US4759009A - Remote digital carrier alarm and terminal by-pass system - Google Patents
Remote digital carrier alarm and terminal by-pass system Download PDFInfo
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- US4759009A US4759009A US06/752,743 US75274385A US4759009A US 4759009 A US4759009 A US 4759009A US 75274385 A US75274385 A US 75274385A US 4759009 A US4759009 A US 4759009A
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L12/00—Data switching networks
- H04L12/02—Details
- H04L12/12—Arrangements for remote connection or disconnection of substations or of equipment thereof
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L12/00—Data switching networks
- H04L12/28—Data switching networks characterised by path configuration, e.g. LAN [Local Area Networks] or WAN [Wide Area Networks]
- H04L12/42—Loop networks
- H04L12/437—Ring fault isolation or reconfiguration
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
- H04J3/00—Time-division multiplex systems
- H04J3/02—Details
- H04J3/08—Intermediate station arrangements, e.g. for branching, for tapping-off
- H04J3/085—Intermediate station arrangements, e.g. for branching, for tapping-off for ring networks, e.g. SDH/SONET rings, self-healing rings, meashed SDH/SONET networks
Definitions
- This invention relates generally to communication systems and, more particularly, to communication systems wherein information is transmitted from a main terminal serially through a plurality of remote terminals and then back to the main terminal and still more particularly to systems of such type wherein the information is time multiplexed.
- Digital communication systems of the prior art are typically of the type having two terminals which communicate with each other.
- Each terminal includes a plurality of processing units and is adapted to transmit and receive information over a plurality of channels, each channel being associated with a corresponding processing unit.
- Examples of a processing unit are voice channel unit or data channel unit, referred to as a voice/data unit.
- all channels transmitted by one terminal are received by the other terminal.
- a T1 digital carrier system having 24 channels, each associated with a corresponding one of 24 time slots. AT1 system is discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,059,731, issued Nov. 22, 1977 to Green et al and in U.S. Pat. No. 4,245,340 issued Jan.
- T1 digital carrier systems such as a European 32 channel system, but in any event, both the North American and European systems operate on the principle that the plurality of channels are transmitted digitally using a serial bit stream made up of a corresponding plurality of time slots, one time slot for each channel.
- the data stream may be considered as being made up of a sequence of 24 time slots. It follows then that if less than 24 channels are required, the processing units associated with those unused channels remain idle.
- a system was developed wherein a main terminal, in a central office, is serially coupled to a plurality of remote terminals, each one of the remote terminals having a plurality of channels with a plurality of corresponding processing units associated therewith.
- each one of such terminals would include 6 processing units. Therefore, instead of having two locations, each with 24 processing units, the 24 units previously housed at one of the locations would be distributed for example, to 4 remote locations, each location having 6 processing units with the central office maintaining 24 processing units.
- one 24 channel system at the central office can service several remote locations, each location requiring less than all 24 channels.
- each remote terminal being a separate, independent terminal, determining the operational "health", that is, operational condition of each terminal, is paramount and such information should be ascertainable at the central office. Further, should any of these remote terminals fail in such a way as to threaten operation of the entire digital carrier communication system, a fail-safe protection scheme is required to ensure that the failed remote terminal does not disrupt the entire system.
- One such technique used to provide uninterrupted operation of the system includes apparatus for detecting a condition at a remote terminal which would normally disrupt the entire system. The apparatus then isolates the effected remote terminal. However, in such arrangement, all further “downstream" remote terminals are decoupled from the system even though such "downstream" remote terminals are otherwise operational.
- each remote terminal is adapted to detect major and minor alarm conditions. These conditions are conditions which would not normally require removal of the terminal from the communication system, however, would be alarms to indicate to a person at the central office that a condition exists at the remote terminal in need of repair.
- the remote terminal distorts the informational data transmitted by such terminal to the main terminal or central office. The distortion of such data, however, is undesirable since the quality of the system is, in effect, degraded.
- a digital carrier system having: a master terminal, and a plurality of serially coupled remote terminals, the master terminal transmitting information serially through the remote terminals and then back to the master terminal along a serial information loop, each one of such remote terminals comprising: (i) means, located in said remote terminal, for determining if any one of the plurality of predetermined service threatening conditions exist in said remote terminal; and, (ii) switch means for either diverting information in the loop to the remote terminal and then back to the loop or for preventing such diversion of information from the loop to the remote terminal selectively in accordance with the existence of a detected service threatening condition, the diversion or prevention of diversion of information through any one of the other remote terminals being independent of the operation of the switch means in said one of the remote terminals.
- the digital carrier system is adapted to transmit time multiplexed information.
- Each one of the remote terminals includes at least one processing unit.
- the format of such time multiplexed information comprises a sequence of sets of frames, each frame comprising a plurality of time slots, each time slot providing information for a corresponding processing unit.
- Each time slot is comprised of a series of bits of information.
- One bit of such information in a portion of the time slots of one of the frames in each set of frames is a signaling bit.
- Each one of the terminals includes means for detecting predetermined alarm conditions therein and an indication of such detected condition is transmitted to the master terminal by information in the signaling bit.
- a first means located in the remote terminal, transmits a pair of alarm signaling bits in a pair of successive time slots associated with such remote terminal, the signaling bits representing the alarm status of such remote terminal; and a receiving means, located in the master terminal, receives and displays the pair of transmitted alarm signaling bits from the remote terminal and generates a summary of the alarm status in the remote terminal.
- each of the plurality of remote terminals determines if any of the predetermined alarm conditions exist (e.g., overtemperature, low voltage, etc.) in the remote terminal and generates a pair of bits indicative of such conditions; one bit for a predesignated "major” alarm and the other bit for a predesignated "minor” alarm.
- these corresponding pairs of bits are received and displayed so that repair personnel can determine the alarm status of each remote terminal.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram of a digital carrier communication system using a master terminal and four remote terminals with alarm bit patterns shown for various service threatening conditions existing in the remote terminals;
- FIG. 2A diagrams the T1 bit stream format
- FIG. 2B diagrams the framing pattern and a control signal during a superframe
- FIG. 2C diagrams alarm data bit assignment with respect to time slots in a frame, and a representative control signal for a representitive remote terminal as diagrammed in FIG. 5;
- FIG. 3 is a block diagram of the master terminal located in the central office of FIG. 1 showing an alarm receiver
- FIG. 4 diagrams the alarm receiver as shown in FIG. 3;
- FIG. 5 diagrams a representative remote terminal showing alarm module a T1 transmitter and a cut-through relay for bypassing the remote terminal;
- FIG. 6 diagrams the alarm module shown in FIG. 5;
- FIG. 7 diagrams the T1 transmitter in the representitive remote terminal as shown in FIG. 5.
- a digital carrier communication system 5 is shown to include a central office (or master terminal) 10 wherein mixed voice and data communicated by telephone switch 14 and data processing 15, respectively, are conveyed via bus 18 and through a channel bank 12 for transportation to, or from, a plurality of, here four, serially coupled remote terminals 13a-13d.
- each one of the remote terminals 13a-13d includes here six voice or data (voice/data or V/D) processing units for a total of, here 24, remote voice/data units.
- the central office 10 itself includes 24 voice/data units.
- the channel bank 12 here a conventional 24 channel pulse code modulation (PCM) system uses a T1 format, and multiplexes together voice and data information from switch 14 and data processor 15 while demultiplexing received voice and data information for telephone switch 14 and data processor 15.
- This T1 format will be discussed in detail in connection with FIGS. 2A-2C. Suffice it to state here that the T1 format includes a series or sequence of sets of frames (called superframes FIG. 2A), each one of such sets thereof being made up of 12 frames.
- Each frame has 24 time slots (one for each channel or remote voice/data unit) plus a framing bit.
- Each time slot is a serial eight bit digital word.
- the eight bits are used for voice/data information except for the sixth and twelfth frames wherein the eighth bits are here used for "signaling" information. More particularly, the eighth bits in the sixth frame are used for "A" signaling (i.e. call status) as in conventional T1 systems. Here, however, the eighth bits of the previously unused twelfth frame are used for "B" signaling (i.e. signaling the alarm status of the remote terminals 13a-13d in a manner to be described in detail hereinafter).
- the T1 format is a serial bit stream having 24 channels (or time slots), one for each one of the 24 remote voice/data units.
- the T1 bit stream is transmitted from the channel bank 12 carrying voice and data from telephone switch 14 or data processor 15 through cable pair 21b to a serial information loop 15 made up of the plurality of, here four, remote terminals 13a-13d serially coupled to the channel bank 12 through interspersed repeaters 22, as shown.
- a serial information loop 15 made up of the plurality of, here four, remote terminals 13a-13d serially coupled to the channel bank 12 through interspersed repeaters 22, as shown.
- Each one of the terminals 13a-13d is identical in construction and the details of an exemplary one thereof, here terminal 13 a will be discussed later in connection with FIG. 5. Suffice it to say here, however, that the remote terminals 13a-13d are typically widely spaced from one another and from the central office 10.
- Each remote terminal 13a-13d multiplexes and demultiplexes up to six channels (one per voice/data unit thereof) from the T1 bit stream coupled to it from either: (1) the channel bank via cable pair 21b; or (2) from remote terminals of subscribers via buses 24.
- T1 bit stream is applied to a first remote terminal 13a where six predetermined channels, or time slots, of the twenty four time slots are demultiplexed from the T1 bit stream (one for each one of the 6 voice/data units therein) and supplied to subscribers via bus 24.
- Data from subscribers passes back through bus 24 to terminal 13a to be multiplexed for transmission in those six time slots demultiplexed by terminal 13a.
- the remaining eighteen time slots not so used are regenerated (repeated) and transmitted unmodified for the remaining three remote terminals 13b-13d. The process continues until the T1 bit stream from the last remote terminal 13d is coupled back to channel bank 12 by cable pair 21a.
- by-pass relays 26a-26d are normally operated such that voice or data fed to a remote terminal passes serially to the remote terminals; however, if a predetermined service threatening condition (e.g., power failure or losing synchronization with the incoming T1 bit stream) should occur in any terminal 13a-13d, the corresponding by-pass relay 26a- 26d is deactivated thereby causing the data fed to such terminal to by-pass such terminal thereby allowing the remainder of the digital carrier communication system 5 to remain operational.
- remote terminal 13c is depicted with a service threatening condition (here a power failure) and hence such terminal 13c is removed from the loop via switch 26c.
- Remote terminals 13a-13d also detect alarm conditions (e.g., over or undervoltage, blown fuse, door ajar, etc.) which are categorized apriori as either a "major” alarm or a “minor” alarm. A summary is then made of the alarm conditions in an alarm module and transmitter 29a-29d in corresponding remote terminals 13a-13d.
- the T1 bit stream includes reserved bits, i.e., the B alarm signaling bits. These are shown as a stream of B alarm signaling bits 28 in FIG. 1. Actual implementation of the B alarm signaling bits will be described below. Suffice it to say here, however, that the stream of B alarm signaling bits 28 is made up of four pairs of bits, each pair of bits representing the major and minor alarms in corresponding terminals 13a-13d. These pairs of bits have the following values and meanings:
- the stream of B alarm signaling bits 28 sent along with the voice or data traffic from channel bank 12 to the first remote terminal 13 have all of the four pairs of bits thereof set to the "1" state, that is, to an "alarm" state. If remote terminal 13a has neither a minor alarm or major alarm as shown in FIG. 1, the alarm module and transmitter 29a in such remote terminal 13a replaces the first pair of bits of the four pairs of bits in the stream of alarm bits 28 with "0"s as shown in the stream of alarm bits 30. The "0"s indicate that there are no alarms existing in the remote terminal 13a.
- the stream of alarm bits 30 then passes to remote terminal 13b which here is assumed to have a minor alarm thereby causing alarm module and transmitter 29b therein to replace a second pair of the four pairs of alarm bits; the first bit of that pair is made a "0" and the second bit remains as a "1" indicating a minor alarm in terminal 13b as shown in the stream of alarm bits 31.
- This new stream of alarm bits 31 from remote terminal 13b is coupled to remote terminal 13c, which here is assumed to have a power failure as described above.
- the data fed to remote terminal 13c by the one of the repeaters 22b is not diverted to the terminal 13c for processing, but rather remains in the loop and passes directly to repeaters 22a.
- a typical T1 bit stream is shown to include the superframe made up of twelve sequential time frames.
- "A" or "B” signaling information is sent in the sixth and twelfth frame of each superframe.
- "A" signaling bits typically used to indicate the status of a call (on-dash hook, off-dash hook, dialing, ringing, etc.)
- the "B" alarm signaling bits are sent.
- Each frame is here 125 microseconds long, having 24 channels or eight serial bit time slots (one time slot for each remote voice/data unit) and an extra bit, or the 193rd bit, called a framing bit.
- Each time slot includes a series of eight bits; all eight bits are used for voice/data information except for the time slots in the sixth and twelfth frames as described above.
- the eighth bit is used for B alarm signaling and, more particularly, the eighth bit of time slots 17-24 are used for the four pairs of alarm bit bits described above.
- FIG. 2B also shows the framing pattern for bit 193 for each frame of the superframe. This pattern of framing bit is generated in a manner to be described hereinafter in connection with FIG. 7 and is used to synchronize the T1 bit stream receivers and to indicate which frame is being transmitted.
- each channel or time slot is made up of eight bits except during the sixth and twelfth frame where only seven bits are used to transmit voice or data and the eighth bit contains either an A signaling bit or a B alarm signaling bit depending upon which frame is being transmitted. That is, during frame six and frame twelve, all channels have the eighth bit carrying signaling information, call status or alarm status, while during all other frames, all eight bits in each channel carry voice and data information. Note that only during frame six are A alarm signaling bits being transmitted, and only during frame twelve are B alarm signaling bits being transmitted during the eighth bit, and all B bits leaving the channel bank 12 (FIG. 1) are set to "1" as described above in connection with FIG. 1.
- the B alarm signaling bits which were all "1"s leaving the channel bank, contain the alarm information for each of the remote terminals 13a-13d (FIG. 1) as shown in FIG. 2C.
- the B alarm signaling bits and the time slots 1-16 are not used and hence are here set to "1"s.
- the eighth, B alarm signaling bits of channels 17 and 18 form the first pair of alarm bits and contain major and minor alarm status, respectively, from remote terminal 13a (FIG. 1).
- the eighth bits of channels 19 and 20 form the second pair of the B alarm signaling bits for the remote terminal 13b (FIG. 1);
- the eighth bits of channels 21 and 22 form the third pair of B alarm signaling bits for the remote terminal 13c (FIG. 1);
- the eighth bits of channels 23 and 24 form the fourth pair of B alarm signaling bits for remote terminal 13d (FIG. 1).
- the central office channel bank 12 is shown in detail.
- Such channel bank is of conventional design; however, here the bank 12 is provided with an alarm receiver 34 and will be described in detail hereinafter in connection with FIG. 4.
- voice from telephone switch 14, or data from data processor 15 (FIG. 1) is coupled to voice/data 24 units collectively designated by numeral 50 via bus 18.
- the central office channel bank 12 includes 24 voice/data units, here designated "unit 1" through "unit 24".
- the system 5 (FIG. 1) includes 24 voice/data units dispersed among the four remote terminals 13a-13d.
- each one of the remote terminals 13a-13d includes here six voice/data units to be described in detail in connection with FIG. 5.
- each one of the voice/data units 1 through 24 communicates with a corresponding one of the 24 voice/data units included in the remote terminals 13a-13d.
- voice/data unit 1 may, for example, communicate with one of the six voice/data units in remote terminal 13c).
- Each one of the voice/data units 50 is adapted to receive incoming information from bus 18 for digital transmission to its corresponding voice/data unit in one of the remote terminals 13a-13d, and multiplexes such information into the predetermined time slot corresponding to the voice/data unit in such remote terminal for transmission by T1 transmitter 52 via cable pair 21b.
- each frame includes 24 time slots or channels, one time slot or channel for each one of the 24 voice/data units dispersed among the four remote terminals 13a-13d.
- the 24 voice/data units 50 in central office bank 12 will be selected sequentially and thus will be transmitted via T1 transmitter in time slots 1 through 24.
- the sequencing may be in any desired order, said order being designated by the enable signals on lines 58 to the TS SEL terminals of the voice/data units 1-24 collectively designated by numeral 50.
- the voice/data units 50 also demultiplexes from the predetermined time slots digital information received by T1 receiver 53 for presentation back to the telephone switch 14 on data processor 15.
- each voice/data unit within the central office channel bank communicates with its corresponding voice/data unit in one of the remote terminals to enable a subscriber to correspond with data processor 15 or telephone switch 14 in the central office.
- the T1 receiver 53 is coupled to T1 receive cable pair 21a and receives an incoming T1 bit stream providing received information bit stream (RX INFO) (i.e., the internally generated, serial, eight bit word for each time slot including signaling); timing (RX TIMING) generated from the characteristics of the Tl serial bit stream and T1 receive cable pair 21a; and signaling (RX SIG) extracted from the eighth bit of each time slot in the sixth frame for presentation to voice/data units 50.
- RX INFO received information bit stream
- RX TIMING timing generated from the characteristics of the Tl serial bit stream and T1 receive cable pair 21a
- signaling RX SIG
- the T1 transmitter 52 transmits information (TX INFO) (i.e., the serial eight bits of each time slot including the eighth bit signaling (TX SIG), (A bits only) generated by the voice/data units 50 and forces all B bits, including the four pairs of B alarm signaling bits 28 (FIG. 1), to "1" for transmission over T1 send cable pair 21b.
- Alarm receiver 34 (to be described in detail in connection with FIG. 4) also accepts receive information (RX INFO) and timing (RX TIMING) from bus 51 to decode the B alarm signaling bits generated by the remote terminals 13a-13d (or from the central office for a remote terminal which has been by-passed) to provide major alarm and minor alarm summary signals on lines 36 and 37, respectively.
- a local alarm for the T1 receiver 53 (i.e., common group alarm) (CGA) becomes active when the T1 receiver loses synchronization with incoming T1 bit stream on T1 receive cable pair 21a. This alarm is sent to the alarm receiver 34 for indication that a major alarm has occured in the channel bank 12.
- CGA common group alarm
- Received information (RX INFO) from T1 receiver 53 (FIG. 3) is fed via bus 51 to demultiplexer 60 for decoding received B alarm signaling bits from RX INFO.
- the RX TIMING signals on bus 51 synchronize the demultiplexer 60 to receive the B alarm signaling bits from the time slots 17 to 24 during the twelfth frame (FIG. 2A) as described above.
- This alarm bit data from remote terminals 13a-13d (FIG. 1) is stored in demultiplexer 60.
- Demultiplexer 60 has four pairs of outputs: A M , A m ; B M , B m ; C M , C m ; and, D M , D m , as shown.
- signals are produced on these four pairs of terminals indicating the presence or absence of major and minor alarms in the remote terminals 13a-13d. More specifically, the terminals A M and A m indicate the presence of major and minor alarms, respectively, from remote terminal 13a. Signals on terminals B M and B m indicate major and minor alarms, respectively, from terminal 13b. Signals on terminals C M and C m indicate major and minor alarms, respectively, from remote terminal 13c.
- signals on terminals D M and D m indicate major and minor alarms, respectively, from remote terminals 13d.
- the signals on terminals A M through D m are fed to light emitting diodes 62 as indicated.
- a switch bank 66 coupled between terminals B M and D m and the light emitting diodes 62 is a switch bank 66.
- Such switch bank 66 includes six switches, as indicated, serially coupled between one of the terminals B M through D m and the corresponding light emitting diodes. This switch bank 66 is provided to enable system 5 (FIG. 1) to accommodate less than four remote terminals.
- switches in bank 66 are used to selectively disable major and minor alarm information stored in multiplexer 60 when they are to be ignored as when less than four remote terminals 13a-13d are used. In such case, the two switches corresponding to the major and minor alarms associated with the unused remote terminals 13b-13d would remain in the open position, so that erroneous major and minor alarms would not be detected.
- An OR gate 63 is used to drive relay 67 to provide a summary of major alarm conditions of the digital communication carrier system 5 (FIG. 1) via line 36.
- An OR gate 64 drives relay 68 to provide a summary of the minor alarms in system 5 on line 37.
- the local CGA signal from T1 receiver 53 enters ALARM RECEIVER 34 and couples such signal to OR gate 63 so that a major alarm is generated if T1 receiver 53 loses synchronization with the incoming T1 bit stream on T1 receive cable pair 21a (FIG. 3).
- each voice/data remote unit 70a-70f demultiplexes information for a subscriber from T1 bit stream data received by a conventional T1 receiver 72 from T1 receive cable pair 21' and multiplexes information from a subscriber for transmission by T1 transmitter 75 through T1 send cable pair 21" when enabled to do so by time slot decoder 73.
- each one of the six voice/data units 70a-70f has a corresponding voice/data unit in the central office and, more particularly, in the central office channel bank 12 (FIG.
- Time slot decoder 73 designates which time slot corresponds to each voice/data unit 70a-70f in remote terminal 13a. This correspondence is predetermined and stored in time slot decoder 73. When time slot decoder 73 determines that a time slot is occuring which corresponds to the particular one of the conventional voice/data units 70a-70f, that particular one of the units 70a-70f is enabled by the ENABLE input to that voice/data unit supplied by time slot decoder 73 as indicated. Additionally, a time slot loop (TS LOOP) signal is generated by the voice/data units 70a-70f in response to time slot decoder 73 which informs the T1 transmitter 75 that information in the active voice/data unit 70a-70f is to be transmitted in the instant time slot.
- TS LOOP time slot loop
- TS LOOP time slot loop
- the TS LOOP signal indicates to T1 transmitter 75 that voice/data units 70a-70f in remote terminal 13a (FIG. 5) corresponds to time slots 13, 5, 11, 20, 15 and 12, respectively.
- transmitter T1 will transmit information and signaling from the corresponding voice/data units 70a-70f. It is noted that such signaling information from such voice/ data units will be A bit signaling data only. B bit signaling data will be provided by T1 transmitter 75 from information fed thereto by the alarm module 77 in a manner to be described shortly.
- T1 transmitter 75 retransmits information received by T1 receiver 72. Therefore, only those channels which are designated for use by this remote terminal 13a (i.e., the channels corresponding to time slots 5, 11, 12, 13, 15 and 20) are used and all other time slots are passed through the remote terminal 13a unchanged.
- Alarm module 77 in the alarm module and transmitter 29a encodes predetermined alarms into major or minor alarms for presentation to remote T1 transmitter 75 via lines 100 and 101.
- Examples of potential major and minor alarms are: (1) Power unit alarms such as battery under and overvoltage, ringing voltage failure, AC power failure, and blown fuse; (2) external alarm inputs such as door ajar and overtemperature; and, (3) a carrier group alarm (CGA) from T1 receiver 72 to indicate if T1 receiver 72 is out of synchronization.
- CGA carrier group alarm
- the alarm module 77 (FIG. 5) is shown.
- Battery voltages are fed to an overvoltage test circuit 90 to determine if the battery voltage is too high, thereby indicating a battery charger failure alarm.
- Battery voltage is also fed to an undervoltage test circuit 91 to determine if the battery voltage is too low, thereby indicating a low voltage alarm.
- Power unit alarms are AC power alarm (A.C. ALARM), ringing voltage alarm (RING ALARM), and blown fuse alarm (FUSE ALARM).
- External alarms are door ajar, (DOOR ALARM) and temperature alarm (TEMP ALARM).
- by-pass relay 26a is shown in the operated or nonby-passed state. Therefore, a T1 bit stream entering remote terminal 13a via T1 cable pair 21' is processed by the remote terminal 13a and is then retransmitted by transmitter 75 out to cable pair 21' via operated by-pass relay 26. Therefore, referring briefly also to FIG. 1, the by-pass relay 26 is operated so that data on the serial transmission loop is diverted into remote terminal 13a and data in remote terminal 13a is again passed to the central office via such data loop. By-pass relay 26a remains in the operated (normal) state as shown by solenoid 80 being active.
- power unit 78 applies (typically +48 volts) to end 81 of solenoid 80 and the remaining end 83 is coupled to the carrier group alarm (CGA). With no CGA (CGA is "low") and power applied (a normal condition) to end 81, by-pass relay 26a remains activated. Should either: a CGA alarm exist (in which case end 83 goes "high”); or, power unit 78 fails, the solenoid 80 would be deactivated and by-pass relay 26 would become operated so that data in cable pair 21' by-passes remote terminal 13a (i.e., prevents diversion of data from the serial information loop 15 to the remote terminal) and passes directly (unmodified) to cable pair 21" without being diverted from the serial information loop 15.
- CGA carrier group alarm
- T1 transmitter 75 (FIG. 5) is shown in detail.
- a receive clock (RX CLK) having a frequency at the data rate (typically 1.544 MHz) and derived from incoming T1 bit stream fed thereby from T1 receiver 72 (FIG. 5), via bus 109 drives "times 2" frequency multiplier 110 which, in turn, drives counter 111.
- a transmit synchronization signal, TX SYNC also derived from T1 receiver 72 (FIG. 5), drives monopulser 113 (i.e., one shot multivibrator) to initialize (RESET) counter 111 at the start and middle of each superframe (FIG. 2A) as received by T1 receiver 72.
- Counter 111 drives ROM 114 which controls operation of T1 transmitter 75.
- a timing clock (T1 CLK) 112 produced by ROM 114 and synchronized with RX CLK, provides basic timing for all functions in the T1 transmitter 75.
- a pair of output lines 136, 137 from ROM 114 (TRANSMIT DATA SELECT), drive transmit data select multiplexer 115 to select for transmission either: (a) voice/data information at port 0 (i.e., bits 1 through 8 or bits 1 through 7 for the sixth and twelfth frames (FIG.
- transmit multiplexer 115 time multiplexers voice/data information; signaling information; and framing information in response to signals on lines 136 and 137.
- An outgoing bit stream for multiplexer 115 passes through OR gate 133 to a conventional unipolar to bipolar converter 135 for conversion from unipolar information (a "0" to approximately 0 volts while a “1” is some predetermined voltage, typically about 5 volts) to T1 format bipolar information (consecutive "1"s are pulses of opposite polarity and "0"s are an absence of pulses).
- Zero suppressor 116 enabled by an enable signal on lead 132 from ROM 114 inserts "1"s into the outgoing bit stream from multiplexer 115 using OR gate 133 when more than seven consecutive zeros have been transmitted.
- the internal voice/data information is fed to multiplexers 117a, 117b via TX DATA and the external voice/data information is fed thereto via RX DATA.
- Multiplexer 117b selects an internal "A” or "B” signaling source for transmission.
- "A” signaling from the internal voice/data units 70a-70f is fed to multiplexer 117b through OR gate 118 via TX A BIT.
- External A and B signaling is fed to multiplexers 117a, 117b via RX INFO.
- Internal B signaling bits are fed to multiplexer 117b to OR gate 118 via AND gates 119, 120.
- Both information/signaling loop-through multiplexers 117a, 117b are controlled by a signal on common select input S which is driven by loop-through control multiplexer 126.
- This multiplexer 126 having control line S', selects whether the signal on line TS LOOP or the signal from OR gate 128 will control multiplexers 117a, 117b.
- the S' input of multiplexer 126 is "low", causing the TS LOOP signal to control the S input of multiplexers 117a, 117b.
- Resistor 127 keeps TS LOOP signal low (a "0") while none of the internal voice/data units 70a-70f are active (FIG. 5).
- the TS LOOP is shown normally “0” and pulsing "high” during those time slots (time slots 5, 11-13, 15 and 20) when internal voice/data units 70a-70f (FIG. 5) are active.
- multiplexer 126 configured to pass TS LOOP signal to the TS input of multiplexers 117a, 117b when TS LOOP signal is a "0", port 0 is accessed and all external voice/data information and external "A" and "B” signaling is transmitted to multiplexer 115 for retransmission; however, if TS LOOP signal is a "1", then port 1 is accessed and internal voice/data information is passed from the voice/data units 70a-70f (FIG. 5) transmit data (TS DATA) and internally generated A signaling bits (TX A BIT) passes through OR gate 118 to multiplexer 115 for transmission.
- port 1 of multiplexer 126 is selected (i.e., when internally generated B bit alarm signaling is to be transmitted) a "1" on port 1 of multiplexer 126 will cause internally generated alarm information (major, minor) for the alarm module 75 (FIG. 5), via lines 100, 101 to be transmitted via port 1 of multiplexer 117b.
- a "0" on port 1 of multiplexer 126 will cause externally generated B bits in the received T1 bit stream RX INFO to be passed by port 0 of multiplexer 117b for transmission.
- Port 1 of multiplexer 126 is driven by OR gate 128 which is active only during those corresponding time slots in which major and minor alarm data from remote terminal 13a are assigned (slots 17, 18) as determined by the time slot assigners 122, 123 described below.
- the signal for the select input S' of multiplexer 126 is generated by AND gate 125.
- Output of AND gate 125 is a "1" when A/B BIT SEL signal is a "1" and signaling is to be transmitted by multiplexer 115, as indicated when line 136 is a "1".
- the A/B BIT SEL signal is shown corresponding to the frame number sequence wherein during frames 7 through 12, A/B BIT SEL signal is a "1".
- time slot assigners 122, 123 indicate when T1 transmitter 75 is transmitted in a predetermined time slot by a "1" on lines 139, 140, here time slots 17 and 18 (FIG. 2C) for remote terminal 13a.
- These predetermined time slot numbers are loaded into inputs 142, 143 on time slot indicators 122, 123, respectively. As shown in FIG. 2C, these predetermined time slots are used to send major and minor alarm information in the internal B bits for here terminal 13a.
- time slots are: 19, 20; 21, 22; and 23, 24, respectively.
- these time slot assigners 122, 123 are of the type CD 14417 manufactured by Motorola Semiconductor Products, Inc.
- time slot assigner 122 indicates that a predetermined time slot for major alarm transmission is occuring (here time slot 17)
- line 139 goes to "1" and AND gate 119 is enabled to convey major alarm status through OR gate 118 to multiplexer 117b for transmission.
- AND gate 120 is enabled at time slot 18 by a "1" on line 140 to convey minor alarm status to OR gate 118.
- time slot assigners 122, 123 When either time slot assigners 122, 123 indicate that a predetermined time slot is occuring, OR gate 128 is enabled so that multiplexer 117b is configured to access port 1 to transmit the major or minor alarm bit from OR gate 118. Note that major and minor alarm bits from remote unit 13a are transmitted only when A/B SEL signal is a "1", and signaling is to be transmitted by lead 136 being a "1" and either one of the time slot assigners 122, 123 indicates a predetermined time slot is occuring by leads 139, 140 being a "1". Time slot assigners 122, 123 are synchronized by a pulse into FRAME START input on each time slot assigner 122, 123.
- the FRAME START input is driven by a signal on line 137 from TRANSMIT DATA SELECT output from ROM 114.
- Line 137 is a "1" only when a framing bit (bit 193, FIG. 2A) is to be transmitted, i.e., multiplexer 115 is configured to access port 2.
- Time slot assigners 122, 123 count T1 clock pulses on line 112 to determine which time slot is occuring.
- the framing pattern 134 from exclusive OR gate 129 is a unique bit pattern used by the T1 receiver 72 to determine when the sixth and twelfth frame is occuring.
- the framing bit pattern 131 is generated by exclusive OR gate 129 taking shortened framing pattern 130 from ROM 114 and inverting it when A/B BIT signal is a "1", thereby forming correct framing pattern 131. Referring back to FIG. 2B, during frames 1 through 6, A/B bit signal is low, and during frames 7 through 12, A/B bit signal is high, and the framing pattern of bit 193 in frames 7 through 12 is the inverse of the framing pattern in frames 1 to 6.
- the framing pattern stored in ROM 114 need only be six bits long as indicated by bit pattern 130.
- the subsequent inversion of the framing pattern from ROM 114 to exclusive OR gate 129 is shown in the bit pattern 131 which is sent to multiplexer 115 port 2 for transmission of the framing bit (bit 193).
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
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- Time-Division Multiplex Systems (AREA)
- Small-Scale Networks (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims (17)
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US06/752,743 US4759009A (en) | 1985-07-08 | 1985-07-08 | Remote digital carrier alarm and terminal by-pass system |
CA000512878A CA1257718A (en) | 1985-07-08 | 1986-07-02 | Remote digital carrier alarm and terminal by-pass system |
JP61159526A JPS6215954A (en) | 1985-07-08 | 1986-07-07 | Remote digital carrier alarm and terminal bypass system |
KR1019860005505A KR870001714A (en) | 1985-07-08 | 1986-07-08 | Remote Digital Carrier Alert and Terminal By-pass System |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US06/752,743 US4759009A (en) | 1985-07-08 | 1985-07-08 | Remote digital carrier alarm and terminal by-pass system |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US4759009A true US4759009A (en) | 1988-07-19 |
Family
ID=25027634
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US06/752,743 Expired - Lifetime US4759009A (en) | 1985-07-08 | 1985-07-08 | Remote digital carrier alarm and terminal by-pass system |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US4759009A (en) |
JP (1) | JPS6215954A (en) |
KR (1) | KR870001714A (en) |
CA (1) | CA1257718A (en) |
Cited By (15)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4881220A (en) * | 1987-08-24 | 1989-11-14 | Toyoda Koki Kabushiki Kaisha | Multiplex communication system for sequence controllers |
US4933936A (en) * | 1987-08-17 | 1990-06-12 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration | Distributed computing system with dual independent communications paths between computers and employing split tokens |
US5263017A (en) * | 1989-03-20 | 1993-11-16 | Fujitsu Limited | Digital radio transmission system |
US5386416A (en) * | 1989-06-16 | 1995-01-31 | Alcatel N.V. | Repeater having a bypass circuit for passing time division multiplex signals along even though some time slots are not reinjected |
EP0652658A2 (en) * | 1993-11-08 | 1995-05-10 | Fujitsu Limited | Synchronous/asynchronous system having function of switching path upon fault |
US5440540A (en) * | 1992-03-26 | 1995-08-08 | Kremer; Wilhelm | Ring interworking between a bidirectional line-switched ring transmission system and another ring transmission system |
US5442620A (en) * | 1992-03-26 | 1995-08-15 | At&T Corp. | Apparatus and method for preventing communications circuit misconnections in a bidirectional line-switched ring transmission system |
US5453989A (en) * | 1992-03-19 | 1995-09-26 | Fujitsu Limited | Subscriber digital transmission system |
US5596568A (en) * | 1995-06-02 | 1997-01-21 | Mci Communications Corporation | Apparatus for protecting a telecommunications network from false alarm conditions due to T1 line signal interruption |
US6028837A (en) * | 1996-08-27 | 2000-02-22 | National Semiconductor Corporation | Ether ring architecture for local area networks |
US6091712A (en) * | 1994-12-23 | 2000-07-18 | Applied Digital Access, Inc. | Method and apparatus for storing and retrieving performance data collected by a network interface unit |
US6134234A (en) * | 1996-07-19 | 2000-10-17 | Nokia Telecommunications Oy | Master-slave synchronization |
US20040125045A1 (en) * | 2002-10-04 | 2004-07-01 | Byoung-Han Kim | Chained image display apparatus having mutual examining function |
US20090141640A1 (en) * | 2007-11-29 | 2009-06-04 | Adc Dsl Systems, Inc. | Port failure communication in cross-connect applications |
US20140247710A1 (en) * | 2013-03-03 | 2014-09-04 | Cisco Technology, Inc. | Proactive redirection of traffic during low voltage (brownout) condition and preferential treatment of high priority traffic |
Citations (5)
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US4046964A (en) * | 1976-06-24 | 1977-09-06 | Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated | Testing of digital systems |
US4320508A (en) * | 1979-04-06 | 1982-03-16 | Fuji Electric Co., Ltd. | Self-diagnosing, self-correcting communications network |
US4393492A (en) * | 1981-02-17 | 1983-07-12 | Reliance Electric Co. | Digital subscriber carrier system including drop terminals and bypass and loopback means and alarm indication means |
US4435704A (en) * | 1981-03-13 | 1984-03-06 | Hitachi, Ltd. | Loop transmission system |
JPS60137154A (en) * | 1983-12-26 | 1985-07-20 | Hitachi Ltd | Data transmission equipment |
-
1985
- 1985-07-08 US US06/752,743 patent/US4759009A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1986
- 1986-07-02 CA CA000512878A patent/CA1257718A/en not_active Expired
- 1986-07-07 JP JP61159526A patent/JPS6215954A/en active Pending
- 1986-07-08 KR KR1019860005505A patent/KR870001714A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US4046964A (en) * | 1976-06-24 | 1977-09-06 | Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated | Testing of digital systems |
US4320508A (en) * | 1979-04-06 | 1982-03-16 | Fuji Electric Co., Ltd. | Self-diagnosing, self-correcting communications network |
US4393492A (en) * | 1981-02-17 | 1983-07-12 | Reliance Electric Co. | Digital subscriber carrier system including drop terminals and bypass and loopback means and alarm indication means |
US4435704A (en) * | 1981-03-13 | 1984-03-06 | Hitachi, Ltd. | Loop transmission system |
JPS60137154A (en) * | 1983-12-26 | 1985-07-20 | Hitachi Ltd | Data transmission equipment |
Cited By (18)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4933936A (en) * | 1987-08-17 | 1990-06-12 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration | Distributed computing system with dual independent communications paths between computers and employing split tokens |
US4881220A (en) * | 1987-08-24 | 1989-11-14 | Toyoda Koki Kabushiki Kaisha | Multiplex communication system for sequence controllers |
US5263017A (en) * | 1989-03-20 | 1993-11-16 | Fujitsu Limited | Digital radio transmission system |
US5386416A (en) * | 1989-06-16 | 1995-01-31 | Alcatel N.V. | Repeater having a bypass circuit for passing time division multiplex signals along even though some time slots are not reinjected |
US5453989A (en) * | 1992-03-19 | 1995-09-26 | Fujitsu Limited | Subscriber digital transmission system |
US5440540A (en) * | 1992-03-26 | 1995-08-08 | Kremer; Wilhelm | Ring interworking between a bidirectional line-switched ring transmission system and another ring transmission system |
US5442620A (en) * | 1992-03-26 | 1995-08-15 | At&T Corp. | Apparatus and method for preventing communications circuit misconnections in a bidirectional line-switched ring transmission system |
EP0652658A3 (en) * | 1993-11-08 | 1996-10-09 | Fujitsu Ltd | Synchronous/asynchronous system having function of switching path upon fault. |
EP0652658A2 (en) * | 1993-11-08 | 1995-05-10 | Fujitsu Limited | Synchronous/asynchronous system having function of switching path upon fault |
US6091712A (en) * | 1994-12-23 | 2000-07-18 | Applied Digital Access, Inc. | Method and apparatus for storing and retrieving performance data collected by a network interface unit |
US5596568A (en) * | 1995-06-02 | 1997-01-21 | Mci Communications Corporation | Apparatus for protecting a telecommunications network from false alarm conditions due to T1 line signal interruption |
US6134234A (en) * | 1996-07-19 | 2000-10-17 | Nokia Telecommunications Oy | Master-slave synchronization |
US6028837A (en) * | 1996-08-27 | 2000-02-22 | National Semiconductor Corporation | Ether ring architecture for local area networks |
US20040125045A1 (en) * | 2002-10-04 | 2004-07-01 | Byoung-Han Kim | Chained image display apparatus having mutual examining function |
US7324068B2 (en) * | 2002-10-04 | 2008-01-29 | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. | Chained image display apparatus having mutual examining function |
US20090141640A1 (en) * | 2007-11-29 | 2009-06-04 | Adc Dsl Systems, Inc. | Port failure communication in cross-connect applications |
US8358584B2 (en) * | 2007-11-29 | 2013-01-22 | Adc Dsl Systems, Inc. | Port failure communication in cross-connect applications |
US20140247710A1 (en) * | 2013-03-03 | 2014-09-04 | Cisco Technology, Inc. | Proactive redirection of traffic during low voltage (brownout) condition and preferential treatment of high priority traffic |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
KR870001714A (en) | 1987-03-17 |
JPS6215954A (en) | 1987-01-24 |
CA1257718A (en) | 1989-07-18 |
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