US5351324A - Fiber optic security seal including plural Bragg gratings - Google Patents
Fiber optic security seal including plural Bragg gratings Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US5351324A US5351324A US08/120,113 US12011393A US5351324A US 5351324 A US5351324 A US 5351324A US 12011393 A US12011393 A US 12011393A US 5351324 A US5351324 A US 5351324A
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- United States
- Prior art keywords
- fiber
- bragg gratings
- light
- optical fiber
- gratings
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- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09F—DISPLAYING; ADVERTISING; SIGNS; LABELS OR NAME-PLATES; SEALS
- G09F3/00—Labels, tag tickets, or similar identification or indication means; Seals; Postage or like stamps
- G09F3/02—Forms or constructions
- G09F3/03—Forms or constructions of security seals
- G09F3/0376—Forms or constructions of security seals using a special technique to detect tampering, e.g. by ultrasonic or optical means
Definitions
- This invention relates to optical fibers with induced Bragg gratings and, in particular, to optical fibers with induced Bragg gratings forming a security pattern.
- This invention was made with government support under Contract No. W-7405-ENG-36 awarded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The government has certain rights in the invention.
- U.S. Pat. No. 3,854,792 issued Dec. 17, 1974, overcomes many of the problems of the prior art by using a fiber optic bundle wherein security masks provide light transmission security patterns between an input end of the fiber bundle and an output end of the bundle.
- the device requires, however, sufficient space to accommodate a bundle of fibers and access to both ends of the bundle to verify the optical transmission of the bundle.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a fiber optic seal device that requires only a few optical fibers, and preferably only one optical fiber, to provide the information needed to verify seal security.
- the method/apparatus of this invention may comprise a fiber optic seal security system.
- At least one optical fiber has a plurality of Bragg gratings written holographically into the core of the fiber, where each Bragg grating has a predetermined location and a known frequency for reflecting incident light.
- a time domain reflectometer having a variable frequency light output that corresponds to the reflecting frequencies of the Bragg gratings, receives reflected light and outputs a signal that is functionally related to the location and reflecting frequency of each of the Bragg gratings.
- FIG. 1 is a pictorial illustration and block diagram of an optical fiber seal device according to the present invention.
- FIG. 2 graphically illustrates an output from a time domain interferometer having three induced spaced-apart Bragg gratings.
- FIG. 1 there is shown a pictorial illustration of one embodiment of a fiber optic seal device according to the present invention.
- a sealed container 10 is illustrated with a sealed closure 12 whose integrity must be monitored.
- the fiber optic seal described herein may be used with a plurality of devices and may monitor a variety of conditions associated with storage integrity.
- Optical fiber 14 defines a plurality of Bragg gratings, e.g., gratings 16, 18, 22, written onto the core of fiber 14, at discrete locations along the length of fiber 14.
- Each Bragg grating is formed by transverse irradiation of the core of an optical fiber with a particular wavelength of light in the ultraviolet absorption band of the core material.
- the core is illuminated from the side with two coplanar, coherent beams incident at selected and complementary angles with respect to the axis of the core.
- the grating period is selected by varying the beam angles of incidence.
- the resulting interference pattern induces a permanent change in the refractive index of the core material to create a phase grating effective for affecting light in the core at selected wavelengths.
- the procedure for inducing the Bragg gratings is fully described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,725,110, incorporated herein by reference.
- Each Bragg grating 16, 18, 22 now reflects a specific wavelength of light.
- the magnitude of this reflectivity can be about 90% and the wavelength of reflectivity is determined at the time of exposure to the UV light.
- the pattern of reflectivities, i.e., the location and reflected wavelength of each grating forms a security code that can be interrogated from either end of optical fiber 14.
- a light source 24 is directed through beam splitter 26 and lens 28 into optical fiber 14.
- Light source 24 is preferably a coherent light source that can be varied over the range of Bragg grating reflective wavelengths.
- Light reflected from gratings 16, 18, and 22 is directed by beam splitter 26 onto a conventional time domain reflectometer.
- a suitable reflectometer 32 is available from Opto-Electronics, modified to use output laser diodes corresponding to the Bragg grating reflective wavelengths. Reflectometer 32 is locked to light source 24 so that reflectometer 32 outputs a signal indicative of both frequency and time, i.e., the grating reflective wavelength and position along fiber 14.
- FIG. 2 graphically depicts the reflection pattern from an optical fiber having induced gratings according to the present invention.
- An optical fiber 80 microns in diameter with an elliptical core 1.5 ⁇ 2.5 microns was induced with gratings having reflectivities at wavelengths of 830, 833, and 835 nm.
- the fiber was a single mode fiber that maintains polarization for the incident light.
- FIG. 2 shows the reflections from the gratings at the selected wavelengths.
- a time domain reflectometer 32 (FIG. 1) further provides an output signal functionally related to the location of each reflective frequency along the fiber. While the fiber could be broken and refused, a detectable reflection at the resulting joint would appear in the reflection pattern. Likewise, if the fiber is highly strained, the reflected wavelengths would be altered as the grating is elongated.
- the fiber is attached around the container to be sealed in such a manner that the fiber would be broken or severely distorted if the container were opened.
- a single fiber might be used to seal several containers where the security code also identifies each particular container.
- One end of the fiber is sealed within a container and the other end is placed in a location accessible to the interrogation system.
- the extending end of the fiber is fitted with a connecting device for quick connection to the interrogation system.
- Another security feature might be incorporated onto the optical fibers to verify the identity of the fiber being interrogated.
- the extending end of the fiber 14 (see FIG. 1) is coated with a rapid crystallizing material, e.g., a copper sulfate solution or sugar solution, that forms a random pattern of crystals over the face of the connector. This pattern is recorded with holographic interferometry or surface profiling for future comparison. Thereafter, the pattern is verified before the fiber is interrogated. The crystal pattern would be destroyed each time the seal is interrogated and a new coating would be applied as the security coating.
- a rapid crystallizing material e.g., a copper sulfate solution or sugar solution
Abstract
Description
Claims (2)
Priority Applications (1)
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US08/120,113 US5351324A (en) | 1993-09-10 | 1993-09-10 | Fiber optic security seal including plural Bragg gratings |
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US08/120,113 US5351324A (en) | 1993-09-10 | 1993-09-10 | Fiber optic security seal including plural Bragg gratings |
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US5351324A true US5351324A (en) | 1994-09-27 |
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Cited By (37)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5416866A (en) * | 1992-08-26 | 1995-05-16 | Telefonaktiebolaget L M Ericsson | Optical waveguide/grating device for filtering optical wavelengths |
US5457760A (en) * | 1994-05-06 | 1995-10-10 | At&T Ipm Corp. | Wavelength division optical multiplexing elements |
US5471551A (en) * | 1991-12-24 | 1995-11-28 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Component for use in the transmission of optical signals |
US5475780A (en) * | 1993-06-17 | 1995-12-12 | At&T Corp. | Optical waveguiding component comprising a band-pass filter |
US5493113A (en) * | 1994-11-29 | 1996-02-20 | United Technologies Corporation | Highly sensitive optical fiber cavity coating removal detection |
WO1996017223A1 (en) * | 1994-11-29 | 1996-06-06 | United Technologies Corporation | Optical fiber bragg grating coating removal detection |
WO1996031022A1 (en) * | 1995-03-27 | 1996-10-03 | Bicc Public Limited Company | Optical fibre and network |
US5625472A (en) * | 1992-12-23 | 1997-04-29 | Lucent Technologies Inc. | Method for forming distributed Bragg reflectors in optical media |
US5633975A (en) * | 1995-11-14 | 1997-05-27 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration | Security system responsive to optical fiber having Bragg grating |
US5760391A (en) * | 1996-07-17 | 1998-06-02 | Mechanical Technology, Inc. | Passive optical wavelength analyzer with a passive nonuniform optical grating |
US5838851A (en) * | 1996-06-24 | 1998-11-17 | Trw Inc. | Optical-loop signal processing using reflection mechanisms |
US5852687A (en) * | 1997-07-09 | 1998-12-22 | Trw Inc. | Integrated optical time delay unit |
US5892860A (en) * | 1997-01-21 | 1999-04-06 | Cidra Corporation | Multi-parameter fiber optic sensor for use in harsh environments |
US5997140A (en) * | 1997-12-29 | 1999-12-07 | Novartis Ag | Actively controllable multifocal lens |
US6016702A (en) * | 1997-09-08 | 2000-01-25 | Cidra Corporation | High sensitivity fiber optic pressure sensor for use in harsh environments |
US6024488A (en) * | 1996-08-13 | 2000-02-15 | National Science Council | Highly accurate temperature sensor using two fiber Bragg gratings |
US6097867A (en) * | 1996-09-03 | 2000-08-01 | The University Of New Mexico | Technique for fabrication of a poled electro-optic fiber segment |
US6139146A (en) * | 1997-12-29 | 2000-10-31 | Novartis Ag | Programmable corrective lenses |
US6139147A (en) * | 1998-11-20 | 2000-10-31 | Novartis Ag | Actively controllable multifocal lens |
US6185358B1 (en) | 1996-12-03 | 2001-02-06 | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. | Optical attenuator and method of manufacturing same |
US6215927B1 (en) | 1998-05-26 | 2001-04-10 | Minnesota Mining & Maufacturing Company | Sensing tapes for strain and/or temperature sensing |
US6330257B1 (en) | 1998-08-06 | 2001-12-11 | Sdl, Inc. | Polarization-insensitive laser stabilization using multiple waveguide gratings |
US6415078B1 (en) * | 1995-04-17 | 2002-07-02 | Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. | Laser light source and manufacturing method therefor |
US20020093701A1 (en) * | 2000-12-29 | 2002-07-18 | Xiaoxiao Zhang | Holographic multifocal lens |
US6522797B1 (en) | 1998-09-01 | 2003-02-18 | Input/Output, Inc. | Seismic optical acoustic recursive sensor system |
US6580511B1 (en) * | 1997-10-28 | 2003-06-17 | Reliance Electric Technologies, Llc | System for monitoring sealing wear |
US20040264695A1 (en) * | 2002-11-19 | 2004-12-30 | Essex Corp. | Private and secure optical communication system using an optical tapped delay line |
US20080181553A1 (en) * | 1997-10-28 | 2008-07-31 | Reliance Electric Technologies, Llc | System for monitoring sealing wear |
US8135250B1 (en) * | 2000-12-04 | 2012-03-13 | Cirrex Systems Llc | Facile production of optical communication assemblies and components |
WO2016112422A1 (en) * | 2015-01-14 | 2016-07-21 | Adelaide Research & Innovation Pty Ltd | Temperature sensor |
DE102015217427A1 (en) * | 2015-09-11 | 2017-03-16 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Device and method for identifying an optical waveguide |
WO2017144405A1 (en) * | 2016-02-25 | 2017-08-31 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. | Seal and sealing method |
CN109118950A (en) * | 2018-10-10 | 2019-01-01 | 苏州征之魂专利技术服务有限公司 | A kind of information anti-fake light breaking device |
CN109192059A (en) * | 2018-10-10 | 2019-01-11 | 苏州征之魂专利技术服务有限公司 | A kind of anti-fake color-changing device of optical information |
US10359573B2 (en) | 1999-11-05 | 2019-07-23 | Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System | Resonant waveguide-granting devices and methods for using same |
US10987185B2 (en) | 2018-09-28 | 2021-04-27 | O&M Halyard, Inc. | Sterility breach detection system and controller system for a sterilization container |
US11568766B2 (en) | 2020-04-07 | 2023-01-31 | Ut-Battelle, Llc | Security component with fiber Bragg grating |
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US4398792A (en) * | 1981-02-03 | 1983-08-16 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force | Holographic coupler for fiber optic systems |
US4725110A (en) * | 1984-08-13 | 1988-02-16 | United Technologies Corporation | Method for impressing gratings within fiber optics |
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US4950883A (en) * | 1988-12-27 | 1990-08-21 | United Technologies Corporation | Fiber optic sensor arrangement having reflective gratings responsive to particular wavelengths |
US4996419A (en) * | 1989-12-26 | 1991-02-26 | United Technologies Corporation | Distributed multiplexed optical fiber Bragg grating sensor arrangeement |
US5237576A (en) * | 1992-05-05 | 1993-08-17 | At&T Bell Laboratories | Article comprising an optical fiber laser |
US5285274A (en) * | 1991-04-26 | 1994-02-08 | Pioneer Electronic Corporation | Optical waveguide recording medium and apparatus for playing the same |
US5295208A (en) * | 1992-02-26 | 1994-03-15 | The University Of Alabama In Huntsville | Multimode waveguide holograms capable of using non-coherent light |
US5295209A (en) * | 1991-03-12 | 1994-03-15 | General Instrument Corporation | Spontaneous emission source having high spectral density at a desired wavelength |
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1993
- 1993-09-10 US US08/120,113 patent/US5351324A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (10)
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US4725110A (en) * | 1984-08-13 | 1988-02-16 | United Technologies Corporation | Method for impressing gratings within fiber optics |
US4761073A (en) * | 1984-08-13 | 1988-08-02 | United Technologies Corporation | Distributed, spatially resolving optical fiber strain gauge |
US4807950A (en) * | 1984-08-13 | 1989-02-28 | United Technologies Corporation | Method for impressing gratings within fiber optics |
US4950883A (en) * | 1988-12-27 | 1990-08-21 | United Technologies Corporation | Fiber optic sensor arrangement having reflective gratings responsive to particular wavelengths |
US4996419A (en) * | 1989-12-26 | 1991-02-26 | United Technologies Corporation | Distributed multiplexed optical fiber Bragg grating sensor arrangeement |
US5295209A (en) * | 1991-03-12 | 1994-03-15 | General Instrument Corporation | Spontaneous emission source having high spectral density at a desired wavelength |
US5285274A (en) * | 1991-04-26 | 1994-02-08 | Pioneer Electronic Corporation | Optical waveguide recording medium and apparatus for playing the same |
US5295208A (en) * | 1992-02-26 | 1994-03-15 | The University Of Alabama In Huntsville | Multimode waveguide holograms capable of using non-coherent light |
US5237576A (en) * | 1992-05-05 | 1993-08-17 | At&T Bell Laboratories | Article comprising an optical fiber laser |
Cited By (52)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5471551A (en) * | 1991-12-24 | 1995-11-28 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Component for use in the transmission of optical signals |
US5416866A (en) * | 1992-08-26 | 1995-05-16 | Telefonaktiebolaget L M Ericsson | Optical waveguide/grating device for filtering optical wavelengths |
US5625472A (en) * | 1992-12-23 | 1997-04-29 | Lucent Technologies Inc. | Method for forming distributed Bragg reflectors in optical media |
US5475780A (en) * | 1993-06-17 | 1995-12-12 | At&T Corp. | Optical waveguiding component comprising a band-pass filter |
US5457760A (en) * | 1994-05-06 | 1995-10-10 | At&T Ipm Corp. | Wavelength division optical multiplexing elements |
US20050018945A1 (en) * | 1994-11-29 | 2005-01-27 | Dunphy James R. | Optical fiber bragg grating coating removal detection |
WO1996017223A1 (en) * | 1994-11-29 | 1996-06-06 | United Technologies Corporation | Optical fiber bragg grating coating removal detection |
US20030118297A1 (en) * | 1994-11-29 | 2003-06-26 | Dunphy James R. | Optical fiber Bragg grating coating removal detection |
US6885785B2 (en) | 1994-11-29 | 2005-04-26 | United Technologies Corporation | Optical fiber bragg grating coating removal detection |
US5493113A (en) * | 1994-11-29 | 1996-02-20 | United Technologies Corporation | Highly sensitive optical fiber cavity coating removal detection |
WO1996031022A1 (en) * | 1995-03-27 | 1996-10-03 | Bicc Public Limited Company | Optical fibre and network |
US6415078B1 (en) * | 1995-04-17 | 2002-07-02 | Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. | Laser light source and manufacturing method therefor |
US5633975A (en) * | 1995-11-14 | 1997-05-27 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration | Security system responsive to optical fiber having Bragg grating |
US5896476A (en) * | 1996-06-24 | 1999-04-20 | Trw Inc. | Optical loop signal processing using reflection mechanisms |
US5892869A (en) * | 1996-06-24 | 1999-04-06 | Trw Inc. | Optical-loop signal processing using reflection mechanisms |
US5903691A (en) * | 1996-06-24 | 1999-05-11 | Trw Inc. | Optical-loop signal processing using reflection mechanisms |
US5838851A (en) * | 1996-06-24 | 1998-11-17 | Trw Inc. | Optical-loop signal processing using reflection mechanisms |
US5760391A (en) * | 1996-07-17 | 1998-06-02 | Mechanical Technology, Inc. | Passive optical wavelength analyzer with a passive nonuniform optical grating |
US6024488A (en) * | 1996-08-13 | 2000-02-15 | National Science Council | Highly accurate temperature sensor using two fiber Bragg gratings |
US6097867A (en) * | 1996-09-03 | 2000-08-01 | The University Of New Mexico | Technique for fabrication of a poled electro-optic fiber segment |
US6185358B1 (en) | 1996-12-03 | 2001-02-06 | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. | Optical attenuator and method of manufacturing same |
US5892860A (en) * | 1997-01-21 | 1999-04-06 | Cidra Corporation | Multi-parameter fiber optic sensor for use in harsh environments |
US5852687A (en) * | 1997-07-09 | 1998-12-22 | Trw Inc. | Integrated optical time delay unit |
US6016702A (en) * | 1997-09-08 | 2000-01-25 | Cidra Corporation | High sensitivity fiber optic pressure sensor for use in harsh environments |
US7551268B2 (en) | 1997-10-28 | 2009-06-23 | Rockwell Automation Technologies, Inc. | System for monitoring sealing wear |
US20080181553A1 (en) * | 1997-10-28 | 2008-07-31 | Reliance Electric Technologies, Llc | System for monitoring sealing wear |
US6580511B1 (en) * | 1997-10-28 | 2003-06-17 | Reliance Electric Technologies, Llc | System for monitoring sealing wear |
US6139146A (en) * | 1997-12-29 | 2000-10-31 | Novartis Ag | Programmable corrective lenses |
US5997140A (en) * | 1997-12-29 | 1999-12-07 | Novartis Ag | Actively controllable multifocal lens |
US6215927B1 (en) | 1998-05-26 | 2001-04-10 | Minnesota Mining & Maufacturing Company | Sensing tapes for strain and/or temperature sensing |
US6385377B1 (en) * | 1998-08-03 | 2002-05-07 | University Of New Mexico | Technique for fabrication of a poled electro-optic fiber segment |
US6330257B1 (en) | 1998-08-06 | 2001-12-11 | Sdl, Inc. | Polarization-insensitive laser stabilization using multiple waveguide gratings |
US6522797B1 (en) | 1998-09-01 | 2003-02-18 | Input/Output, Inc. | Seismic optical acoustic recursive sensor system |
US6139147A (en) * | 1998-11-20 | 2000-10-31 | Novartis Ag | Actively controllable multifocal lens |
US10359573B2 (en) | 1999-11-05 | 2019-07-23 | Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System | Resonant waveguide-granting devices and methods for using same |
US8363992B1 (en) * | 2000-12-04 | 2013-01-29 | Cirrex Systems Llc | Facile optical assemblies and components |
US8135250B1 (en) * | 2000-12-04 | 2012-03-13 | Cirrex Systems Llc | Facile production of optical communication assemblies and components |
US20020093701A1 (en) * | 2000-12-29 | 2002-07-18 | Xiaoxiao Zhang | Holographic multifocal lens |
US7720226B2 (en) | 2002-11-19 | 2010-05-18 | Essex Corporation | Private and secure optical communication system using an optical tapped delay line |
US20040264695A1 (en) * | 2002-11-19 | 2004-12-30 | Essex Corp. | Private and secure optical communication system using an optical tapped delay line |
US11029219B2 (en) * | 2015-01-14 | 2021-06-08 | The University Of Adelaide | Fiber bragg grating temperature sensor |
WO2016112422A1 (en) * | 2015-01-14 | 2016-07-21 | Adelaide Research & Innovation Pty Ltd | Temperature sensor |
US20180003571A1 (en) * | 2015-01-14 | 2018-01-04 | The University Of Adelaide | Temperature Sensor |
AU2015376850B2 (en) * | 2015-01-14 | 2021-05-20 | The University Of Adelaide | Temperature sensor |
DE102015217427A1 (en) * | 2015-09-11 | 2017-03-16 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Device and method for identifying an optical waveguide |
DE102016203007A1 (en) * | 2016-02-25 | 2017-08-31 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. | Seal and method of sealing |
WO2017144405A1 (en) * | 2016-02-25 | 2017-08-31 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. | Seal and sealing method |
US11056024B2 (en) | 2016-02-25 | 2021-07-06 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft Zur Forderung Der Angewandten Forschung E.V. | Seal and sealing method |
US10987185B2 (en) | 2018-09-28 | 2021-04-27 | O&M Halyard, Inc. | Sterility breach detection system and controller system for a sterilization container |
CN109192059A (en) * | 2018-10-10 | 2019-01-11 | 苏州征之魂专利技术服务有限公司 | A kind of anti-fake color-changing device of optical information |
CN109118950A (en) * | 2018-10-10 | 2019-01-01 | 苏州征之魂专利技术服务有限公司 | A kind of information anti-fake light breaking device |
US11568766B2 (en) | 2020-04-07 | 2023-01-31 | Ut-Battelle, Llc | Security component with fiber Bragg grating |
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