US568229A - Henry blackman - Google Patents
Henry blackman Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US568229A US568229A US568229DA US568229A US 568229 A US568229 A US 568229A US 568229D A US568229D A US 568229DA US 568229 A US568229 A US 568229A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- anode
- oxid
- henry
- iron
- electrolytic
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 20
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 18
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 description 18
- 238000004061 bleaching Methods 0.000 description 12
- VBMVTYDPPZVILR-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(2+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[Fe+2] VBMVTYDPPZVILR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 10
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 8
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 8
- 229920001131 Pulp (paper) Polymers 0.000 description 6
- SUKJFIGYRHOWBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sodium hypochlorite Chemical compound [Na+].Cl[O-] SUKJFIGYRHOWBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000005708 Sodium hypochlorite Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 description 6
- SZVJSHCCFOBDDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron(II,III) oxide Chemical compound O=[Fe]O[Fe]O[Fe]=O SZVJSHCCFOBDDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000002845 discoloration Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 description 4
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium oxide Chemical compound [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 4
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 4
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N AI2O3 Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000008733 Citrus aurantifolia Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000015450 Tilia cordata Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000011941 Tilia x europaea Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000012970 cakes Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 231100000078 corrosive Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 231100001010 corrosive Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxyl anion Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 238000007654 immersion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004571 lime Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000395 magnesium oxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006011 modification reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009877 rendering Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000004760 silicates Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000002639 sodium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 2
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION, RECOVERY OR REFINING OF METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C3/00—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts
- C25C3/06—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts of aluminium
- C25C3/08—Cell construction, e.g. bottoms, walls, cathodes
- C25C3/12—Anodes
Definitions
- This invention relates to electrodes for use in electrolytic processes,as,for example, in the electrolysis of sodium chlorid to form sodium hypochlorite for use in the bleaching of paper-pulp and other substances.
- electrolysis much disadvantageis experienced by reason of the rapid destruction of the electrodes, particularly the anode, during the electrolytic action.
- the anode is disintegrated, and the particles resulting form specks in the electrolyte and in the products of electrolysis, and in other instances it dissolves or is decomposed, impairing the color of the electrolyte and of the solution resulting from the electrolytic action.
- ⁇ Vhen such resulting solutions are subsequently employed for certain uses, as, for example, for bleaching paper-pulp, the particles are liable to speck the pulp, and the discoloration of the solution tints or discolors the resulting pulp, to that extent impairing the bleaching operation.
- I provide an electrode which possesses sufficient and is to be distinguished from gray or glassy slag, which is largely composed of silicates and is a poor conductor.
- Phosphoric acid 09 This analysis shows the iron to exist almost entirely as an oxid,nearly approaching in composition the mean of the inner and outerlayersof forge-scales. Like them, it possesses magnetic properties. The other elements present are insignificant in amount, but perform the valuable function of rendering the otherwise refractory iron oxid capable of being melted. Hence the slag is fusible and maybe casti ntdanydesired form for the electrode. It may, however, be used in the form in which it comes from the furnace.
- My invention is susceptible of modification by mixing the black slag with other materials or substances in varying proportions as circumstances or experience may dictate, such as with pulverized carbon and a bind ing agent; also by substituting other oxids of iron than that found in the black slag, any magnetic oxid being suitable, such as forgescale or magnetite; or my invention may be further modified by mixing two or more oxids together and adding sufficient of any fluxing material to enable the mixture to be fused and run into a solid body or cake.
- An anode for use in electrolytic decomposition consisting of electroconductive oxid of iron in a dense impermeable mass, substantially as set forth.
- An anode for use in electrolytic decomposition consisting of a dense impermeable mass of combined electroconductive iron oxid and a flux capable of acting to promote the fusion of the oxid.
- An anode for use in electrolytic decomposition consisting of the dense impermeable composition. of iron oXid and fiuxing materials known as black slag.
Description
UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.
HENRY BLACKMAN, OF NEIV YORK, N. Y.
ELECTRODE.
SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters Patent No. 568,229, dated September 22, 1896.
Application filed February 9, 1895. Serial No. 537,805. I (No specimens.)
T0 aZZ whom, it may concern.-
Be it known that I, HENRY BLACKMAN, a citizen of the United States, residing in the city, county, and State of New York, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in Electrodes, of which the following is a specification.
This invention relates to electrodes for use in electrolytic processes,as,for example, in the electrolysis of sodium chlorid to form sodium hypochlorite for use in the bleaching of paper-pulp and other substances. In such electrolysis much disadvantageis experienced by reason of the rapid destruction of the electrodes, particularly the anode, during the electrolytic action. In some instances the anode is disintegrated, and the particles resulting form specks in the electrolyte and in the products of electrolysis, and in other instances it dissolves or is decomposed, impairing the color of the electrolyte and of the solution resulting from the electrolytic action. \Vhen such resulting solutions are subsequently employed for certain uses, as, for example, for bleaching paper-pulp, the particles are liable to speck the pulp, and the discoloration of the solution tints or discolors the resulting pulp, to that extent impairing the bleaching operation.
According to my present invention I provide an electrode which possesses sufficient and is to be distinguished from gray or glassy slag, which is largely composed of silicates and is a poor conductor.
An analysis of the black slag gives the following proportions:
Iron (as metallic). 7218 Oxygen 24.02
Alumina 1.12
Silica 1.62
Lime .56
Magnesia .24
Sulfur .17
Phosphoric acid 09 This analysis shows the iron to exist almost entirely as an oxid,nearly approaching in composition the mean of the inner and outerlayersof forge-scales. Like them, it possesses magnetic properties. The other elements present are insignificant in amount, but perform the valuable function of rendering the otherwise refractory iron oxid capable of being melted. Hence the slag is fusible and maybe casti ntdanydesired form for the electrode. It may, however, be used in the form in which it comes from the furnace.
As applied to electrolytic bleaching my improved electrode has important and valuable properties. It is a good conductor, does not speck or discolor the electrolyte, and has great durability against corrosion or disintegration by electrolytic action. In fact, it is found that the longer it is used the less it is affected.
' In electrolytic-bleaching as ordinarily practiced, that is, by decomposing sodium chlorid, using carbon as the anode, it is found that even. with the most refractory carbon there is a continual disintegration of the carbon, disengaging in the resulting sodium hypochlorite solution fine particles or specks of carbon, which it has been found exceedingly difficult and in fact almost impossible to remove by filtration or otherwise, so that when the solution is employed for bleaching paperpulp, for example, the pulp is found to be slightly discolored by the minute specks of carbon which are deposited upon it.
test .0005 of one per centum.
With an anode of black slag instead of carbon the specking or discoloration of the solution is reduced to such an extent as to be practically insignificant, even at the outset, when the disintegration is greatest.
Three successive tests of my improved electrode used as an anode in decomposing a solution of sodium chlorid under a suitable electric current, continued for six hours in each test, showed the loss to be on the first test .037 of one per centum, on the second test .001 of one per centum, and on the third These tests show that at the outset the corrodible portions of the slag are rapidly dissolved, quickly reducing the amount of corrosion to practically nothing. If desired, the almost infinitesimal amount of hydroxid of iron as it is disengaged is readily removable by the most simple filtration, (as by filtering through two inches of sand,) being thus far easier of separation from the liquid than is the finely-divided carbon which results when a carbon electrode is used.
The solution of sodium hypochlorite resulting from electrolysis of common salt has no perceptible corrosive or dissolving effect upon the black slag, even after immersion of the latter therein for several days.
My invention is susceptible of modification by mixing the black slag with other materials or substances in varying proportions as circumstances or experience may dictate, such as with pulverized carbon and a bind ing agent; also by substituting other oxids of iron than that found in the black slag, any magnetic oxid being suitable, such as forgescale or magnetite; or my invention may be further modified by mixing two or more oxids together and adding sufficient of any fluxing material to enable the mixture to be fused and run into a solid body or cake.
In my application filed May 21, 1805, Serial No. 550,104, I have made the following generic claims: I
1. An anode for use in electrolytic decomposition consisting of electroconductive oxid of iron in a dense impermeable mass, substantially as set forth.
3. The combination in an electrolytic apparatus, with a receptacle for the electrolyte and a cathode, of an anode consisting of dense impermeable magnetic iron oxid.
These claims are in issue in an interference,No. 17 ,641, in which my said application is involved. I hereby disclaim in and for my present application the invention defined in said claims and limit the claims in the present application specifically to the composition of an electroconductive iron oxid with a flux adapted to promote the fusion of the oxid to constitute the material for the electrode, or at least for the exposed surface thereof.
hat I claim is 1. An anode for use in electrolytic decomposition consisting of a dense impermeable mass of combined electroconductive iron oxid and a flux capable of acting to promote the fusion of the oxid.
2. An anode for use in electrolytic decomposition consisting of the dense impermeable composition. of iron oXid and fiuxing materials known as black slag.
3. The combination in an electrolytic apparatus, with a receptacle for the electrolyte and a cathode, of an anode the exposed surface of which consists of combined electroconductive iron oxid and a flux, in a dense impermeable condition.
In witness whereof I have hereunto signed my name in the presence of two subscribing witnesses.
HENRY BLAOKMAN. \Vitnesses:
ARTHUR O. FRASER, GEORGE II. FRASER.
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US568229A true US568229A (en) | 1896-09-22 |
Family
ID=2636935
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US568229D Expired - Lifetime US568229A (en) | Henry blackman |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US568229A (en) |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2727842A (en) * | 1950-06-21 | 1955-12-20 | Tno | Process for the conversion of at least the surface layer of an iron article into magnetite and thus prepared articles |
US3232858A (en) * | 1963-02-25 | 1966-02-01 | Gen Cable Corp | Manufacture of magnetite |
US20030213399A1 (en) * | 2001-02-09 | 2003-11-20 | Trn Business Trust | Temperature controlled railway car |
-
0
- US US568229D patent/US568229A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2727842A (en) * | 1950-06-21 | 1955-12-20 | Tno | Process for the conversion of at least the surface layer of an iron article into magnetite and thus prepared articles |
US3232858A (en) * | 1963-02-25 | 1966-02-01 | Gen Cable Corp | Manufacture of magnetite |
US20030213399A1 (en) * | 2001-02-09 | 2003-11-20 | Trn Business Trust | Temperature controlled railway car |
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