US4913595A - Shoreline breakwater - Google Patents
Shoreline breakwater Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US4913595A US4913595A US07/120,486 US12048687A US4913595A US 4913595 A US4913595 A US 4913595A US 12048687 A US12048687 A US 12048687A US 4913595 A US4913595 A US 4913595A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- shoreline
- locking means
- base members
- breakwater according
- units
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 230000003628 erosive effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000004567 concrete Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims 3
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 claims 1
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000011150 reinforced concrete Substances 0.000 description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000284 resting effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003643 water by type Substances 0.000 description 2
- 241000510097 Megalonaias nervosa Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001154 acute effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001066 destructive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000004013 groin Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000013011 mating Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910021487 silica fume Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011343 solid material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012209 synthetic fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002994 synthetic fiber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
- E02B3/00—Engineering works in connection with control or use of streams, rivers, coasts, or other marine sites; Sealings or joints for engineering works in general
- E02B3/04—Structures or apparatus for, or methods of, protecting banks, coasts, or harbours
- E02B3/06—Moles; Piers; Quays; Quay walls; Groynes; Breakwaters ; Wave dissipating walls; Quay equipment
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A10/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE at coastal zones; at river basins
- Y02A10/11—Hard structures, e.g. dams, dykes or breakwaters
Definitions
- the present invention is directed to a breakwater structure which can be produced from transportable concrete modules, assembled and locked in place adjacent an eroding shoreline to protect the shoreline from further erosion by capture and buildup of sand without harm to adjacent shore properties.
- an artificial reef is produced adjacent a shoreline by assembling in edge-to-edge relation a plurality of concrete base units each of which has a rectangular section in plan view and locking the base units together by superposing thereon a plurality of concrete reef-forming modules, likewise rectangular in plan view and configured to form a series of interlocks with the base unit modules.
- the interlocks may be formed as mortise-and-tenon joints.
- Each module is provided with smooth parallel sides permitting close side-by-side placement so as to prevent formation of channels which would afford entry by the sea.
- FIG. 1 depicts in elevation the base unit module provided by the invention and shows in elevation a preferred reef-forming module employed in accordance with the invention
- FIG. 2 depicts in plan view the base module contemplated in accordance with the invention
- FIG. 3 depicts in perspective the manner in which a superposed reef-forming module relates to and locks together a pair of base modules
- FIG. 4 depicts a completed reef assembled at the low-tide line in tidal waters.
- FIGS. 1 and 2 depict with reference character 11 the elevation and plan views, respectively of the concrete base unit contemplated in accordance with the invention.
- Reference character 12 in FIG. 1 depicts in elevation a preferred reef-forming module employed in accordance with the invention.
- Base unit 11 is shown with tenon segments 13 which engage mortises 14 in the longitudinal center line of module 12.
- Base unit 11, which is designed to rest on the sea bottom in the surf zone preferably is equipped with sand gripping feet 15 which, as illustrated preferably have a sawtooth configuration in contact with the bottom and extended across the width of the module.
- sand gripping feet 15 which, as illustrated preferably have a sawtooth configuration in contact with the bottom and extended across the width of the module.
- tenon segments 13 are located toward the edges of base unit 11 and are designed such that when base units 11 are placed side by side on the bottom, tenon segments 13 on adjoining base units are locked together with a single mortise 14 in module 12 when module 12 is lowered upon two adjoining base units such that module 12, which Preferably has the same width as base unit 11 is lowered with half its width resting on each of two base units.
- FIG. 3 shows a single module 12 resting upon two base units 11.
- the mortise 14 in module 12 effectively locks tenon segments 13 on base units 11 together. Construction of the artificial reef can thus be carried out to the desired length by laying down further base units 11 and locking the tenon segments thereof with further reef-forming modules 12 laid side-by-side to the module shown.
- base unit 11 may be cored out as shown at 16 to leave web 17. This provides a weight saving and a means for carrying the base unit with slings. As shown in FIGS. 1 and 3 the front and rear edges of base unit 11 are sloped upwardly and inwardly at an angle which may be approximately 45°.
- a shelf may be provided on top of base unit 11 defined by the front and rear ends of module 12 and the upper face boundary of the assembled base units 11.
- the ends of the completed artificial reef may if desired be finished with special end pieces 18 covering the projecting halves of the end base units 11 and presenting gently sloping seaward and end faces.
- the preferred reef-forming module is that shown as reference character 12 in perspective in FIG. 3 as a triangular reinforced concrete module, and is described in detail in our U.S. Pat. No. 4,502,816 which is incorporated herein by reference.
- the module described in the said patent has an acute included angle between the foot or bottom face and the gently sloping seaward face of preferably about 28°.
- the slope between the seaward face and the foot may be between about 1:4 and about 3:4.
- the rearward or beachward face of the module forms an angle less than 90° with the bottom face.
- the seaward face of the module is provided with wave force dissipation means which serve to dissipate wave energy as the waves run up the seaward face without creating secondary reflected forms of wave energy.
- Such force dissipation means also serve to release silt or sand suspended in the water such that it will slide down the seaward face and add to the solid material around the toe of the structure.
- a form of wave force dissipation means on the seaward face is illustrated in FIG. 3 as a set of parallel transverse grooves extending across the seaward face.
- a washboard configuration or a system of small surface protrusions or bumps are also useful.
- Mortises 14 are provided to lock over tenon segments 13 in adjacent base modules placed side-by-side thereunder. The base of the module should be at least twice as long as the height of the module in order to contribute stability against wave pounding on the seaward face; so as thereby to provide a low center of gravity.
- the composite, locked-together artificial reef may be placed in shallow water at low tide in tidal waters and may be overtopped by wave action at high tide. It may be submerged completely by storm tides.
- An artificial reef 140 feet long was constructed on a leveled section of tidal beach at the low tide mark by placing side-by-side on filter fabric a series of 35 base modules having the configuration shown in FIGS. 1 and 2.
- the modules were four feet wide, 11 1/2 feet long and about 9 inches thick.
- the long sides were straight and the top platform was 9 1/2 feet long.
- the seaward and beachward ends were sloped inwardly and upwardly at an angle of 33°.
- Upwardly facing tenon segments of semi-circular section were molded into the module at the edges, so as to form circular tenons with the adjoining module.
- the base modules weighed about 4200 pounds apiece.
- Reef forming modules 12 having the same width as the base modules, i.e., four feet wide, four feet high and 9 feet long on the foot and the configuration shown in FIG. 3 having cast mortises designed to lock together the mating tenon segments on the base units were placed thereon and offset by one-half the width with respect to the base units.
- a series of 34 reef-forming modules, each weighing about 4200 pounds was placed side-by-side upon the aligned base modules to lock together the base modules and present a practically continuous seaward face.
- the projecting halves of the base units at each end of the reef were covered with end pieces having forwardly and rearwardly sloped faces parallel to those of modules 12 and having sloped endward faces as shown by reference character 18 in FIG. 4. It was observed that, after only two tides, a substantial accumulation of sand and small stones had been captured at the front foot of the structure, thereby showing that the rate of solid-deposition substantially exceeded any tendency to toe scour.
- the individual units comprising the composite structure may be placed offshore or along the shoreline by helicopter or may be carried on a flat-bed truck if the beach is accessible. Larger modules may be employed if desired but the handling problems are thereby accentuated and internal bracing might then be needed.
- the modules be prepared using micro silica concrete having a compressive strength of 8000 psi. Long life for the reinforced concrete modules is thereby assured even in salt water.
- the outer modules can be connected by reinforced concrete beams or the like to assist in stabilizing the outer modules.
- the modular structures are assembled on filter fabric 19 placed on the beach thereunder.
- Filter fabric is a porous material made of synthetic fiber which is industrially available.
- the base unit has been described in terms of having upwardly extending tenon segments and having mortises cast in the base of the cooperating reef forming units, it is to be appreciated that the respective units can be produced with downwardly extending concrete tenon segments at the edges thereof and mortises can be cast in the base units so as to receive the adjacent tenon segments when placed thereover, such as illustrated in a FIG.
- the tenon segments should be sturdy.
- sample draft should be provided to assist in stripping the cast elements from the mold.
- all openings should be provided with ample draft so that ice may pass therethrough during freeze-thaw conditions.
- a feature of the artificial reef described herein is that the rate of sand capture therefor is greatest during storm periods when strong wave action churns up the sea bottom and the load of suspended solids in the surf zone is greatly increased as compared to that existing during calm water periods.
- the protection to the beach and inland bluff is thus substantially independent of solids captured from the littoral drift. In this manner damage to adjacent properties due to interference with the littoral drift, as can happen with groins and the like, is avoided.
Abstract
Description
Claims (16)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US07/120,486 US4913595A (en) | 1987-11-13 | 1987-11-13 | Shoreline breakwater |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US07/120,486 US4913595A (en) | 1987-11-13 | 1987-11-13 | Shoreline breakwater |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US4913595A true US4913595A (en) | 1990-04-03 |
Family
ID=22390605
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US07/120,486 Expired - Lifetime US4913595A (en) | 1987-11-13 | 1987-11-13 | Shoreline breakwater |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US4913595A (en) |
Cited By (21)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5102257A (en) * | 1990-03-30 | 1992-04-07 | Richard E. Creter | Breakwater |
US5113792A (en) * | 1991-05-22 | 1992-05-19 | Jones Barton G | Artificial reef module |
US5509755A (en) * | 1993-12-27 | 1996-04-23 | Olsen; Glenn C. | Sand dune and shore-line erosion prevention system |
US5895174A (en) * | 1997-03-03 | 1999-04-20 | Beaver; George M. | Beach replenishment system |
US5906456A (en) * | 1996-11-19 | 1999-05-25 | Petratech, Inc. | Revetment system |
US5924820A (en) * | 1997-02-26 | 1999-07-20 | Creter; Richard E. | Anti-scour device and method for scour prevention |
US6050745A (en) * | 1998-01-30 | 2000-04-18 | Nolan; Don E. | WavBrakerSteps for waterfront bulkheads, seawalls and seacoast |
US6361247B1 (en) | 1999-10-25 | 2002-03-26 | Carl T. Detiveaux | Erosion control and bulkhead apparatus |
US6394706B1 (en) | 1998-12-01 | 2002-05-28 | Blue Marlin Filter, Inc. | Sea wall revetment system |
US6413014B1 (en) * | 1997-05-12 | 2002-07-02 | Sigurd Melin | Damming device for erecting a liquid-damming protective bank |
US6464429B2 (en) | 2001-02-23 | 2002-10-15 | Michael D. Moore | Artificial reef module for coral reef remediation |
US6672799B2 (en) | 2001-08-20 | 2004-01-06 | Milan Dennis Earl | Portable barrier |
US6786675B1 (en) | 1999-10-25 | 2004-09-07 | Carl T. Detiveaux | Erosion control and bulkhead apparatus |
US20060104719A1 (en) * | 2004-11-17 | 2006-05-18 | Israel Fainman | Wave-absorbing breakwater |
US7118305B1 (en) * | 2005-05-23 | 2006-10-10 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Wave shaped vehicle barrier |
GB2462742A (en) * | 2005-05-23 | 2010-02-24 | William J Spry | Beach erosion control system |
US20100047018A1 (en) * | 2006-11-06 | 2010-02-25 | Francesco Ferraiolo | Wave-motion reducing structure |
CN103981835A (en) * | 2013-02-08 | 2014-08-13 | 汉斯·J·谢尔 | Submarine construction for tsunami and flooding protection, for tidal energy and energy storage, and for fish farming |
US9151008B1 (en) * | 2014-08-22 | 2015-10-06 | Robin G Carstens | Wave break device |
US9850634B1 (en) | 2016-08-08 | 2017-12-26 | Coastal Resilience Group, L.L.C | Aquatic protective unit |
US20230279628A1 (en) * | 2022-03-01 | 2023-09-07 | Feng He Ying Zao Group Co., Ltd. | Coastal zone ecological protection wall and coastal zone ecological protection and governance structure |
Citations (21)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US805142A (en) * | 1905-01-28 | 1905-11-21 | Henry F Kellner | Fascine. |
US1175962A (en) * | 1915-02-19 | 1916-03-21 | Elihu H Ropes | Device for causing deposit of sand and snow. |
US1816095A (en) * | 1930-01-02 | 1931-07-28 | Stanford Homer Reed | Apparatus for the conservation of shore line and the deflection of currents of water |
US1847043A (en) * | 1931-04-23 | 1932-02-23 | John P Ball | Breakwater wall construction |
US2069715A (en) * | 1935-10-29 | 1937-02-02 | Beach Erosion Control Company | Artificial reef |
US2967398A (en) * | 1958-01-02 | 1961-01-10 | Alonzo L Smith | Breakwater |
GB877057A (en) * | 1957-12-02 | 1961-09-13 | Christiani & Nielsen As | Improvements in navigable waterways |
US3037726A (en) * | 1959-07-02 | 1962-06-05 | Stanray Corp | Engine blast absorbing fence |
US3126176A (en) * | 1964-03-24 | Blast fence | ||
US3653216A (en) * | 1970-04-09 | 1972-04-04 | Gray Tech Ind Inc | Method and apparatus for preventing erosion |
US3733831A (en) * | 1971-03-12 | 1973-05-22 | Gray Tech Ind Inc | Method and apparatus for preventing erosion and for conveying |
US3797787A (en) * | 1971-04-17 | 1974-03-19 | Nippon Steel Corp | Jet engine blast fence |
US3845630A (en) * | 1973-07-25 | 1974-11-05 | J Karnas | Mechanical reef |
US3913333A (en) * | 1973-09-18 | 1975-10-21 | Jr Tom Watson Hubbard | Means and apparatus for controlling fluid currents and selectively preserving and modifying topography subjected thereto |
US4397578A (en) * | 1981-02-18 | 1983-08-09 | Inman Calvin R | Undersea platform construction system |
US4407608A (en) * | 1981-07-27 | 1983-10-04 | Hubbard Thom W | Method and apparatus for controlling fluid currents |
US4436447A (en) * | 1980-09-17 | 1984-03-13 | Terrafix Erosion Control Products, Inc. | Erosion control blocks |
US4471924A (en) * | 1982-07-12 | 1984-09-18 | Lynn B Stanley | Blast deflecting fence |
US4498805A (en) * | 1983-11-29 | 1985-02-12 | Weir Frederick E | Breakwater module and means for protecting a shoreline therewith |
US4502816A (en) * | 1983-06-27 | 1985-03-05 | Creter Vault Corp. | Shoreline breakwater |
US4524551A (en) * | 1981-03-10 | 1985-06-25 | Rolf Scheiwiller | Construction units for the erection of walls and method of utilization |
-
1987
- 1987-11-13 US US07/120,486 patent/US4913595A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (21)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US3126176A (en) * | 1964-03-24 | Blast fence | ||
US805142A (en) * | 1905-01-28 | 1905-11-21 | Henry F Kellner | Fascine. |
US1175962A (en) * | 1915-02-19 | 1916-03-21 | Elihu H Ropes | Device for causing deposit of sand and snow. |
US1816095A (en) * | 1930-01-02 | 1931-07-28 | Stanford Homer Reed | Apparatus for the conservation of shore line and the deflection of currents of water |
US1847043A (en) * | 1931-04-23 | 1932-02-23 | John P Ball | Breakwater wall construction |
US2069715A (en) * | 1935-10-29 | 1937-02-02 | Beach Erosion Control Company | Artificial reef |
GB877057A (en) * | 1957-12-02 | 1961-09-13 | Christiani & Nielsen As | Improvements in navigable waterways |
US2967398A (en) * | 1958-01-02 | 1961-01-10 | Alonzo L Smith | Breakwater |
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US3653216A (en) * | 1970-04-09 | 1972-04-04 | Gray Tech Ind Inc | Method and apparatus for preventing erosion |
US3733831A (en) * | 1971-03-12 | 1973-05-22 | Gray Tech Ind Inc | Method and apparatus for preventing erosion and for conveying |
US3797787A (en) * | 1971-04-17 | 1974-03-19 | Nippon Steel Corp | Jet engine blast fence |
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US4436447A (en) * | 1980-09-17 | 1984-03-13 | Terrafix Erosion Control Products, Inc. | Erosion control blocks |
US4397578A (en) * | 1981-02-18 | 1983-08-09 | Inman Calvin R | Undersea platform construction system |
US4524551A (en) * | 1981-03-10 | 1985-06-25 | Rolf Scheiwiller | Construction units for the erection of walls and method of utilization |
US4407608A (en) * | 1981-07-27 | 1983-10-04 | Hubbard Thom W | Method and apparatus for controlling fluid currents |
US4471924A (en) * | 1982-07-12 | 1984-09-18 | Lynn B Stanley | Blast deflecting fence |
US4502816A (en) * | 1983-06-27 | 1985-03-05 | Creter Vault Corp. | Shoreline breakwater |
US4498805A (en) * | 1983-11-29 | 1985-02-12 | Weir Frederick E | Breakwater module and means for protecting a shoreline therewith |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
Title |
---|
Engineering Record, "Sea Walls of Various Designs Discussed and Compared," vol. 73, No. 5, p. 140, 1-29-1916. |
Engineering Record, Sea Walls of Various Designs Discussed and Compared, vol. 73, No. 5, p. 140, 1 29 1916. * |
Cited By (28)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5393169A (en) * | 1990-03-30 | 1995-02-28 | Richard E. Creter | Breakwater |
US5102257A (en) * | 1990-03-30 | 1992-04-07 | Richard E. Creter | Breakwater |
US5113792A (en) * | 1991-05-22 | 1992-05-19 | Jones Barton G | Artificial reef module |
US5509755A (en) * | 1993-12-27 | 1996-04-23 | Olsen; Glenn C. | Sand dune and shore-line erosion prevention system |
US5906456A (en) * | 1996-11-19 | 1999-05-25 | Petratech, Inc. | Revetment system |
US5924820A (en) * | 1997-02-26 | 1999-07-20 | Creter; Richard E. | Anti-scour device and method for scour prevention |
US5895174A (en) * | 1997-03-03 | 1999-04-20 | Beaver; George M. | Beach replenishment system |
US6413014B1 (en) * | 1997-05-12 | 2002-07-02 | Sigurd Melin | Damming device for erecting a liquid-damming protective bank |
US6050745A (en) * | 1998-01-30 | 2000-04-18 | Nolan; Don E. | WavBrakerSteps for waterfront bulkheads, seawalls and seacoast |
US6394706B1 (en) | 1998-12-01 | 2002-05-28 | Blue Marlin Filter, Inc. | Sea wall revetment system |
US6786675B1 (en) | 1999-10-25 | 2004-09-07 | Carl T. Detiveaux | Erosion control and bulkhead apparatus |
US6742965B1 (en) | 1999-10-25 | 2004-06-01 | Carl T. Detiveaux | Erosion control and bulkhead apparatus |
US6361247B1 (en) | 1999-10-25 | 2002-03-26 | Carl T. Detiveaux | Erosion control and bulkhead apparatus |
US6464429B2 (en) | 2001-02-23 | 2002-10-15 | Michael D. Moore | Artificial reef module for coral reef remediation |
US6672799B2 (en) | 2001-08-20 | 2004-01-06 | Milan Dennis Earl | Portable barrier |
US20060104719A1 (en) * | 2004-11-17 | 2006-05-18 | Israel Fainman | Wave-absorbing breakwater |
GB2462742B (en) * | 2005-05-23 | 2010-07-07 | William J Spry | Beach erosion control system |
GB2462742A (en) * | 2005-05-23 | 2010-02-24 | William J Spry | Beach erosion control system |
US7118305B1 (en) * | 2005-05-23 | 2006-10-10 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Wave shaped vehicle barrier |
US20100047018A1 (en) * | 2006-11-06 | 2010-02-25 | Francesco Ferraiolo | Wave-motion reducing structure |
US8142105B2 (en) * | 2006-11-06 | 2012-03-27 | Officine Maccaferri S.P.A. | Wave-motion reducing structure |
CN103981835A (en) * | 2013-02-08 | 2014-08-13 | 汉斯·J·谢尔 | Submarine construction for tsunami and flooding protection, for tidal energy and energy storage, and for fish farming |
EP2781659A1 (en) * | 2013-02-08 | 2014-09-24 | Hans Scheel | Submarine construction for tsunami and flooding protection, for fish farming, and for protection of buildings in the sea |
AU2014200674B2 (en) * | 2013-02-08 | 2018-05-10 | Scheel, Hans J. MR | Submarine construction for tsunami and flooding protection, for tidal energy and energy storage, and for fish farming |
US9151008B1 (en) * | 2014-08-22 | 2015-10-06 | Robin G Carstens | Wave break device |
US9850634B1 (en) | 2016-08-08 | 2017-12-26 | Coastal Resilience Group, L.L.C | Aquatic protective unit |
US20230279628A1 (en) * | 2022-03-01 | 2023-09-07 | Feng He Ying Zao Group Co., Ltd. | Coastal zone ecological protection wall and coastal zone ecological protection and governance structure |
US11866898B2 (en) * | 2022-03-01 | 2024-01-09 | Feng He Ying Zao Group Co., Ltd. | Coastal zone ecological protection wall and coastal zone ecological protection and governance structure |
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Owner name: CRETER VAULT CORP., RD 7, ROUTE 202, FLEMINGTON, N Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:CRETER, FRANK E. JR.;CRETER, RICHARD E.;REEL/FRAME:004782/0762 Effective date: 19871105 Owner name: CRETER VAULT CORP., A CORP. OF NJ,NEW JERSEY Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:CRETER, FRANK E. JR.;CRETER, RICHARD E.;REEL/FRAME:004782/0762 Effective date: 19871105 |
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Owner name: NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH (NIH), U.S. DEPT. OF Free format text: CONFIRMATORY LICENSE;ASSIGNOR:NEW YORK STATE DEPT OF HEALTH;REEL/FRAME:023238/0864 Effective date: 20070522 |