US4724016A - Ion-implantation of zirconium and its alloys - Google Patents

Ion-implantation of zirconium and its alloys Download PDF

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US4724016A
US4724016A US06/777,645 US77764585A US4724016A US 4724016 A US4724016 A US 4724016A US 77764585 A US77764585 A US 77764585A US 4724016 A US4724016 A US 4724016A
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wear
zircaloy
ion
nitrogen
carbon
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Andrew J. Anthony
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Combustion Engineering Inc
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
    • C23C14/22—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the process of coating
    • C23C14/48—Ion implantation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
    • C22F3/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by special physical methods, e.g. treatment with neutrons
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S148/00—Metal treatment
    • Y10S148/90—Ion implanted

Definitions

  • the present invention is directed to a method for increasing the wear and corrosion resistance of zirconium and zirconium alloys by ion implantation.
  • the present invention is directed to the ion implantation of nitrogen and/or carbon for the purpose of increasing wear resistance; and the ion implantation of arsenic, carbon, chromium, nitrogen, tin, phosphorus or combinations thereof for the purpose of increasing corrosion resistance.
  • Zirconium alloys such as Zircaloy are frequently used in nuclear environments.
  • Zircaloy in particular has a desirable combination of properties for use in nuclear environments including a relatively low neutron cross section, good corrosion resistance during early stages of operation and elevated temperature stability.
  • the wear resistance of Zircaloy may be less than desirable for certain applications and the corrosion resistance, although characterized as good, may be erratic.
  • the corrosion resistance can be erratic.
  • Nitrogen and carbon are known to have a particularly adverse effect on the corrosion resistance. It is reported in the Metals Handbook, Volume 3, 9th edition, 1980, pages 784-791; and in Metallurgy of Zirconium, B. Lustman and F. Kerze Jr., 1955, McGraw-Hill, that nitrogen levels of greater than 40 ppm or carbon concentrations greater than about 300 ppm markedly decrease the corrosion resistance of zirconium alloys.
  • Ion implantation has been used extensively in semiconductor processing. More recently, metal and ceramic surfaces used in a variety of applications, including prosthetic devices used within the human body and tools, have been ion implanted to increase the wear resistance. The life of tool and die components used for drills, dies, injection molds, slitters, knives and mill rolls has been prolonged significantly by ion implantation of nitrogen. Nitrogen and carbon ion implantation of titanium, aluminum and vanadium alloys components has been shown to increase the wear resistance by a factor of 400 or more when compared to non-ion implanted components.
  • Still another object of the invention is to enhance both the corrosion resistance and the wear resistance of zirconium alloys.
  • the present invention is directed to the ion implantation of zirconium and its alloys for the purpose of improving the wear and corrosion resistance.
  • the present invention is directed to the ion implantation of Zircaloy with arsenic, carbon, chromium, nitrogen, phosphorus, tin or combinations thereof.
  • Nitrogen and carbon were found to be particularly effective in increasing the wear and corrosion resistance, while the other ions have been found to enhance the corrosion resistance.
  • the ion implantation of nitrogen has been shown to result in a factor of two improvement in the wear resistance of Zircaloy under a contact pressure of about 4,400 psi. Since the contact pressure for most applications in which Zircaloy is used is less than 500 psi, this data indicates that a wear reduction of ten or more would be expected from the ion implantation of nitrogen in Zircaloy.
  • This improvement could provide Zircaloy components with sufficient wear resistance to permit Zircaloy to be used in applications where grid to grid wear, anti-bow grid wear, grid to core shroud wear and possibly fuel rod fretting wear would be encountered.
  • the ion implantation of reactor guide tubes could eliminate the need for stainless steel sleeves to protect the guide tubes from control element assembly (CEA) wear.
  • the ion dosage be between about 10 7 ions/cm 2 and 10 18 ions/cm 2 and that the energy level of the ions be between about 5 keV and 200 keV.
  • FIG. 1 shows a nitrogen implanted Zircaloy-4 plate which was wear tested with a Zircaloy-4 pin as discussed above. The plate shows no visible wear tracks.
  • FIG. 2 shows a non-implanted Zircaloy-4 plate which was wear tested with a Zircaloy-4 pin as discussed above.
  • the plate shows visible wear tracks.
  • FIG. 3 shows a Zircaloy-4 plate which was implanted with a combination of chromium plus carbon and then wear tested with a Zircaloy-4 pin as discussed above. The plate shows no visible wear tracks.
  • FIG. 4 shows a chromium implanted Zircaloy-4 plate which was wear tested with a Zircaloy-4 pin. The plate shows visible wear tracks.
  • the present invention is directed to the ion implantation of zirconium and its alloys for the purpose of improving the wear and corrosion resistance.
  • Zircaloy is ion implanted with nitrogen and/or carbon to improve the wear resistance.
  • ion implantation of nitrogen has been shown to result in a factor of two improvement in the wear resistance of Zircaloy-4 when a contact pressure of about 4,400 psi is used. Since the contact pressure for most applications in which Zircaloy is used is less than 500 psi, a wear reduction factor of ten or more would be expected in most applications from the ion implantation of nitrogen in Zircaloy.
  • This improvement in wear resistance could provide Zircaloy with sufficient wear resistance to be used in applications where grid to grid wear, anti-bow grid wear, grid to core shroud wear and possibly fuel rod fretting wear would be encountered.
  • reactor guide tubes could eliminate the need for stainless steel sleeves to protect the guide tubes from control element assembly (CEA) wear.
  • CEA control element assembly
  • ion implantation of Zircaloy with nitrogen and carbon was found to enhance the corrosion resistance of the Zircaloy.
  • Zircaloy-4 is a zirconium alloy which contains by weight about 1.5% tin, 0.15% iron, ad 0.1% chromium. After ion implantation the samples were exposed to steam at 750° F. (399° C.) and 1500 psi (10.3 MPa) for three days and then visually inspected in accordance with the test procedure set forth in ASTM designation G2-81, "Standard Practice of Aqueous Corrosion Testing of Samples of Zirconium and Zirconium Alloys".
  • FIG. 1 shows a nitrogen implanted Zircaloy-4 plate which was wear tested with a Zircaloy-4 pin as discussed above. The plate shows no visible wear tracks.
  • FIG. 2 shows a non-implanted Zircaloy-4 plate which was wear tested with a Zircaloy-4 pin as discussed above.
  • the plate shows visible wear tracks.
  • FIG. 3 shows a Zircaloy-4 plate which was implanted with a combination of chromium plus carbon and then wear tested with a Zircaloy-4 pin as discussed above. The plate shows no visible wear tracks.
  • FIG. 4 shows a chromium implanted Zircaloy-4 plate which was wear tested with a Zircaloy-4 pin. The plate shows visible wear tracks.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
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Abstract

The present invention is directed to a method for increasing the wear and corrosion resistance of zirconium and zirconium alloys by ion implantation. In particular the present invention is directed to the ion implantation of nitrogen and/or carbon for the purpose of increasing wear resistance; and the ion implantation of arsenic, carbon, chromium, nitrogen, tin, phosphorus or combinations thereof for the purpose of increasing the corrosion resistance.

Description

DESCRIPTION
1. Field of Invention
The present invention is directed to a method for increasing the wear and corrosion resistance of zirconium and zirconium alloys by ion implantation. In particular the present invention is directed to the ion implantation of nitrogen and/or carbon for the purpose of increasing wear resistance; and the ion implantation of arsenic, carbon, chromium, nitrogen, tin, phosphorus or combinations thereof for the purpose of increasing corrosion resistance.
2. Background
Zirconium alloys such as Zircaloy are frequently used in nuclear environments. Zircaloy in particular has a desirable combination of properties for use in nuclear environments including a relatively low neutron cross section, good corrosion resistance during early stages of operation and elevated temperature stability. The wear resistance of Zircaloy, however, may be less than desirable for certain applications and the corrosion resistance, although characterized as good, may be erratic. When impurity levels of zirconium alloys are not controlled the corrosion resistance can be erratic. Nitrogen and carbon are known to have a particularly adverse effect on the corrosion resistance. It is reported in the Metals Handbook, Volume 3, 9th edition, 1980, pages 784-791; and in Metallurgy of Zirconium, B. Lustman and F. Kerze Jr., 1955, McGraw-Hill, that nitrogen levels of greater than 40 ppm or carbon concentrations greater than about 300 ppm markedly decrease the corrosion resistance of zirconium alloys.
Ion implantation has been used extensively in semiconductor processing. More recently, metal and ceramic surfaces used in a variety of applications, including prosthetic devices used within the human body and tools, have been ion implanted to increase the wear resistance. The life of tool and die components used for drills, dies, injection molds, slitters, knives and mill rolls has been prolonged significantly by ion implantation of nitrogen. Nitrogen and carbon ion implantation of titanium, aluminum and vanadium alloys components has been shown to increase the wear resistance by a factor of 400 or more when compared to non-ion implanted components.
Thus while carbon and nitrogen have been found effective in increasing the wear resistance of some alloys, carbon and nitrogen are known to be detrimental to the properties of zirconium and its alloys.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,664,825 although teaching the addition of carbon to zirconium alloys, limits the addition to less than 300 ppm.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,674,571 teaches nitriding the surfaces of zirconium alloys, however, the '571 patent requires that the alloy to be nitrided have additions of at least 10% of metals selected from the group molybdenum and tungsten, and a minimum of 15% of a metal selected from the group; columbium, tantalum and vanadium to develop a continuous nitride surface. A continuous surface would be necessary, but not sufficient, to provide a corrosion barrier. Thus, there is a need for a method of increasing both the corrosion and the wear resistance of zirconium alloys such as Zircaloy.
SUMMARY OF INVENTION
It is an object of this invention to provide a method of increasing the wear resistance of zirconium alloys while maintaining their corrosion resistance.
It is another object of this invention to improve the consistency of the corrosion behavior of zirconium alloys.
Still another object of the invention is to enhance both the corrosion resistance and the wear resistance of zirconium alloys.
The present invention is directed to the ion implantation of zirconium and its alloys for the purpose of improving the wear and corrosion resistance.
In particular, the present invention is directed to the ion implantation of Zircaloy with arsenic, carbon, chromium, nitrogen, phosphorus, tin or combinations thereof. Nitrogen and carbon were found to be particularly effective in increasing the wear and corrosion resistance, while the other ions have been found to enhance the corrosion resistance.
The ion implantation of nitrogen has been shown to result in a factor of two improvement in the wear resistance of Zircaloy under a contact pressure of about 4,400 psi. Since the contact pressure for most applications in which Zircaloy is used is less than 500 psi, this data indicates that a wear reduction of ten or more would be expected from the ion implantation of nitrogen in Zircaloy. This improvement could provide Zircaloy components with sufficient wear resistance to permit Zircaloy to be used in applications where grid to grid wear, anti-bow grid wear, grid to core shroud wear and possibly fuel rod fretting wear would be encountered. The ion implantation of reactor guide tubes could eliminate the need for stainless steel sleeves to protect the guide tubes from control element assembly (CEA) wear.
For ion implantation of zirconium alloys it is preferred that the ion dosage be between about 107 ions/cm2 and 1018 ions/cm2 and that the energy level of the ions be between about 5 keV and 200 keV.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
FIG. 1 shows a nitrogen implanted Zircaloy-4 plate which was wear tested with a Zircaloy-4 pin as discussed above. The plate shows no visible wear tracks.
FIG. 2 shows a non-implanted Zircaloy-4 plate which was wear tested with a Zircaloy-4 pin as discussed above. The plate shows visible wear tracks.
FIG. 3 shows a Zircaloy-4 plate which was implanted with a combination of chromium plus carbon and then wear tested with a Zircaloy-4 pin as discussed above. The plate shows no visible wear tracks.
FIG. 4 shows a chromium implanted Zircaloy-4 plate which was wear tested with a Zircaloy-4 pin. The plate shows visible wear tracks.
BEST MODE OF CARRYING THE INVENTION INTO PRACTICE
The present invention is directed to the ion implantation of zirconium and its alloys for the purpose of improving the wear and corrosion resistance. In one preferred embodiment Zircaloy is ion implanted with nitrogen and/or carbon to improve the wear resistance.
In accordance with the present invention ion implantation of nitrogen has been shown to result in a factor of two improvement in the wear resistance of Zircaloy-4 when a contact pressure of about 4,400 psi is used. Since the contact pressure for most applications in which Zircaloy is used is less than 500 psi, a wear reduction factor of ten or more would be expected in most applications from the ion implantation of nitrogen in Zircaloy. This improvement in wear resistance could provide Zircaloy with sufficient wear resistance to be used in applications where grid to grid wear, anti-bow grid wear, grid to core shroud wear and possibly fuel rod fretting wear would be encountered. The ion implantation of reactor guide tubes could eliminate the need for stainless steel sleeves to protect the guide tubes from control element assembly (CEA) wear. Furthermore ion implantation of Zircaloy with nitrogen and carbon was found to enhance the corrosion resistance of the Zircaloy.
In order to establish the effect of ion implantation on corrosion resistance a series of Zircaloy-4 samples were ion implanted as set forth in Table I. Zircaloy-4 is a zirconium alloy which contains by weight about 1.5% tin, 0.15% iron, ad 0.1% chromium. After ion implantation the samples were exposed to steam at 750° F. (399° C.) and 1500 psi (10.3 MPa) for three days and then visually inspected in accordance with the test procedure set forth in ASTM designation G2-81, "Standard Practice of Aqueous Corrosion Testing of Samples of Zirconium and Zirconium Alloys".
The improvement in corrosion resistance of Zircaloy-4 resulting from the ion implantation of tin, phosphorus, carbon, chromium, arsenic, nitrogen, and carbon plus chromium is shown in Table I.
              TABLE I                                                     
______________________________________                                    
                     Visual inspection of                                 
Ion implanted        Autoclave Corrosion                                  
______________________________________                                    
Tin - 2.5 × 10.sup.7 ion/cm.sup.2                                   
                     Black shiny                                          
@ 80 keV             Surface                                              
Phosphorus - 2.0 × 10.sup.7 ion/cm.sup.2                            
                     Black shiny                                          
@ 150 keV            Surface                                              
Carbon - 2.0 × 10.sup.7 ion/cm.sup.2                                
                     Black shiny                                          
@ 120 keV            Surface                                              
Arsenic - 1.5 × 10.sup.7 ion/cm.sup.2                               
                     Black shiny                                          
@ 150 keV            Surface                                              
Nitrogen - 2.0 × 10.sup.17 ion/cm.sup.2                             
                     Black shiny                                          
@ 120 keV            Surface                                              
Chromium - 2.0 × 10.sup.17 ion/cm.sup.2                             
                     Black shiny                                          
@ 100 keV            Surface                                              
Carbon plus Chromium -                                                    
                     Black shiny                                          
2.0 × 10.sup.17 ion/cm.sup.2                                        
                     Surface                                              
@ 100 keV for Chromium                                                    
2.0 × 10.sup.17 ion/cm.sup.2                                        
@ 50 keV for Carbon                                                       
______________________________________
In all cases in which Zircaloy-4 was ion implanted before being exposed to steam, exposure to steam darkened the surface and caused a shiny black surface deposit to form. However, when Zircaloy-4 which had not been ion implanted was exposed to steam a grey surface resulted. The shiny black surface is indicative of a protective layer, or passive reaction product which retards subsequent corrosion. The formation of a protective layer results in a parabolic corrosive rate and should minimize erratic corrosion behavior.
The black shiny surfaces developed on all the ion implanted surfaces including the samples implanted with carbon and nitrogen; elements which the prior art teaches are detrimental to the corrosion resistance of zirconium alloys. Table I shows that the range of effective ion dosages varied many orders of magnitude and that dosages between about 107 ions/cm2 and 1018 ions/cm2 were effective in promoting the corrosion resistance of Zircaloy-4.
In an effort to establish the wear resistance of ion implanted zirconium alloys, wear tests were conducted on Zircaloy-4 samples which had been ion implanted with nitrogen, chromium, and a combination of chromium and carbon. Prior to wear testing the implanted samples and a non-implanted set of samples were autoclaved in a simulated reactor environment to oxidize the surface to the finish that would be expected in the reactor. The ion-implanted samples showed marked resistance to oxide build-up during autoclaving. This was a further indication of the enhanced corrosion resistance resulting from ion implantation. After ion implantation and autoclaving the samples were wear tested on a pin to plate machine, similar to that described in WEAR, volume 77, [1982], pages 89-104, using Zircaloy-4 pins. All samples were tested under the same load conditions and wear cycle, this load and wear cycle was the load and wear cycle that had resulted in visual wear of the untreated Zircaloy sample. The wear tracks were photographed and the profiles measured using a profilometer. The ion implantation parameters for the samples which were wear tested are given in Table II.
              TABLE II                                                    
______________________________________                                    
IMPLANTATION PARAMETERS                                                   
SAMPLE  ION        DOSE           ENERGY                                  
______________________________________                                    
1       Nitrogen   2.0 × 10.sup.17 ion/cm.sup.2                     
                                  120 keV                                 
2       None                                                              
3 (dual)                                                                  
        Chromium   2.0 × 10.sup.17 ion/cm.sup.2                     
                                  100 keV                                 
        Carbon     2.0 × 10.sup.17 ion/cm.sup.2                     
                                   50 keV                                 
4       Chromium   2.0 × 10.sup.17 ion/cm.sup.2                     
                                  100 keV                                 
______________________________________
FIG. 1 shows a nitrogen implanted Zircaloy-4 plate which was wear tested with a Zircaloy-4 pin as discussed above. The plate shows no visible wear tracks.
FIG. 2 shows a non-implanted Zircaloy-4 plate which was wear tested with a Zircaloy-4 pin as discussed above. The plate shows visible wear tracks.
FIG. 3 shows a Zircaloy-4 plate which was implanted with a combination of chromium plus carbon and then wear tested with a Zircaloy-4 pin as discussed above. The plate shows no visible wear tracks.
FIG. 4 shows a chromium implanted Zircaloy-4 plate which was wear tested with a Zircaloy-4 pin. The plate shows visible wear tracks.
As can be seen from the results above the nitrogen, and chromium plus carbon implantation samples showed significantly improved wear resistance when compared to the non-implanted samples. Furthermore, these samples also exhibited an increase in hardness and a reduction in coefficient of friction. The increase in hardness and reduction in coefficient of friction were attributed to having caused the improvement in wear resistance.
While the novel features of this invention have been described in terms of preferred embodiments and particular applications, it will be appreciated that various omissions and substitutions in form and in detail of the present invention may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the invention.

Claims (5)

What I claim is:
1. A method for improving the corrosion resistance of zirconium alloy components, said zirconium alloy having less than 15% by weight additions of metals from the group consisting of columbium, tantalum and vanadium, by ion implantation of the surface of such components with ions of one or more elements from the group consisting of carbon and nitrogen.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein said ions are limited to nitrogen.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein said ions are limited to carbon.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the dosage of each of said ions is between 107 ions/cm2 and 1018 ions/cm2.
5. The method of claim 4 wherein the energy level of said ions is between 5 keV and 200 keV.
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Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5192618A (en) * 1991-04-26 1993-03-09 International Business Machines Corporation Corrosion protection by femn by ion implantation
US5227129A (en) * 1990-04-26 1993-07-13 Combustion Engineering, Inc. Method for applying corrosion resistant metallic coating of zirconium nitride
US5267289A (en) * 1992-09-25 1993-11-30 Combustion Engineering, Inc. Ion implantation of nuclear fuel assembly components using cathodic vacuum arc source
US5711780A (en) * 1992-06-08 1998-01-27 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Mold for molding optical element
US6098655A (en) * 1996-12-03 2000-08-08 Carolina Power & Light Company Alleviating sticking of normally closed valves in nuclear reactor plants
US6128361A (en) * 1996-03-26 2000-10-03 General Electric Company Coating for reducing corrosion of zirconium-based alloys induced by . .beta-particle irradiation
RU2298049C2 (en) * 2005-04-26 2007-04-27 Федеральное государственное унитарное предприятие "Институт реакторных материалов" Zirconium alloys treatment process
US20130251087A1 (en) * 2012-02-17 2013-09-26 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Surface modification of cladding material

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3150972A (en) * 1961-12-27 1964-09-29 Siemens Ag Zirconium alloy
US3205076A (en) * 1963-08-29 1965-09-07 Aaron E Wasserman Preparation of maple sirup from buddy sap
US3664825A (en) * 1969-02-21 1972-05-23 Sandvikens Jernverks Ab Method for manufacturing zirconium alloys and alloys manufactured according to the method
US3674571A (en) * 1970-03-04 1972-07-04 Surface Technology Corp Nitrided zirconium alloys
GB2125442A (en) * 1982-05-24 1984-03-07 Atomic Energy Authority Uk A procedure for the hardening of materials

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3150972A (en) * 1961-12-27 1964-09-29 Siemens Ag Zirconium alloy
US3205076A (en) * 1963-08-29 1965-09-07 Aaron E Wasserman Preparation of maple sirup from buddy sap
US3664825A (en) * 1969-02-21 1972-05-23 Sandvikens Jernverks Ab Method for manufacturing zirconium alloys and alloys manufactured according to the method
US3674571A (en) * 1970-03-04 1972-07-04 Surface Technology Corp Nitrided zirconium alloys
GB2125442A (en) * 1982-05-24 1984-03-07 Atomic Energy Authority Uk A procedure for the hardening of materials

Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5227129A (en) * 1990-04-26 1993-07-13 Combustion Engineering, Inc. Method for applying corrosion resistant metallic coating of zirconium nitride
US5192618A (en) * 1991-04-26 1993-03-09 International Business Machines Corporation Corrosion protection by femn by ion implantation
EP0510468A3 (en) * 1991-04-26 1994-03-02 Ibm
US5711780A (en) * 1992-06-08 1998-01-27 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Mold for molding optical element
US5855641A (en) * 1992-06-08 1999-01-05 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Mold for molding optical element
US5267289A (en) * 1992-09-25 1993-11-30 Combustion Engineering, Inc. Ion implantation of nuclear fuel assembly components using cathodic vacuum arc source
US6128361A (en) * 1996-03-26 2000-10-03 General Electric Company Coating for reducing corrosion of zirconium-based alloys induced by . .beta-particle irradiation
US6098655A (en) * 1996-12-03 2000-08-08 Carolina Power & Light Company Alleviating sticking of normally closed valves in nuclear reactor plants
RU2298049C2 (en) * 2005-04-26 2007-04-27 Федеральное государственное унитарное предприятие "Институт реакторных материалов" Zirconium alloys treatment process
US20130251087A1 (en) * 2012-02-17 2013-09-26 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Surface modification of cladding material

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