US5392643A - Oxygen heater sensor diagnostic routine - Google Patents
Oxygen heater sensor diagnostic routine Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US5392643A US5392643A US08/155,673 US15567393A US5392643A US 5392643 A US5392643 A US 5392643A US 15567393 A US15567393 A US 15567393A US 5392643 A US5392643 A US 5392643A
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- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- sensor
- voltage
- resistor
- heater
- diagnostic method
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
- F02D41/02—Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
- F02D41/14—Introducing closed-loop corrections
- F02D41/1438—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor
- F02D41/1493—Details
- F02D41/1495—Detection of abnormalities in the air/fuel ratio feedback system
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
- F02D41/02—Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
- F02D41/14—Introducing closed-loop corrections
- F02D41/1438—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor
- F02D41/1493—Details
- F02D41/1494—Control of sensor heater
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
- G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
- G01N27/403—Cells and electrode assemblies
- G01N27/406—Cells and probes with solid electrolytes
- G01N27/4065—Circuit arrangements specially adapted therefor
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
- G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
- G01N27/403—Cells and electrode assemblies
- G01N27/406—Cells and probes with solid electrolytes
- G01N27/4067—Means for heating or controlling the temperature of the solid electrolyte
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
- G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
- G01N27/416—Systems
- G01N27/417—Systems using cells, i.e. more than one cell and probes with solid electrolytes
- G01N27/4175—Calibrating or checking the analyser
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
- F02D41/02—Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
- F02D41/14—Introducing closed-loop corrections
- F02D41/1438—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor
- F02D41/1444—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor characterised by the characteristics of the combustion gases
- F02D41/1454—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor characterised by the characteristics of the combustion gases the characteristics being an oxygen content or concentration or the air-fuel ratio
- F02D41/1456—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor characterised by the characteristics of the combustion gases the characteristics being an oxygen content or concentration or the air-fuel ratio with sensor output signal being linear or quasi-linear with the concentration of oxygen
Definitions
- the invention relates to a heated oxygen sensor diagnostic routine and, more particularly to a diagnostic routine performed to ascertain whether an automotive oxygen sensor is still suitable for use.
- Oxygen sensors are employed in most modern internal combustion engines for monitoring the by-products of combustion in order to regulate the fuel-air mixture.
- a properly regulated air fuel mixture is necessary to achieve clean burning of the fuel. Achieving a clean burn is especially important in an automotive engine, where strict emissions standards are difficult to meet if the fuel is not cleanly burned.
- the sensor generates an output voltage depending on the content of oxygen in the fuel-air mixture at the exhaust. If the exhaust gas is rich in oxygen, the sensor will produce a low voltage, close to zero volts. If the exhaust gas is rich in fuel, the sensor will produce a voltage close to one volt.
- the output voltage and internal resistance of the sensor will also vary with the temperature and the age of the sensor.
- the internal resistance can vary from about 100 ohms to several million ohms depending on the temperature of the sensor.
- a cold sensor has a very high internal resistance, which drastically decreases once the sensor reaches an operating temperature of about 300 degrees Celsius.
- a heater may be included in the automotive oxygen sensor as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,938,194 to Kato et. al. The heater brings the sensor to its operating temperature faster than it would if heated by the engine exhaust gases alone. Thus, the heater allows the engine to reach closed loop operation more rapidly.
- the oxygen sensor becomes less reliable with age, because physical wear and chemical contamination affect the output voltage and internal resistance of the sensor. With a failed oxygen sensor the engine will run inefficiently, taking a serious toll on the performance of the car.
- a failed oxygen sensor can have a significant environmental impact.
- the amount of air pollutants produced by the automobile will increase directly due to an unclean burn, and also indirectly due to the failure of the catalytic converter when it receives large quantities of unburned fuel.
- a failed sensor can increase fuel consumption, turning a normally efficient fuel consuming car into a gas guzzler.
- the automobile owner When the sensor fails, the automobile owner typically does not suspect the oxygen sensor, or may not even be aware that the automobile has an oxygen sensor. In addition to the possible expense incurred when the car fails to meet optimal emission levels, the owner is put to the unnecessary expense of having a mechanic troubleshoot the car to determine that the sensor has in fact failed. Often unnecessary work will be performed by an inexperienced mechanic who does not know to check the oxygen sensor heater to see if it has failed.
- U.S. Pat. No. 4,742,808 to Blumel discloses a means and method for measuring the internal resistance of an oxygen sensor using two resistors. These resistors are alternately switched into the measuring circuit to obtain reliable measurements--reliable in the sense that two measurements are better than one.
- the test in the '808 patent determines if the sensor is ready for closed loop operation and does not detect wear or inoperability of the sensor. Further, the two resistors used in the '808 patent are not indicated as being of substantially different impedances, which would allow one to be used to quickly detect changes in the oxygen sensor internal impedance.
- U.S. Pat. No. 4,844,038 to Yamato et. al. discloses a method for determining the deterioration of oxygen concentration sensors.
- the '038 patent diagnoses a sensor as abnormal if the output signal of the sensor remains substantially constant for a predetermined length of time. Thus, it does not provide a means for quickly detecting changes in sensor impedance.
- a diagnostic routine for sensing whether an oxygen sensor is still suitable for use involves turning off the heater of an oxygen sensor when the engine has been shut off, thus allowing the sensor to cool. While the sensor cools, the sensor resistance is measured. This is accomplished by supplying a voltage to the sensor through a large pull-up resistor and measuring the voltage across the sensor. A small pull-up resistor connected to a further voltage is switched into parallel with the large resistor in the circuit at regular intervals for a short period of time. The use of the small pull-up resistor not only increases the reliability of the measurements, but also aids in quickly determining when the sensor resistance has increased above a threshold value indicating that the sensor is cool.
- FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic view of a prior art heated oxygen sensor which may be analyzed by the present invention
- FIG. 2 is a circuit diagram of the interconnection of the oxygen sensor with an engine controller, for practicing the diagnostic routine of the present invention
- FIG. 3 is a graphical representation of the sensor output voltage during a measurement cycle of the diagnostic routine of the present invention
- FIG. 4a is a graphical representation of the sensor output voltage during the diagnostic routine of the present invention.
- FIG. 4b is a graphical representation of the state of the heater (on or off) along the same time line as FIG. 4a.
- FIG. 1 illustrates a heated oxygen sensor 10.
- the sensor 10 has a sensor element 12 for detecting the presence of oxygen in the exhaust of an engine.
- the sensor 10 is heated to a suitable operating temperature by a heater element 14.
- the sensor 10 has a threaded body 16, for threading into the exhaust manifold of an engine.
- FIG. 2 illustrates the interconnection of the oxygen sensor 10 with an engine controller 20.
- the sensor element 12 may be represented by a Thevenin equivalent voltage source 22 having a voltage Vs, in series with a Thevenin equivalent resistance 24 having a variable resistance Rs.
- the sensor element 12 is connected between a sensor output 26 and ground.
- the sensor output 26 is connected to an A/D converting input 28 of the engine controller 20.
- the sensor output 26 is biased by a large pull-up resistor 36 having a resistance R1 connected to a power supply 34 having a voltage V , e.g. 5 volts.
- the value for the large pull up resistor 36 may be, for example, two million ohms.
- the sensor output may also be biased by an output port 38 on the engine controller 20.
- This output port 38 is selectively switchable between a 0 volt and, e.g., a 5 volt output.
- the output port 38 is connected to the sensor output 26 through a diode 40 and a small pull-up resistor 42 having a resistance R2.
- Small pull-up resistor 42 may have a value of, e.g., 100K ohms, and the diode 40 should have low-leakage characteristics.
- the diode 40 is oriented so that it will allow a current to flow from output port 38 through the small pull-up resistor 42 of the sensor output 26 if the output port 38 has, e.g., a 5 volt output.
- a relay 44 has a relay switch 46 and a relay coil 48.
- the relay switch 46 is operated by the relay coil 48.
- the relay switch 46 is in the closed position when the relay coil 48 is energized.
- Heater element 14 is connected to a battery 50 through the relay switch 46 and relay coil 48 is connected to a heater control port 56 on the engine controller 20 through a driver 52.
- the driver 52 can be a transistor integrated circuit driver, or any other device that can produce sufficient output current, in response to a low current output from heater control port 56, to energize the relay coil 48.
- the driver 52 is turned on, energizing the relay coil 48 and closing the relay switch 46.
- the relay switch 46 is closed, the heater element 14 is connected to the battery 50, and heats the sensor element 12.
- the heater control port 56 is enabled, thereby turning on the driver 52.
- the driver 52 allows a current to flow through the relay coil 48, energizing the relay coil 48, and thereby closing the relay switch 46.
- the relay switch 46 in its closed position, allows a current to flow through the heater element 14 from battery 50, which heats the sensor 10.
- the engine controller 20 monitors the output voltage of the sensor output 26 through the A/D converting input 28.
- the output port 38 is at a low logic voltage of approximately zero volts, so the diode 40 is not forward biased, and does not conduct current. Consequently, there is virtually no current flowing through the small pull-up resistor 42.
- the diagnostic routine of the present invention begins.
- the heater control output 56 is disabled, turning off the driver 52, which in turn de-energizes the relay coil 48.
- the heater element 14 is thus shut off. With the heater element 14 shut off, and the exhaust gas no longer heating the oxygen sensor, the oxygen sensor cools.
- the sensor output 26 biased by the large pull-up resistor 36 and the 5 volt supply 34 is measured with the A/D converting input 28. This value is stored as value V1.
- V the internal resistance
- the internal resistance Rs of the oxygen sensor 10 is proportional to the value V1, and of course the reverse is also true. In the present embodiment: ##EQU1## where V is the 5 volt level signed at terminal 34.
- the output port 38 is then brought to a logic high, where it has a voltage of approximately 5 volts.
- the diode 40 is forward biased, and a current flows through the small pull-up resistor 42.
- Sensor output 26 is now biased by both pull-up resistors and their respective voltage supplies. After a short period of time sufficient for stabilization, perhaps 35 milliseconds, the sensor output 26 is measured with the A/D converting input 28. This value is stored as value V2.
- the internal resistance Rs of the oxygen sensor 10 is proportional to value V2.
- the output port 38 is immediately disabled, bringing it back to a low logic voltage.
- the diode 40 will not be forward biased, and virtually no current will flow through the small pull-up resistor 42. It is important that the output port 38 be on for only a short time, since a relatively larger current flows through the sensor when current is allowed to flow through the small pull-up resistor 42 when the output port 38 is turned on. Allowing a relatively large current to flow through the sensor for a prolonged period of time will cause "blackening" of the sensor element 12, which will shorten its useful life.
- the resistance of the sensor 12 is proportional to the difference between measured values V1 and V2.
- the difference between V1 and V2 is stored as an initial delta reference voltage in controller 20.
- An absolute sensor resistance, while the sensor is near its normal operating temperature, can be calculated from V1, V2 and the initial delta reference voltage, using known values for the small pull-up resistor 42 and the large pull-up resistor 36. This absolute sensor resistance is useful in monitoring changes in the sensor resistance with the aging of the sensor, for possible recalibration or early detection of approaching failure.
- the initial delta reference voltage exceeds a predetermined threshold voltage, preferably about 1.5 volts, the remaining portion of the heater test is aborted.
- a predetermined threshold voltage preferably about 1.5 volts
- An initial delta reference voltage above the predetermined threshold voltage would tend to indicate that the sensor did not reach a sufficiently high temperature prior to the engine being shut-off for the heater test to be effective. For example, if the engine was only running for a short period of time, the sensor would not be sufficiently heated for it to be tested effectively.
- the cooling of the sensor is monitored, by measuring V1 and V2 at a regular interval, preferably every 1.2 seconds.
- a cycle of measurements is shown in FIG. 3, where the measured sensor output voltage is shown as a function of time for a measurement cycle.
- the difference between V1 and V2 is determined as a delta voltage.
- the sensor voltage should increase, since the sensor is cooling. As the sensor resistance increases, the delta voltage should also increase.
- FIG. 4a and 4b illustrate how the sensor output voltage 40 and the delta voltage 42 gradually increase as the sensor cools, after the heater has been shut off.
- Switching the small pull-up resistor into the circuit shortens the test period, minimizing battery drain.
- a faster determination as to whether the sensor voltage has increased significantly can be made using the small pull-up resistor, rather than the large one, i.e. the rate of change in the measured voltage will be greater using a smaller pull-up resistor.
- the sensor When the delta voltage exceeds the initial delta reference voltage by a predetermined voltage, preferably about 0.5 volts, the sensor has cooled significantly to begin testing the functionality of the heater. This is achieved by energizing the heater by enabling the heater control port 56.
- the internal resistance should decrease as shown at 44.
- V1 and V2 are measured again, and a new or second series of delta voltages 46, 48 is determined by subtracting V1 from V2. If the heater is functioning, the sensor output voltage 44, and also, the second series of delta voltages 46, 48 should begin to decrease.
- the second measurement of the delta voltage 48 should be lower than the delta voltage 46 measured just after the time when the heater was turned on at 50. This indicates, that the sensor resistance has decreased. If the sensor resistance has decreased since the heater was turned on at 50, the heater is probably functioning properly.
Abstract
Description
Claims (23)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US08/155,673 US5392643A (en) | 1993-11-22 | 1993-11-22 | Oxygen heater sensor diagnostic routine |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
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US08/155,673 US5392643A (en) | 1993-11-22 | 1993-11-22 | Oxygen heater sensor diagnostic routine |
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US5392643A true US5392643A (en) | 1995-02-28 |
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Cited By (17)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5679892A (en) * | 1995-08-08 | 1997-10-21 | Unisia Jecs Corporation | Temperature-sensitive flow amount detection apparatus for internal combustion engine |
EP0806561A1 (en) * | 1996-05-08 | 1997-11-12 | STMicroelectronics S.r.l. | A control circuit for a heater with variable resistance associated with a sensor for detecting oxygen in exhaust gases |
GB2317017A (en) * | 1996-09-06 | 1998-03-11 | Bosch Gmbh Robert | Determining the internal resistance of lambda probes |
WO1998013688A1 (en) * | 1996-09-24 | 1998-04-02 | Rosemount Analytical Inc. | Diagnostic method and apparatus for solid electrolyte gas analyzer |
US5758310A (en) * | 1995-12-20 | 1998-05-26 | Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha | Apparatus for determining the condition of an air-fuel ratio sensor |
GB2327271A (en) * | 1997-07-11 | 1999-01-20 | Bosch Gmbh Robert | Monitoring operation of a ceramic gas probe with a heater |
US5929328A (en) * | 1997-05-07 | 1999-07-27 | Bayerische Mortoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft | Method for checking the function of the electrical heater of a lambda probe in the exhaust line of an internal combustion engine |
US6131444A (en) * | 1998-09-15 | 2000-10-17 | Chrysler Corporation | Misfire detection using a dynamic neural network with output feedback |
US6175303B1 (en) | 1999-04-22 | 2001-01-16 | Daimlerchrysler Corporation | Electric vehicle torque-o-meter |
US6386021B1 (en) | 2000-02-16 | 2002-05-14 | General Motors Corporation | Oxygen sensor heater service bay test |
US20050121982A1 (en) * | 2003-12-04 | 2005-06-09 | Hyde Stephen L. | Multiple function electronic drive |
US20060157348A1 (en) * | 2004-12-28 | 2006-07-20 | Ngk Spark Plug Co., Ltd. | Method and apparatus for diagnosing an abnormality of a gas-concentration measuring apparatus |
JP2006258800A (en) * | 2005-02-16 | 2006-09-28 | Ngk Spark Plug Co Ltd | Method and device for diagnosing abnormality of gas concentration detecting unit |
US20100154525A1 (en) * | 2008-12-23 | 2010-06-24 | Gm Global Technology Operations, Inc. | Closed loop control with bias voltage toggle |
US7850840B2 (en) | 2005-02-16 | 2010-12-14 | Ngk Spark Plug Co., Ltd. | Method of diagnosing malfunction in gas concentration detecting unit and malfunction diagnostic apparatus thereof |
EP2530288A3 (en) * | 2011-05-31 | 2014-10-29 | Yamaha Hatsudoki Kabushiki Kaisha | Activation determining system for oxygen sensor |
US9097192B2 (en) | 2011-03-15 | 2015-08-04 | Delphi Technologies, Inc. | Method and apparatus for identifying gas sensor faults |
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