US5039199A - Lightwave transmission system having remotely pumped quasi-distributed amplifying fibers - Google Patents
Lightwave transmission system having remotely pumped quasi-distributed amplifying fibers Download PDFInfo
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- US5039199A US5039199A US07/458,928 US45892889A US5039199A US 5039199 A US5039199 A US 5039199A US 45892889 A US45892889 A US 45892889A US 5039199 A US5039199 A US 5039199A
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- 229910052761 rare earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 150000002910 rare earth metals Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 21
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- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 20
- 238000001069 Raman spectroscopy Methods 0.000 claims description 16
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Images
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
- H04B10/29—Repeaters
- H04B10/291—Repeaters in which processing or amplification is carried out without conversion of the main signal from optical form
- H04B10/2912—Repeaters in which processing or amplification is carried out without conversion of the main signal from optical form characterised by the medium used for amplification or processing
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
- H01S3/05—Construction or shape of optical resonators; Accommodation of active medium therein; Shape of active medium
- H01S3/06—Construction or shape of active medium
- H01S3/063—Waveguide lasers, i.e. whereby the dimensions of the waveguide are of the order of the light wavelength
- H01S3/067—Fibre lasers
- H01S3/06754—Fibre amplifiers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
- H04B10/29—Repeaters
- H04B10/291—Repeaters in which processing or amplification is carried out without conversion of the main signal from optical form
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
- H04B10/29—Repeaters
- H04B10/291—Repeaters in which processing or amplification is carried out without conversion of the main signal from optical form
- H04B10/2912—Repeaters in which processing or amplification is carried out without conversion of the main signal from optical form characterised by the medium used for amplification or processing
- H04B10/2916—Repeaters in which processing or amplification is carried out without conversion of the main signal from optical form characterised by the medium used for amplification or processing using Raman or Brillouin amplifiers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
- H04B10/29—Repeaters
- H04B10/291—Repeaters in which processing or amplification is carried out without conversion of the main signal from optical form
- H04B10/293—Signal power control
- H04B10/2933—Signal power control considering the whole optical path
- H04B10/2935—Signal power control considering the whole optical path with a cascade of amplifiers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
- H01S3/30—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range using scattering effects, e.g. stimulated Brillouin or Raman effects
- H01S3/302—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range using scattering effects, e.g. stimulated Brillouin or Raman effects in an optical fibre
Definitions
- This invention relates to lightwave communication systems and, more particularly, to systems which include optical amplifiers.
- Long distance lightwave communication systems require amplifiers for boosting optical signal levels sufficiently to compensate losses experienced along the fiber transmission medium.
- Two classes of amplifiers are known, namely, lumped amplifiers and distributed amplifiers.
- Lumped or discrete amplifiers are found in both semiconductor realizations and rare earth doped fiber embodiments.
- Rare earth doped fiber amplifiers have received a relatively high level of publicity in recent years because of their simplicity, low cost, and connective compatibility with existing optical fibers.
- For an exemplary locally pumped, rare-earth doped, fiber amplifier see Electron. Lett., Vol. 23, No. 19, pp. 1026 et seq. (1987). In theory, these amplifiers linearly increase optical signal power of a supplied input signal via stimulated emission of fiber dopants such as Er 3+ subject to a locally supplied optical pump source.
- Distributed uniform amplification is achieved by using an amplifying optical fiber which includes a long length of optical fiber having a dilute rare-earth dopant concentration substantially in the fiber core region, and a corresponding pump signal source at one or both ends of the doped fiber having the appropriate wavelength and power to cause amplification of optical signals by both Raman effects and stimulated emission from the rare-earth dopants.
- Dilute concentrations are understood as the range of concentrations substantially satisfying the condition that the gain from the rare-earth dopant, when pumped to nearly complete population inversion, is substantially equal to the fiber loss.
- While distributed uniform amplification is realized in one embodiment having a homogeneous span of optical fiber, other embodiments are shown in which distributed amplification is achieved using a combination of substantially long lengths ( ⁇ 1 km) of dilutely doped fibers together with long lengths of undoped fibers within the same span.
- Uniformly distributed amplification is achieved by a stimulated Raman effect in each undoped fiber and by stimulated emission in the doped fiber.
- One drawback to this approach for distributed amplification is the need to produce long lengths of a non-standard optical fiber product, namely, dilute rare earth doped silica fiber.
- Nearly uniform optical amplification is achieved in a lightwave transmission system in which a plurality of short lengths of rare earth doped silica-based fibers and a corresponding plurality of long lengths of substantially undoped silica-based fibers are interleaved to form a fiber span having alternating sections of compensated and uncompensated lightwave transmission media.
- Pumping for the amplifying fiber sections is performed remotely from either end of the fiber span.
- Bidirectional pumping that is, pumping from each end of the fiber span, enhances the uniformity of the optical amplification for signals over the entire span.
- Amplifying fiber section lengths are variable in substantially inverse proportion to dopant concentration within the particular section.
- FIG. 1 shows a simplified block diagram of a prior art long distance, lightwave communication system employing lumped optical amplifiers after each span of optical fiber;
- FIG. 2 shows an exemplary multiple span, long distance, lightwave communication system employing remotely pumped, quasi-distributed amplification in accordance with the principles of the invention
- FIG. 3 shows an exemplary span of optical fiber from the system in FIG. 2 which exhibits quasi-distributed amplification in accordance with the principles of the invention
- FIG. 4 shows a graph of signal level versus span distance for optical signals on the exemplary fiber span of FIG. 3.
- FIG. 1 shows a simplified block diagram of a prior art long distance, lightwave communication system employing lumped optical amplifiers after each span of optical fiber.
- Each lumped amplifier, G linearly boosts the optical signal power supplied to the next span of fiber labeled L as shown in FIG. 1 in much the same manner as conventional electronic amplifiers for analog coaxial-cable systems.
- Optical fiber Telecommunications II edited by S. E. Miller et al., pp. 819-22 (Academic Press: 1988).
- Optical isolators are generally employed with each amplifier to avoid feedback effects. Since isolators are unidirectional devices, the resulting lightwave system is also unidirectional.
- each lumped amplifier includes either an electronically-pumped semiconductor amplifier or an optically pumped fiber amplifier.
- Semiconductor amplifiers utilize stimulated emission from injected carriers to provide gain whereas fiber amplifiers provide gain by stimulated Raman or Brillouin scattering or fiber dopants such as molecular D 2 or Er 3+ .
- each lumped amplifier G has an individual pump signal source coupled locally thereto.
- the remotely pumped quasi-distributed amplifying fiber system provides an artificially lossless, quasi-distributed substitute for having high gain lumped amplifiers at one end of each long span.
- the remotely pumped quasi-distributed amplifying fiber system also operates with lower noise because the doped gain sections of each amplifying fiber generate less amplified stimulated emission noise than high gain lumped fiber amplifiers. Additionally, the remotely pumped quasi-distributed amplifying fiber system provides a more cost effective substitute for purely distributed amplification systems which employ long lengths of dilutely doped fiber as the distributed amplification or gain medium.
- FIG. 2 An exemplary lightwave communication system is shown in FIG. 2 in which three quasi-distributed amplification spans substantially cover the long distance between transmitter 10 and receiver 16. While only three quasi-distributed amplification spans have been depicted in the FIG. 3, it is understood by those skilled in the art that the number of spans can assume any value between 1 and N, where N is a large integer on the order of 100 or more for 80 km spans in an exemplary transoceanic lightwave communication system.
- Transmitter 10 is shown coupled optically to the first span by transmission medium 11 which may be realized by optical fiber or a fiber and lens combination or an air gap or some suitable waveguide device for coupling lightwave signals known by those persons of ordinary skill in the art.
- receiver 16 is shown coupled optically to the third span by transmission medium 15 which may be realized by some suitable waveguide device for coupling lightwave signals known by those persons of ordinary skill in the art.
- Each span shown in FIG. 2 comprises pump lasers optically coupled through an appropriate coupling element to each end of a span of quasi-distributed optical amplifying fiber for pumping the entire span and, thereby, achieving gain sufficient to counteract at a minimum the intrinsic loss of the fiber.
- the first span comprises a span of quasi-distributed amplifying fiber 12 to which both pump laser 21 is optically coupled through coupler 30 for remote pumping of the span which is co-directional with respect to the transmitted lightwave signal and pump laser 22 is optically coupled through coupler 31 for remote pumping of the span which is contra-directional with respect to the transmitted lightwave signal.
- the second span comprises a span of quasi-distributed amplifying fiber 13 to which both pump laser 22 is optically coupled through coupler 32 for remote pumping of the span which is co-directional with respect to transmitted lightwave signal and pump laser 23 is optically coupled through coupler 33 for remote pumping of the span which is contra-directional with respect to the transmitted lightwave signal.
- the third span comprises a span of quasi-distributed amplifying fiber 14 to which both pump laser 23 is optically coupled through coupler 34 for remote pumping of the span which is co-directional with respect to transmitted lightwave signal and pump laser 24 is optically coupled through coupler 35 for remote pumping of the span which is contra-directional with respect to the transmitted lightwave signal.
- a single pump laser such as laser 22, which is located at the connection of two spans, provides co-directional remote pumping for one span and contra-directional remote pumping for the other span in a manner similar to that shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,699,452 (FIG. 5). It is contemplated that first and second pump lasers may be employed in place of laser 22 for providing remote pumping to one span in a contra-directional manner (the first pump laser) and on the other span in a co-directional manner (the second pump laser). The latter combined pumping arrangement is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,699,452 (FIG. 6) and in an article by L. F. Mollenauer et al., IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, Vol. QE-22, No. 1, page 157, (1986).
- Remote pump lasers 21, 22, 23, and 24 are selected to operate in a continuous wave (CW) or quasi-continuous wave (quasi-CW) mode at a wavelength for achieving amplification at the wavelength of the transmitted lightwave signal in the sequence of spans of the quasi-distributed amplifying fiber.
- CW continuous wave
- quadsi-CW quasi-continuous wave
- the fiber span support transmission at the pump wavelength.
- Amplifying fibers doped with erbium (Er 3+ ) for example, require a pump signal in the wavelength range 1.46 ⁇ m to 1.48 ⁇ m to cause amplification of a transmitted lightwave signal in the wavelength range 1.53 ⁇ m to 1.58 ⁇ m.
- standard fused silica fibers operating nominally at 1.5 ⁇ m are capable of supporting propagation of both the remote pump and transmitted lightwave signals.
- Couplers 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, and 35 are shown as standard directional couplers well known to those skilled in the art.
- wavelength dependent directional couplers are employed to provide cross-coupling of the pump signal while simultaneously providing straight-through coupling of the amplified transmitted lightwave signal.
- Both types of couplers provide a means for coupling the optical power from each corresponding pump laser source to the waveguide and fiber over which the transmitted lightwave signal is propagating while simultaneously allowing the transmitted lightwave signals to proceed substantially unimpeded from fiber 11 to fiber 12, from fiber 12 to fiber 13, and so on.
- These couplers are realizable in fiber, semiconductor and other dielectric waveguide (e.g., lithium niobate) devices.
- optical elements such as dichroic mirrors may be utilized for optical coupling.
- Quasi-distributed amplifying fibers 12, 13, and 14 provide the medium for quasi-distributed, substantially uniform amplification of the transmitted lightwave signal via gain from stimulation of the dopant ions in short doped fiber sections of each fiber and, possibly, via gain from the Raman effect in the entire amplifying fiber.
- the quasi-distributed amplifying fibers can be made to any length.
- Rare earth dopants such as erbium, holmium, neodymium and the like are contemplated for incorporation primarily in the core region of the fiber.
- Fused silica fibers are preferred because their transmission characteristics are well suited to lightwave signal propagation around 1.5 ⁇ m.
- dispersion shifted fibers or single polarization fibers e.g., polarization maintaining fibers or polarization preserving fibers
- Rare earth dopants in fibers such as silica-based optical fibers are easily pumped to saturation.
- saturation it is meant that most of the dopant ions are in an optically excited state.
- Gain derived from the saturated rare earth dopant ions is significantly less dependent on the applied pump power than in a system using pure Raman gain.
- n 0 is the dopant ion concentration in the fiber core expressed in cm -3
- L is the doped fiber section length expressed in meters
- G is the desired amount of gain to be derived from the short doped fiber section expressed in dB.
- the constant multiplier is subject to change according to relationships well known to persons skilled in the art. Using the expression given above, it is seen that, for a gain of 2.6 dB and a fiber length of 50 m, it is desirable to provide the doped section with a dopant concentration of approximately 3.3 ⁇ 10 16 cm -3 .
- each short doped section is the important design factor in developing the quasi-distributed amplifying fiber.
- the gain of each short doped section is determined by its length, doping concentration and incident remote pump power for the section.
- the exemplary span of quasi-distributed amplifying fiber comprises substantially undoped fiber sections 12--1, 12--3, 12--5, 12--7, and 12--9, interleaved with doped fiber sections 12--2, 12--4, 12--6, and 12--8.
- Each doped fiber section is generally short in comparison to the undoped sections and has sufficiently high dopant concentration and length to provide a predetermined level of gain for an incident pump signal power.
- the predetermined level of gain is usually selected to compensate intrinsic loss in the undoped fiber sections plus splice and coupler losses.
- the undoped sections of fiber span distances on the order of kilometers or tens of kilometers whereas each doped section covers a distance generally less than several hundred meters.
- short doped sections are selected to have a length on the order of 40 m to 100 m with a doping concentration greater than approximately 10 15 cm -3 to provide a moderate amount of gain between approximately 1 dB and 6 dB.
- the quasi-distributed amplifying fiber 12 covers a distance of approximately 80 km.
- the component undoped fiber sections were selected to be 10 km (sections 12--1 and 12--9) and 20 km (sections 12--3, 12--5, 12--7, and 12--9).
- the doped fiber sections have the desired short length and substantially high doping concentration to provide predetermined amounts of gain as follows: 2.6 dB (sections 12--2 and 12--8) and 3.4 dB (sections 12--4 and 12--6).
- Standard splices labeled S in FIG. 3 are used to interconnect doped and undoped fiber sections. These splices include but are not limited to fusion splices, rotary splices and the like.
- Couplers labeled C are employed to interconnect spans of quasi-distributed amplifying fiber. These couplers are shown in FIG. 2 as couplers 30 and 31.
- FIG. 4 shows relative signal level versus distance along the exemplary span of FIG. 3.
- the remote pump signal power level is chosen to be approximately 50 mW injected from each end.
- curve 40 stimulated gain from the remotely pumped doped sections combines with Raman gain to compensate span losses.
- Instantaneous changes in the signal level shown by curve 40 at 10 km, 30 km, 50 km and 70 km result from the moderate gain provided by short doped fiber sections 12--2, 12--4, 12--6, and 12--8, respectively.
- doped section gain may be designed between 1 and 6 dB for most quasi-distributed amplifying fiber applications.
- fiber compatibility is a consideration for span fabrication. That is, it may be desirable to fabricate doped and undoped sections from similar fiber types such as dispersion shifted fiber or polarization preserving fiber or the like. In the event that such compatibility is not achievable by selecting similar fiber types, it is possible to attain compatibility by mode matching techniques such as via the use of fiber tapers.
- doped fiber sections may be the initial and/or final sections of a span of quasi-distributed amplifying fiber.
Abstract
Description
n.sub.0 ·L≈6.3×10.sup.17 ·G,
Claims (16)
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US07/458,928 US5039199A (en) | 1989-12-29 | 1989-12-29 | Lightwave transmission system having remotely pumped quasi-distributed amplifying fibers |
JP2413705A JP2701992B2 (en) | 1989-12-29 | 1990-12-25 | Optical transmission system |
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US07/458,928 US5039199A (en) | 1989-12-29 | 1989-12-29 | Lightwave transmission system having remotely pumped quasi-distributed amplifying fibers |
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US07/458,928 Expired - Lifetime US5039199A (en) | 1989-12-29 | 1989-12-29 | Lightwave transmission system having remotely pumped quasi-distributed amplifying fibers |
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Cited By (55)
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US5119230A (en) * | 1990-05-02 | 1992-06-02 | Alcatel, N.V. | Optical fiber coupler amplifier |
US5157545A (en) * | 1991-05-30 | 1992-10-20 | The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy | Laser amplifier chain |
US5185826A (en) * | 1992-02-07 | 1993-02-09 | At&T Bell Laboratories | Hybrid pumping arrangement for doped fiber amplifiers |
US5212711A (en) * | 1992-02-18 | 1993-05-18 | At&T Bell Laboratories | Harmonically mode-locked laser |
US5253104A (en) * | 1992-09-15 | 1993-10-12 | At&T Bell Laboratories | Balanced optical amplifier |
US5295217A (en) * | 1991-07-02 | 1994-03-15 | Alcatel N. V. | Amplifier having an amplifying optical fiber |
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