US5236797A - Electrophotographic elements containing phospha-2,5-cyclohexadiene compounds as electron-transport agents - Google Patents
Electrophotographic elements containing phospha-2,5-cyclohexadiene compounds as electron-transport agents Download PDFInfo
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- US5236797A US5236797A US07/895,757 US89575792A US5236797A US 5236797 A US5236797 A US 5236797A US 89575792 A US89575792 A US 89575792A US 5236797 A US5236797 A US 5236797A
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G5/00—Recording members for original recording by exposure, e.g. to light, to heat, to electrons; Manufacture thereof; Selection of materials therefor
- G03G5/02—Charge-receiving layers
- G03G5/04—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor
- G03G5/06—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor characterised by the photoconductive material being organic
- G03G5/0622—Heterocyclic compounds
- G03G5/0624—Heterocyclic compounds containing one hetero ring
- G03G5/0635—Heterocyclic compounds containing one hetero ring being six-membered
- G03G5/0637—Heterocyclic compounds containing one hetero ring being six-membered containing one hetero atom
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic System
- C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
- C07F9/547—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom
- C07F9/6564—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having phosphorus atoms, with or without nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, selenium or tellurium atoms, as ring hetero atoms
- C07F9/6568—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having phosphorus atoms, with or without nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, selenium or tellurium atoms, as ring hetero atoms having phosphorus atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
- C07F9/65685—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having phosphorus atoms, with or without nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, selenium or tellurium atoms, as ring hetero atoms having phosphorus atoms as the only ring hetero atoms the ring phosphorus atom being part of a phosphine oxide or thioxide
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic System
- C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
- C07F9/547—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom
- C07F9/6564—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having phosphorus atoms, with or without nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, selenium or tellurium atoms, as ring hetero atoms
- C07F9/6568—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having phosphorus atoms, with or without nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, selenium or tellurium atoms, as ring hetero atoms having phosphorus atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
- C07F9/65686—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having phosphorus atoms, with or without nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, selenium or tellurium atoms, as ring hetero atoms having phosphorus atoms as the only ring hetero atoms the ring phosphorus atom being part of an organo-phosphorane
Definitions
- This invention relates to electrophotographic elements containing electron-transport agents, which are substituted derivatives of phospha-2,5-cyclohexadiene.
- an image comprising a pattern of electrostatic potential (also referred to as an electrostatic latent image) is formed on a surface of an electrophotographic element comprising at least an insulative photoconductive layer and an electrically conductive substrate.
- the electrostatic latent image is usually formed by imagewise radiation-induced discharge of a uniform potential previously formed on the surface.
- the electrostatic latent image is then developed into a toner image by contacting the latent image with an electrographic developer. If desired, the latent image can be transferred to another surface before development.
- the imagewise discharge is brought about by the radiation-induced generation of electron/hole pairs, by a material (often referred to as a charge-generation material) in the electrophotographic element.
- a material often referred to as a charge-generation material
- either the holes or the electrons that have been generated migrate toward the charged surface in the exposed areas and cause the imagewise discharge of the initial potential. What remains is a non-uniform potential constituting the electrostatic latent image.
- electrophotographic elements are designed to be initially charged with a negative polarity. They contain material, known as a hole-transport agent, which facilitates the migration of positive holes toward the negatively charged surface in imagewise exposed areas. A positively charged toner develops the unexposed areas. Because of the wide use of negatively charging elements, many types of positively charging toners are available. Conversely, relatively few high quality negatively charging toners are available.
- An electrophotographic element designed to be initially positively charged should, however, contain an electron-transport agent, i.e., a material which facilitates the migration of photogenerated electrons toward the positively charged surface.
- an electron-transport agent i.e., a material which facilitates the migration of photogenerated electrons toward the positively charged surface.
- hole-transport agents are available, but relatively few electron transport agents are known.
- Some prior art electron-transport agents do not perform the electron-transporting function well under certain conditions or in certain types of electrophotographic elements. Also, some such agents cause an undesirably high rate of discharge of the electrophotographic element before it is exposed (often referred to as high dark decay).
- the upper limit of compatibility (solubility or homogeneous dispersibility) of compounds such as 4-dicyanomethylene-2,6-diphenyl-4H-thiopyran-1,1-dioxide in many polymeric binders is about 40% by weight. At such concentration the compounds are on the edge of incompatibility. At elevated temperatures, such as the element can encounter during normal use in a copier, the compound can more easily migrate within the binder and tend to form crystalline agglomerates.
- the present invention provides electrophotographic elements containing certain chemical compounds as electron-transport agents, which are substituted derivatives of phospha-2,5-cyclohexadiene having the structure (I), ##STR1## wherein Ar 1 and Ar 2 each independently represents an aryl group of 6 to about 10 carbon atoms, R represents an aryl, alkyl, aralkyl, or cycloalkyl group of 1 to about 10 carbon atoms, and Z is oxygen or C(CN) 2 .
- Compounds of structure (I) have unexpectedly good solubility or dispersibility in organic solvents and polymeric binders, and they exhibit good electron-transport properties in electrophotographic elements of the invention.
- Ar 1 and Ar 2 are each independently aryl groups of 6 to about 10 carbon atoms, and R is an aryl, alkyl, aralkyl, or cycloalkyl group of 1 to about 10 carbon atoms.
- the groups can be substituted or unsubstituted. Examples of unsubstituted alkyl groups are methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, 2-ethylhexyl, octyl, and the like.
- Aralkyl groups can be benzyl, phenethyl, and the like. Cycloalkyl groups can be cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, 4-methylcyclohexyl, and the like. For substituted alkyl and cycloalkyl groups, substituents can be alkoxy, aryloxy, and the like. For substituted aralkyl groups, substituents can be alkyl, alkoxy, halo, and the like.
- Z is oxygen or C(CN) 2 .
- the substituted derivatives of phospha-2,5-cyclohexadiene which are electron-transport agents in electrophotographic elements of the present invention are prepared from 1,5-diaryl-1,4-pentadien-3-ones by the following scheme: ##STR2##
- the required diarylpentadienone compounds can be synthesized as described in Scheme I and preparation A of U.S. Pat. No. 5,039,585, incorporated herein by reference. These compounds can be converted to 2,6-diaryl-phosphacyclohexan-4-one compounds by reaction with primary phosphines according to the procedure of Fosterr and Day, J. Org. Chem., 1962, Vol. 27, pp. 1824-1827.
- the diarylphosphacyclohexanones can be oxidized by agents such as m-chloroperbenzoic acid to the corresponding P-oxide compounds, which can be further oxidized to 2,6-diarylphospha-2,5-cyclohexadiene-4-one P-oxides by reaction with dimethylsulfoxide in the presence of catalytic amounts of iodine and sulfuric acid.
- the 2,6-diarylphosphacyclohexadienone P-oxides can be obtained directly from the phosphacyclohexanone compounds by reaction with excess selenium dioxide in ethanol solution, as described by Markl and Olbrich, Angew. Chem. Internat. Edit., 1966, Vol. 5, pp. 588-589.
- Knoevenagel condensation of the phospha-2,5-cyclohexadien-4-one P-oxide compounds with malononitrile under basic conditions can be carried out by the procedure of Markl and Olbrich, ibid., pp. 589-590, or the method disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,513,481, incorporated herein by reference.
- the 2,6-diaryl-4-dicyanomethylene-phospha-2.5-cyclohexadiene P-oxide compounds can be converted to their P-dicyanomethylene counterparts by reaction with a second molecule of malononitrile, as described by Markl and Olbrich, op. cit., p. 589.
- the new electrophotographic elements of the invention can be of various types, all of which contain one or more of the chemical compounds of structure (I) described above to serve as electron-transport agents in the elements.
- the various types of elements in accordance with the present invention include both those commonly referred to as single layer or single-active-layer elements and those commonly referred to as multiactive, multilayer, or multi-active-layer elements.
- Single-active-layer elements are so named because they contain only one layer that is active both to generate and to transport charges in response to exposure to actinic radiation. Such elements typically comprise at least an electrically conductive layer in electrical contact with a photoconductive layer.
- the photoconductive layer contains a charge-generation material to generate electron/hole pairs in response to actinic radiation and an electron-transport material, comprising one or more of the chemical compounds of structure (I) described above, which is capable of accepting electrons generated by the charge-generation material and transporting them through the layer to effect discharge of the initially uniform electrostatic potential.
- the photoconductive layer is electrically insulative except when exposed to actinic radiation, and it sometimes contains an electrically insulative polymeric film-forming binder, which may itself be the charge-generating material, or it may be an additional material that is not charge-generating. In either case, the electron-transport agent is dissolved or dispersed as uniformly as possible in the binder film.
- Multiactive elements are so named because they contain at least two active layers, at least one of which is capable of generating charge (i.e., electron/hole pairs) in response to exposure to actinic radiation and is therefore referred to as a charge-generation layer (CGL), and at least one of which is capable of accepting and transporting charges generated by the charge-generation layer and is therefore referred to as a charge-transport layer (CTL).
- CGL charge-generation layer
- CTL charge-transport layer
- Such elements typically comprise at least an electrically conductive layer, a CGL, and a CTL. Either the CGL or the CTL is in electrical contact with both the electrically conductive layer and the remaining CTL or CGL.
- the CGL contains at least a charge-generation material; the CTL contains at least a charge-transport agent; and either or both layers can contain an electrically insulative film-forming polymeric binder.
- the charge-transport agent is an electron-transport agent comprising one of the chemical compounds of structure (I) described above.
- the components of the photoconductive layer can be dissolved or dispersed together in a liquid and can be coated on an electrically conductive layer, or support.
- the liquid is then allowed or caused to evaporate from the mixture to form the permanent layer, which contains from about 10 to about 70 weight percent of the electron-transport agent and from 0.01 to about 50 weight percent of the charge-generating material.
- aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, xylene and mesitylene
- ketones such as acetone and butanone
- halogenated hydrocarbons such as dichloromethane, trichloroethane, chloroform, and ethylene chloride
- ethers including ethyl ether and cyclic ethers such as tetrahydrofuran
- other solvents such as acetonitrile and dimethylsulfoxide; and mixtures thereof.
- the components of the CTL can be similarly dissolved or dispersed in such a liquid coating vehicle and can be coated on either an electrically conductive layer or support, or on a CGL previously similarly coated or otherwise formed on the conductive layer or support.
- a CGL is thereafter coated or otherwise formed (e.g., by vacuum-deposition) on the CTL.
- the CTL will usually contain from about 10 to about 70 weight percent of the electron-transport agent, although concentrations outside that range may be found to be useful in some cases.
- Various electrically conductive layers or supports can be employed in electrophotographic elements of the invention, for example, paper (at a relative humidity above 20 percent); aluminum-paper laminates; metal foils such as aluminum foil, zinc foil, etc.; metal plates such as aluminum, copper, zinc, brass and galvanized plates; vapor deposited metal layers such as silver, chromium, vanadium, gold, nickel, aluminum and the like; and semiconductive layers such as cuprous iodide and indium tin oxide.
- the metal or semiconductive layers can be coated on paper or conventional photographic film bases such as poly(ethylene terephthalate), cellulose acetate, polystyrene, etc.
- Such conducting materials as chromium, nickel, etc. can be vacuum-deposited on transparent film supports in sufficiently thin layers to allow electrophotographic elements so prepared to be exposed from either side.
- charge-generation material can be utilized in elements of the invention.
- Such materials include inorganic and organic (including monomeric organic, metallo-organic and polymeric organic) materials, for example, zinc oxide, lead oxide, selenium, or phthalocyanine, perylene, arylamine, polyarylalkane, and polycarbazole materials, among many others.
- a film-forming polymeric binder in solvent-coating a photoconductive layer of a single-active-layer element or a CGL and/or CTL of a multiactive element of the invention, can be employed.
- the binder may, if it is electrically insultating, help provide the element with electrically insulating characteristics. It also is useful in coating the layer, in adhering the layer to an adjacent layer, and, when it is a top layer, in providing a smooth, easy to clean, wear-resistant surface.
- the optimum ratio of charge-generation or charge-transport material to binder may vary widely, depending on the particular materials employed. In general, useful results are obtained when the amount of active charge-generation and/or charge-transport material contained within the layer is within the range of from about 0.01 to about 90 weight percent, based on the dry weight of the layer.
- binders include, for example, styrene-butadiene copolymers; vinyltoluene-styrene copolymers; styrene-alkyd resins; silicone-alkyd resins; soya-alkyd resins; vinylidene chloride-vinyl chloride copolymers; poly(vinylidene chloride); vinylidene chloride-acrylonitrile copolymers; vinyl acetate-vinyl chloride copolymers; poly(vinyl acetals), such as poly(vinyl butyral); nitrated polystyrene; poly(methylstyrene); isobutylene polymers; polyesters, such as poly[ethylene-co-alkylenebis(alkyleneoxyaryl)phenylenedicar-boxylate]
- Binder polymers should provide little or no interference with the generation or transport of charges in the layer.
- binder polymers which are especially useful include bisphenol A polycarbonates and polyesters such as poly[(4,4'-norbornylidene)diphenylene terephthalate-co-azelate].
- CGL's and CTL's in elements of the invention can also optionally contain other addenda such as leveling agents, surfactants, plasticizers, sensitizers, contrast-control agents, and release agents, as is well known in the art.
- elements of the invention can contain any of the optional additional layers known to be useful in electrophotographic elements in general, for example, subbing layers, overcoat layers, barrier layers, and screening layers.
- Electrophotographic sensitivity of the elements of the invention was demonstrated by electrostatically corona-charging them to an initial positive potential, then exposing them to actinic radiation (radiation having peak intensity at a wavelength to which the charge-generation material in the elements are sensitive in order to generate electron-hole pairs) in amounts sufficient to discharge 50% and 80% of the initial voltage. Electrophotographic sensitivity was measured in terms of the amount of incident actinic radiant energy (expressed in ergs/cm 2 ) needed to discharge the initial voltage down to the desired level. The lower the amount of radiation needed to achieve the desired degree of discharge, the higher is the electrophotographic sensitivity of the element, and vice versa.
- the rate of dissipation of the initial voltage was measured while the elements remained in darkness, i.e., before any exposure to actinic radiation. This was accomplished by measuring the initial voltage and the voltage remaining in the element after 2 seconds in darkness and dividing the difference by 2. The lower the rate of discharge in darkness, the better is the dark decay property of the elements, i.e., the better their ability to retain their initial potential before exposure.
- Electrode refers to the chemical compound incorporated in the CTL of an electrophotographic element to serve as an electron-transport agent.
- Wt. % refers to the percent by weight of electron-transport agent employed, based on the total weight of polymeric binder and electron-transport agent included in the solution used to coat the CTL of the element.
- V o refers to the uniform positive potential in volts on the surface of the elements, after they were charged by corona-charging and after any dark decay, such potential having been measured just prior to any exposure of the elements to actinic radiation.
- DD refers to the rate of dark decay of the elements, prior to exposure to actinic radiation, measured in volts/second (V/s) as described above.
- E (V o 50%) refers to the amount of incident actinic radiant energy, expressed in ergs/cm 2 , needed to discharge 50% of V o .
- E (V o 80%) refers to the amount of actinic radiant energy needed to discharge 80% of V o .
- a coating solution for forming a charge-transport layer (CTL) comprising 10 weight percent solids in dichloromethane was then prepared.
- the solids comprised the electron-transport agent, a substituted phospha-2,5-cyclohexadiene compound prepared as described in Example 1 above, and a polymeric binder comprising a polyester formed from 4,4'-(2-norbornylidene) diphenol and terephthalic acid:azelaic acid (40:60 molar ratio).
- the concentration of electron-transport agents was as noted in Table I.
- the solution was then coated on the conductive support containing the CGL to form the CTL on the CGL.
- the combined thickness of the CGL and CTL was about 10 ⁇ m.
- Control coatings were prepared and coated in the same manner, using the following electron-transport agents, which are not of the invention:
- Each of the electrophotographic elements so prepared was corona-charged to a uniform positive potential.
- a polyethylene terephthalate support coated with aluminum and silicon dioxide layers as described above was overcoated with a CGL of about 0.3 ⁇ m thickness, applied by sublimation of bromoindiumphthalocyanine (described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,666,802 and 4,727,139).
- the layer of sublimed bromoindiumphthalocyanine was converted from an amorphous to a crystalline state by overcoating it with 1,1,2-trichloroethane, then drying for 30 minutes at 110° C.
- a thin conductive layer of nickel was vacuum-deposited on a polyethylene terephthalate support.
- a 0.3 ⁇ m-thick CGL was then applied by vacuum deposition of selenium pellets.
- Each of the CGLs prepared as described above were overcoated, using a 5-mil (125 ⁇ m) doctor blade, with a dichloromethane solution containing 10% solids, comprising a mixture of the electron-transport agent compound (1) and the polyester from 4,4'-(2-norbornylidene)-diphenol and terephthalic acid:azelaic acid (40:60 molar ratio).
- the CTLs so applied were about 10 ⁇ m thick and contained 45 weight percent compound (1) and 55 weight percent polymeric binder.
- the coatings containing the CTL over the CGL were heated in an oven at 70° C. for 30 minutes before being uniformly corona charged to a positive potential.
- elements 1 and 2 of the invention which contained titanyl tetrafluorophthalocyanine and bromoindiumphthalocyanine, respectively, in the CGL, exhibited similar good electrophotographic sensitivity, although dark decay characteristics of the former element were better than those of the latter.
- Element 3 which contained selenium in the CGL was less sensitive than elements 1 and 2, but its dark decay properties were good.
- the results in Table II illustrate that compound (1) can be incorporated in the CTL at a concentration of 45 weight percent and functions as an electron-transport agent in electrophotographic elements of the invention having charge-generation layers of varying structure and composition.
Abstract
Description
______________________________________ ##STR3## (I) Ar.sup.1 Ar.sup.2 R Z ______________________________________ (1) C.sub.6 H.sub.5 C.sub.6 H.sub.5 C.sub.6 H.sub.5 O (2) C.sub.6 H.sub.5 4-CH.sub.3 C.sub.6 H.sub.4 C.sub.6 H.sub.5 O (3) C.sub.6 H.sub.5 4-C.sub.4 H.sub.9 OC.sub.6 H.sub.4 C.sub.6 H.sub.5 O (4) C.sub.6 H.sub.5 C.sub.6 H.sub.5 C.sub.4 H.sub.9 O (5) C.sub.6 H.sub.5 C.sub.6 H.sub.5 .sub. C.sub.6 H.sub.11 O (6) C.sub.6 H.sub.5 C.sub.6 H.sub.5 C.sub.6 H.sub.5 C(CN).sub.2 ______________________________________
TABLE I __________________________________________________________________________ Electron-transport Vo DD E (V.sub.o 50%) Example agent Wt. % (V) (V/s) (ergs/cm.sup.2) __________________________________________________________________________ Control (a) 4-dicyanomethylene- 30 306 2 5.6 2.6-diphenyl- 4H-thiopyran- 1,1 dioxide Control (b) 4-dicyanomethylene- 40 294 1 5.0 2-phenyl-6-(4-tolyl)- 4H-thiopyran- 1,1 dioxide Compound (1) 4-dicyanomethylene 45 308 0 9.0 1,2,6-triphenyl- phospha-2,5-cyclo- hexadiene P-oxide __________________________________________________________________________
TABLE II __________________________________________________________________________ Material Radiation Vo DD E (V.sub.o 50%) E (V.sub.o 80%) Element in CGL Wavelength (nm) (V) (V/s) (ergs/cm.sup.2) (ergs/cm.sup.2) __________________________________________________________________________ 1 titanyl 830 305 1 5.7 15.9 tetrafluoro- phthalocyanine 2 bromoindium- 780 300 30 6.6 18.9 phthalocyanine 3 selenium 500 300 0 15 31.2 __________________________________________________________________________
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Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20030194626A1 (en) * | 2002-04-12 | 2003-10-16 | Jiayi Zhu | Organophotoreceptor with an electron transport layer |
US20050089789A1 (en) * | 2002-05-31 | 2005-04-28 | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. | Organophotoreceptor with a light stabilizer |
US20070059616A1 (en) * | 2005-09-12 | 2007-03-15 | Xerox Corporation | Coated substrate for photoreceptor |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US4514481A (en) * | 1984-03-09 | 1985-04-30 | Eastman Kodak Company | 4H-Thiopyran-1,1-dioxide and electrophotographic layers and elements comprising same |
US5034293A (en) * | 1989-12-22 | 1991-07-23 | Eastman Kodak Company | Electrophotographic elements containing 4H-thiopyran-1,1-dioxide derivatives as electron-transport agents |
US5039585A (en) * | 1989-12-22 | 1991-08-13 | Eastman Kodak Company | Electrophotographic elements containing new electron-transport agents |
-
1992
- 1992-06-09 US US07/895,757 patent/US5236797A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US4514481A (en) * | 1984-03-09 | 1985-04-30 | Eastman Kodak Company | 4H-Thiopyran-1,1-dioxide and electrophotographic layers and elements comprising same |
US5034293A (en) * | 1989-12-22 | 1991-07-23 | Eastman Kodak Company | Electrophotographic elements containing 4H-thiopyran-1,1-dioxide derivatives as electron-transport agents |
US5039585A (en) * | 1989-12-22 | 1991-08-13 | Eastman Kodak Company | Electrophotographic elements containing new electron-transport agents |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
Title |
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M rkl and Olbrich, Angew. Chem. Internat. Ed., 1966, vol. 5, pp. 588 589, pp. 589 590. * |
Markl and Olbrich, Angew. Chem. Internat. Ed., 1966, vol. 5, pp. 588-589, pp. 589-590. |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20030194626A1 (en) * | 2002-04-12 | 2003-10-16 | Jiayi Zhu | Organophotoreceptor with an electron transport layer |
US6890693B2 (en) | 2002-04-12 | 2005-05-10 | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. | Organophotoreceptor with an electron transport layer |
US20050089789A1 (en) * | 2002-05-31 | 2005-04-28 | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. | Organophotoreceptor with a light stabilizer |
US20070059616A1 (en) * | 2005-09-12 | 2007-03-15 | Xerox Corporation | Coated substrate for photoreceptor |
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