US5354247A - Modular step exercise unit - Google Patents
Modular step exercise unit Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US5354247A US5354247A US08/096,408 US9640893A US5354247A US 5354247 A US5354247 A US 5354247A US 9640893 A US9640893 A US 9640893A US 5354247 A US5354247 A US 5354247A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- unit
- steps
- mounting members
- tracks
- lower edge
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
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Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A47—FURNITURE; DOMESTIC ARTICLES OR APPLIANCES; COFFEE MILLS; SPICE MILLS; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
- A47C—CHAIRS; SOFAS; BEDS
- A47C3/00—Chairs characterised by structural features; Chairs or stools with rotatable or vertically-adjustable seats
- A47C3/20—Chairs or stools with vertically-adjustable seats
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A63—SPORTS; GAMES; AMUSEMENTS
- A63B—APPARATUS FOR PHYSICAL TRAINING, GYMNASTICS, SWIMMING, CLIMBING, OR FENCING; BALL GAMES; TRAINING EQUIPMENT
- A63B23/00—Exercising apparatus specially adapted for particular parts of the body
- A63B23/035—Exercising apparatus specially adapted for particular parts of the body for limbs, i.e. upper or lower limbs, e.g. simultaneously
- A63B23/04—Exercising apparatus specially adapted for particular parts of the body for limbs, i.e. upper or lower limbs, e.g. simultaneously for lower limbs
- A63B23/0405—Exercising apparatus specially adapted for particular parts of the body for limbs, i.e. upper or lower limbs, e.g. simultaneously for lower limbs involving a bending of the knee and hip joints simultaneously
- A63B23/0458—Step exercisers without moving parts
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D28/00—Shaping by press-cutting; Perforating
- B21D28/24—Perforating, i.e. punching holes
- B21D28/34—Perforating tools; Die holders
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23D—PLANING; SLOTTING; SHEARING; BROACHING; SAWING; FILING; SCRAPING; LIKE OPERATIONS FOR WORKING METAL BY REMOVING MATERIAL, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23D35/00—Tools for shearing machines or shearing devices; Holders or chucks for shearing tools
- B23D35/008—Means for changing the cutting members
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B26—HAND CUTTING TOOLS; CUTTING; SEVERING
- B26F—PERFORATING; PUNCHING; CUTTING-OUT; STAMPING-OUT; SEVERING BY MEANS OTHER THAN CUTTING
- B26F1/00—Perforating; Punching; Cutting-out; Stamping-out; Apparatus therefor
- B26F1/02—Perforating by punching, e.g. with relatively-reciprocating punch and bed
- B26F1/14—Punching tools; Punching dies
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A63—SPORTS; GAMES; AMUSEMENTS
- A63B—APPARATUS FOR PHYSICAL TRAINING, GYMNASTICS, SWIMMING, CLIMBING, OR FENCING; BALL GAMES; TRAINING EQUIPMENT
- A63B2210/00—Space saving
- A63B2210/50—Size reducing arrangements for stowing or transport
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A63—SPORTS; GAMES; AMUSEMENTS
- A63B—APPARATUS FOR PHYSICAL TRAINING, GYMNASTICS, SWIMMING, CLIMBING, OR FENCING; BALL GAMES; TRAINING EQUIPMENT
- A63B2225/00—Miscellaneous features of sport apparatus, devices or equipment
- A63B2225/09—Adjustable dimensions
- A63B2225/093—Height
Definitions
- Parent application Ser. No. 82,099 filed Jun. 28, 1993 provides a departure from the conventional single level step approach by permitting the user to have multiple height step levels during the same exercise program.
- step aerobics has focused, however, on the use of only one step to do an exercise routine. While the multi-level techniques described in parent application Ser. No. 82,099 provides a distinct variation to the conventional single step techniques, it would also be desirable if some step exercise unit could be provided which utilizes a plurality of individual steps to achieve not only height variance, but also provide sufficiently large stepping platforms.
- An object of this invention is to provide a modular step exercise unit and method of use which meets the above needs.
- a further object of this invention is to provide such a modular step exercise unit and method which in one practice can involve a plurality of individual steps of different size so that when a step is not being used it could be nested within a larger step which is being used or for storage purposes.
- a modular step exercise unit comprises a plurality of individual steps.
- Each step is in the form of a base having a horizontal platform as its upper surface with downwardly depending sizes terminating in a plane parallel to the horizontal platform for resting directly on the floor.
- the steps are of differing sizes so that when a step is not being used it could be nested within the periphery of the apron formed by the depending sides of the largest step.
- smaller steps could be placed atop a larger step to provide a multi-level unit or the smaller step could be placed adjacent to or near a larger step to provide a multi-level stepping unit which would include the floor and the two separate steps.
- the individual steps could be of equal or unequal height or of equal or unequal shape. Where equal heights and shapes are used the storability feature is lost, but a more uniform stepping unit results.
- the individual steps could also be height adjustable by the incorporation of legs as disclosed in the various parent patents and applications. Where legs are used the legs could be detachable and the individual steps could have clips or some type of mounting means so that the same legs could be selectively attached to any of the steps and stored in the steps during non-use.
- FIG. 1 is a side elevational view partly broken away and in section of a modular step exercise unit in accordance with this invention wherein individual steps are nested within the largest step;
- FIG. 2 is a end elevational view partly broken away and in section of the modular step exercise unit shown in FIG. 1;
- FIG. 3 is a side elevational view of the modular step exercise unit shown in FIGS. 1-2 with individual steps stacked atop each other;
- FIG. 4 is a top plan view of the modular step exercise unit shown in FIG. 3;
- FIG. 5 is a side elevational view partly broken away and in section showing a variation of use for the modular step exercise unit of this invention
- FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view taken from FIG. 5 along the line 6--6;
- FIG. 7 is an end elevational view showing an optional use of individual steps from a modular step exercise unit in accordance with a further embodiment of invention.
- FIG. 8 is a top plan view of the modular step exercise unit shown in FIG. 7;
- FIG. 9 is a side elevational view similar to FIG. 7, but showing the steps in an alternate arrangement
- FIG. 10 is a top plan view of the modular step exercise unit shown in FIG. 9;
- FIG. 11 is an end elevational view showing yet another form of step arrangement for a modular step exercise unit in accordance with this invention.
- FIGS. 12-13 are a top plan views of a further arrangements for a modular step exercise unit of this invention.
- FIG. 14 is an end elevational view of yet another form of modular step exercise unit in accordance with this invention.
- FIG. 15 is a top plan view of the modular step exercise unit shown in FIG. 14.
- the present invention is based upon the concept of using one or more steps in an aerobic work out.
- the invention includes a modular step unit that comprises at least one step for a multistep work out.
- the steps can be adjustable, non-adjustable or a mix of adjustable and non-adjustable.
- the steps can be a multi-level or a single level either adjustable or non-adjustable.
- the invention also features a modular step exercise unit where one or more steps and if desired adjustable legs can be stored in a nested condition inside the largest step for compactness and easy storage.
- the steps can be configured on the floor in a number of different arrangements to provide varied stepping routines.
- the steps could be parallel with a long side exposed adjacent each other or could be aligned with the short sides adjacent each other.
- the steps could be arranged in a V-shape or a T-shape or an L-shape.
- a particularly advantageous feature of one practice of the invention is the utilization of a set of legs which could be selectively mounted to each step to allow for flexibility in various height levels.
- more than one step could have its own set of legs.
- a further feature of the invention is the ability to stack individual steps atop each other for obtaining different height levels.
- FIGS. 1-6 show a modular step exercise unit 10 in accordance with one embodiment of this invention.
- a plurality of steps 12, 14, and 16 is provided to comprise the components of the modular step exercise unit 10.
- step 12 is of larger size than step 14 which in turn is of larger size than step 16.
- Each step includes a horizontal platform 18, 20, 22 as its upper surface with depending side walls 24, 26, 28 forming an apron.
- the apron may be continuous or interrupted.
- Each side wall terminates at its lower edge 30, 32, 34 in a plane parallel to its respective upper surface.
- each step could be placed directly on the floor with the lower surface or edge 30, 32, 34 resting on the floor and the corresponding upper surface 18, 20, 22 would be disposed in a horizontal orientation to act as a stepping platform.
- FIGS. 1-2 illustrate the steps 14 and 16 to be nested within the apron 24 of large step 12.
- One manner of providing a positive coupling of the steps in their stored condition would be to provide each step with a wedge detent 35 designed to snap into a socket 37.
- the wedge 35 of intermediate step 14 would snap into a corresponding socket of large step 12.
- a wedge 35 of small step 16 would snap into a socket of either intermediate step 14 or large step 12.
- step 14 and small step 16 could be loosely mounted inside large step 12 when only step 12 is used.
- a strap could be looped around step 12 to retain steps 14 and 16 nested therein. It is preferred, however, to have engagement of the nested steps such as previously described or by clips or other suitable mounting members.
- An additional feature of the storage capability of device 10 is the inclusion of mounting members such as spring clips 36 on the inner surface of the various steps for engaging detachable legs 38 during periods of non-use of the legs.
- FIGS. 1-6 illustrate the utilization of three individual different size steps in the modular step exercise unit 10, the invention may be practiced with a larger or lesser number of steps.
- the individual modules or steps provide a wide range of work outs, yet store compactly in a single unit.
- the individual modules may be economically molded from a suitable plastic material.
- the height of large step 12 may be 6 inches while the intermediate step 14 may be 4 inches high and the small step 16 may be 2 inches high.
- intermediate step 14 may be 2 inches high and small step 16 may be 4 inches high although this would limit the nesting feature.
- Additional height adjustment is achieved through detachable legs 38 which may elevate the unit by 2 inch or greater or lesser increments.
- the detachable legs may take various forms such as described in the parent patents and applications, the details of which are incorporated herein by reference thereto.
- FIGS. 2, 4 and 6 illustrate the upper surface of each step to include a groove 40 which may be of any suitable shape such as the T-shape illustrated therein.
- a correspondingly shaped track member 42 may be provided on the lower surface of the steps for sliding in the respective grooves as best shown in FIG. 6.
- an abutment or stop member may be provided at the end of each groove 40 near the periphery to prevent the respective steps from being pushed too far and then not properly seated on its lower step.
- Tracks 42 are mounted in an inverted position during periods of non-use, as shown in FIGS. 2 and 6. This is achieved by pivoting each track 42 on a pivot pin 43 so that the tracks could be disposed within the periphery of its side walls during non-use, as illustrated by the tracks 43 at the lower surface of large step 12 whereas tracks 42 are pivoted to their use position as also shown in FIG. 6 by the tracks from small step 16 riding in the grooves 40 on the upper surface 18 of large step 12.
- Tracks 42 may be spring biased to their non-use position. During use, the tracks 42 would be rotated 180° and held in that position by their sliding engagement in grooves 40.
- FIGS. 1-2 illustrate one practice of the invention wherein device 10 is utilized by having the large step 12 provide a single height level for the aerobic exercise.
- inactive steps 14, 16 are nested in step 12.
- FIGS. 3-4 illustrate the use of all three steps to provide three different height elevations from the steps with the floor providing a fourth elevation.
- the floor would also provide an additional elevation for the practice shown in FIGS. 1-2.
- adjustably and detachably mounted legs 38 also provide for further elevations of the unit 10. Such legs may also be used for the practice of FIGS. 1-2.
- FIGS. 5-6 illustrate a variation wherein the intermediate step 14 is stored within large step 12 and the remaining modules 12 and 16 provide two height elevations with the entire unit being selectively elevated by legs 38.
- step 14 may be used and step 16 nested in step 12.
- FIGS. 7 and 8 illustrate a variation of the invention wherein a pair of large steps 12 are utilized with a small step 16.
- Step 16 could be mounted on its corresponding large step in any suitable manner.
- at least one of the large steps 12 includes three sets of holes 44 (with four holes in each set) which are adapted to receive corresponding posts or pegs 46 at the lower surface of step 16.
- step 16 could be mounted at either end or in the center of the upper surface 18 of large step 12.
- the two large steps 12 would be placed side by side in a parallel manner as shown in FIGS. 7-8. This would provide the user with an elevation resulting from the upper surface 18 of the right hand step, an elevation from the floor itself, a further elevation from surface 18 and a higher elevation from the upper surface 22 of small step 16.
- This large number of elevations provides a variety of different possible aerobic stepping exercises that could be performed.
- FIGS. 1-6 may be utilized in the manner shown in FIGS. 7-8 by having the intermediate step 14 or small mounted along side the large step and stacking the remaining step on one of the other steps.
- FIGS. 7-8 A further variation of the practice of FIGS. 7-8 would be to straddle one step across two lower steps. For example, a pair of steps 12,12 having holes 44 could be placed side by side in abutment or spaced from each other. A third step having posts 46 would straddle the lower steps 12,12 by having two posts 46 in the holes 44 of one step 12 with the remaining two posts in the holes 44 of the other step 12.
- FIGS. 9-10 illustrate a further variation wherein two steps 12,12 are juxtaposed with their lower surfaces abutting each other to permit the user to step on either of the upper surfaces 18,18 and/or the floor.
- FIG. 11 shows a variation wherein the steps 12,12 are mounted end to end to provide a pair of longitudinally aligned platforms 18,18.
- FIG. 12 shows yet another variation wherein the steps 12,12 are disposed near each other with one corner of each generally rectangular step abutting a corresponding corner of the other step to form a V-formation.
- FIG. 13 shows use of the modules 12,12 with the end of one module abutting the side of the other module to form an L-shape.
- FIGS. 14-15 show a further variation wherein a module 14 has its end in abutment with module 12 to form a T.
- different heights are achieved by providing one of the modules 12 with detachable legs 38.
- the invention provides the user with the option of many different step configurations to perform specialized techniques best suited for that user.
- the basic method would involve stepping up and down from one or more steps of equal or varying heights.
- the stepping could be in a forward, diagonal, backward or side ways directions or a combination of these directions.
- the exercise could include kicks.
- the step routines would be done by using one or more of the basic configurations illustrated herein, but could involve any other multi-step modular configurations.
- the step routines could also include warm-up, cool-down, stretching and calisthenics exercises such as push-ups, dips, sit-ups, leg stretches, heel stretches, leg raises, calf stretches and toe raises.
- the step routines could also include various type of equipment, such as elastic bands, pull-up pulleys/cords or cables, weights, dumbbells, shafts, ankle/wrist weights, etc.
- the invention could be practiced by using steps of equal or differing height. Where two or more steps are used with each being placed directly on the floor, the user could step up and down from one step then to the other. Alternatively the user could step with each foot on a different step. The user could also step on one step with one or both feet and then cross over with one or both feet to the other step without first stepping on the floor.
- the steps could be used for warm-up exercises with dips or push-ups with one limb (hand or foot) on or against different steps while the user lays on the floor.
- step or “stepping” are meant to include more vigorous forms of stepping, such as hopping or jumping.
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- Physical Education & Sports Medicine (AREA)
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- Ladders (AREA)
- Percussion Or Vibration Massage (AREA)
- Massaging Devices (AREA)
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Priority Applications (8)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US08/096,408 US5354247A (en) | 1990-09-26 | 1993-07-26 | Modular step exercise unit |
US08/248,717 US5512026A (en) | 1990-09-26 | 1994-05-25 | Method of using a modular step exercise unit |
AU66109/94A AU6610994A (en) | 1993-07-26 | 1994-06-30 | Modular step exercise unit |
CA002127508A CA2127508A1 (fr) | 1993-07-26 | 1994-07-06 | Unite modulaire d'exercice de type «step» |
AT94111498T ATE170413T1 (de) | 1993-07-26 | 1994-07-22 | Modulares trittbrett-übungsgerät |
DE69412942T DE69412942D1 (de) | 1993-07-26 | 1994-07-22 | Modulares Trittbrett-Übungsgerät |
JP6171238A JPH07171230A (ja) | 1993-07-26 | 1994-07-22 | モジュラー式ステップエクササイズ装置 |
EP94111498A EP0636389B1 (fr) | 1993-07-26 | 1994-07-22 | Dispositif de plate-forme modulaire pour gymnastique |
Applications Claiming Priority (9)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US58844990A | 1990-09-26 | 1990-09-26 | |
US07/698,392 US5133237A (en) | 1991-05-10 | 1991-05-10 | Die punch |
US07/718,754 US5118096A (en) | 1990-09-26 | 1991-06-21 | Aerobic climbing step/bench |
US07/754,075 US5162028A (en) | 1991-09-03 | 1991-09-03 | Adjustable height and length aerobic step/bench device |
US07/891,178 US5248286A (en) | 1990-09-26 | 1992-05-29 | Aerobic climbing step/bench |
US07/967,711 US5275579A (en) | 1990-09-26 | 1992-10-28 | Aerobic climbing step/bench |
US08/069,740 US5352168A (en) | 1990-09-26 | 1993-06-01 | Method of performing an aerobic exercise with use of adjustable step |
US8209993A | 1993-06-28 | 1993-06-28 | |
US08/096,408 US5354247A (en) | 1990-09-26 | 1993-07-26 | Modular step exercise unit |
Related Parent Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US8209993A Continuation-In-Part | 1990-09-26 | 1993-06-28 |
Related Child Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US08/248,717 Division US5512026A (en) | 1990-09-26 | 1994-05-25 | Method of using a modular step exercise unit |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US5354247A true US5354247A (en) | 1994-10-11 |
Family
ID=22257212
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US08/096,408 Expired - Fee Related US5354247A (en) | 1990-09-26 | 1993-07-26 | Modular step exercise unit |
US08/248,717 Expired - Fee Related US5512026A (en) | 1990-09-26 | 1994-05-25 | Method of using a modular step exercise unit |
Family Applications After (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US08/248,717 Expired - Fee Related US5512026A (en) | 1990-09-26 | 1994-05-25 | Method of using a modular step exercise unit |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (2) | US5354247A (fr) |
EP (1) | EP0636389B1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JPH07171230A (fr) |
AT (1) | ATE170413T1 (fr) |
AU (1) | AU6610994A (fr) |
CA (1) | CA2127508A1 (fr) |
DE (1) | DE69412942D1 (fr) |
Cited By (40)
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DE29506312U1 (de) * | 1995-04-12 | 1995-08-24 | Geiser, Marianne, 78467 Konstanz | Gerät zum Trainieren des menschlichen Körpers |
US5697870A (en) * | 1996-08-29 | 1997-12-16 | Osborn; Melissa | Portable stepping exerciser with storage compartments |
US5749555A (en) * | 1995-08-09 | 1998-05-12 | Composite Structures International, Inc. | Height compensating device |
US5772559A (en) * | 1996-05-21 | 1998-06-30 | Sithole; Deborah | Modular aerobic-exercise stepper |
USD408555S (en) * | 1997-08-19 | 1999-04-20 | Fibergrate Composite Structures Incorporated | Height platform |
US6012185A (en) * | 1998-09-10 | 2000-01-11 | Rest Right, Inc. | Blocks for elevating bed legs |
US20020096832A1 (en) * | 2001-01-10 | 2002-07-25 | Severson Robert G. | Rubber discs for child's game |
US6558301B1 (en) * | 2000-01-27 | 2003-05-06 | Michael L. Jackson | Exercise apparatus |
US20040082441A1 (en) * | 2002-10-23 | 2004-04-29 | Kastelic Edward P. | Multi-configurable exercise device |
US20060052220A1 (en) * | 2000-01-27 | 2006-03-09 | Michael Jackson | Exercise apparatus |
US7169098B1 (en) * | 2000-02-28 | 2007-01-30 | Donahue Keith P | Adjustable stretching machine |
US20070090236A1 (en) * | 2005-10-24 | 2007-04-26 | Terry Awalt | Closed-cell foam end cap riser |
US20080067003A1 (en) * | 2006-09-15 | 2008-03-20 | Emge Mark B | Step-stool assemblies with continuous outer shells and related methods |
US7575540B1 (en) * | 2008-02-26 | 2009-08-18 | Lisa Dobrow | Exercise ball riser |
US20110192069A1 (en) * | 2006-09-11 | 2011-08-11 | Battenfeld Technologies, Inc. | Modular shooting rests and shooting rest assemblies |
US20120165137A1 (en) * | 2010-12-23 | 2012-06-28 | Walter Viramontez | Weight shifting device(s) for athletic training |
US8499507B1 (en) * | 2012-03-13 | 2013-08-06 | Asia Connection LLC | Swimming pool step assembly |
US8931201B2 (en) | 2012-12-31 | 2015-01-13 | Battenfeld Technologies, Inc. | Gun support apparatus |
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US9022906B1 (en) * | 2011-12-22 | 2015-05-05 | Preston Nelson | Top-loading adjustable weight kettlebell system |
US9151561B2 (en) | 2003-06-13 | 2015-10-06 | Battenfeld Technologies, Inc. | Shooting rests for supporting firearms |
WO2016079542A1 (fr) * | 2014-11-21 | 2016-05-26 | Fit For Keeps Ltd | Système d'exercice physique et procédé d'utilisation associé |
US9433813B1 (en) * | 2014-04-25 | 2016-09-06 | Mcor Cervantez | Lower body strength training device |
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US20160346157A1 (en) * | 2015-05-28 | 2016-12-01 | Debra L. Barto | Stairway step aid |
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USD969242S1 (en) | 2022-02-14 | 2022-11-08 | Pro Source Shop Inc. | Exercise step |
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US20030228958A1 (en) * | 2002-06-10 | 2003-12-11 | Ned Gvoich | Aerobic ramp |
US20090124464A1 (en) * | 2006-12-03 | 2009-05-14 | Kastelic Edward P | Multi-Configurable Exercise Device |
US8323154B1 (en) * | 2007-07-05 | 2012-12-04 | Mathieu Anthony Bolillo | Trampoline entertainment systems and methods thereof |
JP6099366B2 (ja) * | 2012-11-15 | 2017-03-22 | コンビ株式会社 | 乳幼児用便器 |
US20160184624A1 (en) * | 2014-12-31 | 2016-06-30 | Performance Minded, Inc. | Exercise platform system |
US20190374813A1 (en) * | 2018-06-10 | 2019-12-12 | Mofelx,LLC | Physical Training and Rehabilitation Device and Methods for Using Same |
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- 1994-06-30 AU AU66109/94A patent/AU6610994A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1994-07-06 CA CA002127508A patent/CA2127508A1/fr not_active Abandoned
- 1994-07-22 EP EP94111498A patent/EP0636389B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-07-22 JP JP6171238A patent/JPH07171230A/ja active Pending
- 1994-07-22 DE DE69412942T patent/DE69412942D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP0636389A2 (fr) | 1995-02-01 |
DE69412942D1 (de) | 1998-10-08 |
ATE170413T1 (de) | 1998-09-15 |
AU6610994A (en) | 1995-02-02 |
JPH07171230A (ja) | 1995-07-11 |
US5512026A (en) | 1996-04-30 |
EP0636389A3 (fr) | 1995-03-22 |
EP0636389B1 (fr) | 1998-09-02 |
CA2127508A1 (fr) | 1995-01-27 |
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