalized correlation C 3L is calculated for each L in the range Lmin to Lmax.
  • x 3L* is multiplied by W x 3L* (402) and y 3L* is multiplied by W y 3L* (404).
  • the resultant signals are then overlapped (406) and summed (408), yielding the expanded excitation signal (410).
  • 2-to-3 expansion is achieved by overlapping in a reverse fashion. That is, the leading end of the x ML template is overlapped with the trig end of the y ML template such that the two segments, each of 3 L * samples, are overlapped by 2 L * samples, and combined into one segment of 3 L * samples. Tstart is then moved to the right end of y 3L* , ready for the next template matching and combining loop.
  • the excitation signal is expanded by selecting the particular placement of the y ML segment, and shifting the start point Tstart.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computational Linguistics (AREA)
  • Quality & Reliability (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Audiology, Speech & Language Pathology (AREA)
  • Human Computer Interaction (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
  • Multimedia (AREA)
  • Compression, Expansion, Code Conversion, And Decoders (AREA)
  • Circuit For Audible Band Transducer (AREA)
US08/371,258 1995-01-11 1995-01-11 Variable speed playback system Expired - Lifetime US5694521A (en)

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US08/371,258 US5694521A (en) 1995-01-11 1995-01-11 Variable speed playback system
JP7320765A JPH08251030A (ja) 1995-01-11 1995-12-08 高速および低速再生能力を与えるためのシステム、記憶および検索システム、ならびに高速および低速再生能力を与えるための方法
DE69521405T DE69521405T2 (de) 1995-01-11 1995-12-21 System zum Abspielen mit veränderbarer Geschwindigkeit
EP95120294A EP0726560B1 (en) 1995-01-11 1995-12-21 Variable speed playback system

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WO2000022611A1 (en) * 1998-10-09 2000-04-20 Hejna Donald J Jr Method and apparatus to prepare listener-interest-filtered works
US6266643B1 (en) * 1999-03-03 2001-07-24 Kenneth Canfield Speeding up audio without changing pitch by comparing dominant frequencies
US6377931B1 (en) 1999-09-28 2002-04-23 Mindspeed Technologies Speech manipulation for continuous speech playback over a packet network
US6625656B2 (en) * 1999-05-04 2003-09-23 Enounce, Incorporated Method and apparatus for continuous playback or distribution of information including audio-visual streamed multimedia
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US20060149532A1 (en) * 2004-12-31 2006-07-06 Boillot Marc A Method and apparatus for enhancing loudness of a speech signal
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US7302396B1 (en) 1999-04-27 2007-11-27 Realnetworks, Inc. System and method for cross-fading between audio streams
US20080133251A1 (en) * 2002-10-03 2008-06-05 Chu Wai C Energy-based nonuniform time-scale modification of audio signals
US7426221B1 (en) 2003-02-04 2008-09-16 Cisco Technology, Inc. Pitch invariant synchronization of audio playout rates
CN100464578C (zh) * 2004-05-13 2009-02-25 美国博通公司 用于以高质量的可变速度播放视听媒体的系统和方法
US20110224990A1 (en) * 2007-08-22 2011-09-15 Satoshi Hosokawa Speaker Speed Conversion System, Method for Same, and Speed Conversion Device
US8280730B2 (en) 2005-05-25 2012-10-02 Motorola Mobility Llc Method and apparatus of increasing speech intelligibility in noisy environments

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US5717823A (en) * 1994-04-14 1998-02-10 Lucent Technologies Inc. Speech-rate modification for linear-prediction based analysis-by-synthesis speech coders
DE19710545C1 (de) * 1997-03-14 1997-12-04 Grundig Ag Effizientes Verfahren zur Geschwindigkeitsmodifikation von Sprachsignalen
JP4096915B2 (ja) * 2004-06-01 2008-06-04 株式会社日立製作所 デジタル情報再生装置及び方法
JP4940888B2 (ja) * 2006-10-23 2012-05-30 ソニー株式会社 オーディオ信号伸張圧縮装置及び方法

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US20060190809A1 (en) * 1998-10-09 2006-08-24 Enounce, Inc. A California Corporation Method and apparatus to determine and use audience affinity and aptitude
US6374225B1 (en) * 1998-10-09 2002-04-16 Enounce, Incorporated Method and apparatus to prepare listener-interest-filtered works
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US9343080B2 (en) 1998-10-09 2016-05-17 Virentem Ventures, Llc Method and apparatus to prepare listener-interest-filtered works
US9185380B2 (en) 1998-10-09 2015-11-10 Virentem Ventures, Llc Method and apparatus to determine and use audience affinity and aptitude
US20110153319A1 (en) * 1998-10-09 2011-06-23 Enounce Incorporated Method and Apparatus to Prepare Listener-Interest-Filtered Works
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US8478599B2 (en) 1998-10-09 2013-07-02 Enounce, Inc. Method and apparatus to determine and use audience affinity and aptitude
US7899668B2 (en) 1998-10-09 2011-03-01 Enounce Incorporated Method and apparatus to prepare listener-interest-filtered works
US20090306966A1 (en) * 1998-10-09 2009-12-10 Enounce, Inc. Method and apparatus to determine and use audience affinity and aptitude
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EP0726560A2 (en) 1996-08-14
DE69521405D1 (de) 2001-07-26
JPH08251030A (ja) 1996-09-27
EP0726560B1 (en) 2001-06-20
DE69521405T2 (de) 2002-05-02
EP0726560A3 (en) 1998-01-07

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