US4389858A - Heat engine - Google Patents
Heat engine Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US4389858A US4389858A US06/304,071 US30407181A US4389858A US 4389858 A US4389858 A US 4389858A US 30407181 A US30407181 A US 30407181A US 4389858 A US4389858 A US 4389858A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- heat
- refrigerant
- compressor
- fluid motor
- inlet
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
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Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02G—HOT GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT ENGINE PLANTS; USE OF WASTE HEAT OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F02G1/00—Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants
- F02G1/04—Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants of closed-cycle type
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
- F01K25/00—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for
- F01K25/08—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for using special vapours
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B11/00—Compression machines, plants or systems, using turbines, e.g. gas turbines
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02G—HOT GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT ENGINE PLANTS; USE OF WASTE HEAT OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F02G2275/00—Controls
- F02G2275/40—Controls for starting
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B2400/00—General features or devices for refrigeration machines, plants or systems, combined heating and refrigeration systems or heat-pump systems, i.e. not limited to a particular subgroup of F25B
- F25B2400/07—Details of compressors or related parts
- F25B2400/075—Details of compressors or related parts with parallel compressors
Definitions
- the invention involves two refrigerant cycles which are used in ambient heat-activated refrigeration systems and in engines which use ambient heat for their energy input.
- Refrigeration systems absorb ambient heat in the area of their evaporator and they release heat in the area of their condenser.
- Heat-activated refrigeration systems differ from vapor-compression refrigeration systems in that their compressors are driven by refrigerant turbines, or the like. Refrigerant heat to activate the turbine is wholly or partially obtained from an external source. Prior art recognizes that excess energy to the compressor could be used at a power take-off shaft.
- the invention consists of a heat-activated refrigeration system with an improved method of heat energy conversion.
- the method incorporates a regenerative refrigerant cycle and a heat exchanger in the system so as to retain most of the system's working fluid in its superheated gaseous state. This heat would otherwise be wasted by allowing the refrigerant to return to its liquid state at a condenser, or other condensing means.
- the heat pump subsystem absorbs ambient heat energy at the evaporator. This heat compensates for thermal losses at the regenerative refrigerant cycle as it is converted into shaft-work.
- the invention can serve either as an ambient heat-activated refrigeration system, or as a heat engine, depending upon the sizing of its components. It will hereafter be disclosed in its heat engine context.
- the engine is started by shutting off the by-pass valve between the high-pressure side and the low-pressure side of the system. Then, the starter compressor motor is started up to pressurize the engine. Forces acting within the fluid motor can then be converted into shaft-work. The engine is stopped by opening the by-pass valve and equalizing pressures throughout the engine.
- a capacity control slide valve in the compressor adjusts the engine speed by varying the amount of fluid which flows through the positive displacement fluid motor.
- the engine In very cold weather the engine is energized by routing heat to the evaporator from an auxiliary heat source.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the heat-activated refrigeration system showing the invention in a heat engine.
- FIG. 2 is a pressure-enthalpy diagram for a Freon refrigerant, showing the system's heat pump cycle.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram of the baseline enthalpy for a Freon refrigerant in the system's regenerative cycle.
- the heat engine includes a fluid compressor 11 with a suction line 12 and a discharge line 13.
- Discharge line 13 branches into lines 14a and 14b.
- Line 14a coupled to fluid motor 18.
- Line 14b couples through a restrictor 16 to heat exchanger inlet line 15.
- Fluid flow through motor 18 causes the rotation of shafts 19a and 19b.
- Compressor 11 is driven by shaft 19a while work is coupled from power take-off shaft 19b.
- the outlet port of motor 18 couples to the compressor suction port through lines 20a and 12.
- Capacity control slide valve 11a in compressor 11 is used to adjust the engine shaft speed.
- Refrigerant is circulated through the heat pump to absorb ambient heat. Refrigerant from the heat pump is mixed with superheated refrigerant coming from the fluid motor at the regenerative refrigerant cycle to compensate for enthalpy heat losses by the heat engine. Refrigerant flowing through the heat pump cools down to its liquid state in condenser 22. Any moisture is removed from the refrigerant by drier 23 before it collects in receiver 24.
- Thermostatic expansion valve 27 regulates the amount of liquid refrigerant flowing through evaporator 25 to meet changing load conditions. Ambient heat picked up at evaporator 25 causes the refrigerant to become superheated.
- Heat exchanger 26 increases the heat engine's efficiency by transferring heat from heat exchanger inlet 15 to compressor suction line 20a. Arrowheads show the direction of refrigerant flow in lines such as 31, 32, 33, 34 and 35.
- the heat engine stops when the engine pressures are equalized by opening by-pass valve 46.
- by-pass valve 46 is closed, shutting off high-pressure line 45 from low-pressure line 47.
- starter motor 41b drives starter compressor 41 until the pressure differential is reached and check valve 44 closes. Only the heat engine version of the invention has power take-off shaft 19b.
- FIGS. 2 and 3 are diagrams which show the two refrigerant cycles.
- Refrigerants like R-13B1 are marketed by the Du Pont Company under the trade-name of FREON.
- the term “Freon” will be used for the working fluid in the heat-activated refrigeration system and the heat engine.
- FIG. 2 shows the changes taking place in the Freon during a heat pump cycle by means of a pressure-enthalpy diagram.
- the Freon expands when it passes through expansion valve 27, as line 102 indicates.
- Line 103 indicates that heat is absorbed by Freon to state-point 104 at compressor suction line 12.
- the heat of compression is added to the Freon along line 105 until it reaches state-point 106 at the compressor discharge.
- the compressor discharge line branches so that some Freon goes to drive the fluid motor and the rest returns to the heat pump cycle. Some of the Freon's heat is converted to shaft-work as it passes through the fluid motor. Freon going to the heat pump cycle passes through a heat exchanger 26 which transfers most of its heat to the regenerative cycle before it liquifies in condenser 22 at state-point 101.
- FIG. 3 diagrams the baseline enthalpy for Freon in the regenerative refrigerant cycle. Heat is added from the heat pump cycle to compensate for enthalpy losses as Freon heat is converted to shaft-work. The Freon increases in enthalpy as it mixes with warmer Freon from the heat pump cycle. This Freon expands from state-point 108a to state-point 108b along line 109 in compressor suction lines 20a and 12. The Freon contracts from state-point 108b, along line 109, to state-point 108a. The contraction occurs in lines 13, 14a and 14b.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Sorption Type Refrigeration Machines (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims (9)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US06/304,071 US4389858A (en) | 1981-12-03 | 1981-12-03 | Heat engine |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US06/304,071 US4389858A (en) | 1981-12-03 | 1981-12-03 | Heat engine |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US4389858A true US4389858A (en) | 1983-06-28 |
Family
ID=23174939
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US06/304,071 Expired - Fee Related US4389858A (en) | 1981-12-03 | 1981-12-03 | Heat engine |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US4389858A (en) |
Cited By (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1992006281A2 (en) * | 1990-10-01 | 1992-04-16 | Felber, Josef | Process and devices for the free mutual conversion of heat and work and for the approximate exchange of the temperatures of two heat carriers by heat transfer |
WO2001011199A1 (en) * | 1999-08-06 | 2001-02-15 | Christian Grobbelaar | Fundaments and system for generating power and potable water |
WO2011007197A1 (en) * | 2009-07-15 | 2011-01-20 | Michael Kangwana | Lowgen low grade energy power generation system |
CN103930672A (en) * | 2011-11-16 | 2014-07-16 | 刘金阳 | Cold state engine for utilising air thermal energy to output work, refrigeration and water |
DE102013013734A1 (en) * | 2013-05-17 | 2014-11-20 | Richard Bethmann | heat pump system |
EP2847523A4 (en) * | 2012-04-24 | 2017-02-01 | Zero RPM, Inc | Apparatus and methods for vehicle idle management |
DE102006011380B4 (en) | 2005-03-12 | 2024-05-23 | iBOOOSTER Innovations GmbH | Heat engine |
Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2494120A (en) * | 1947-09-23 | 1950-01-10 | Phillips Petroleum Co | Expansion refrigeration system and method |
US2519010A (en) * | 1947-08-02 | 1950-08-15 | Philco Corp | Refrigeration system and method |
US3172270A (en) * | 1961-01-19 | 1965-03-09 | Peter Aurigemma | Refrigeration systems |
US3277658A (en) * | 1965-07-19 | 1966-10-11 | Carrier Corp | Refrigeration apparatus |
US3367125A (en) * | 1966-09-02 | 1968-02-06 | Carrier Corp | Refrigeration system |
US3934424A (en) * | 1973-12-07 | 1976-01-27 | Enserch Corporation | Refrigerant expander compressor |
-
1981
- 1981-12-03 US US06/304,071 patent/US4389858A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2519010A (en) * | 1947-08-02 | 1950-08-15 | Philco Corp | Refrigeration system and method |
US2494120A (en) * | 1947-09-23 | 1950-01-10 | Phillips Petroleum Co | Expansion refrigeration system and method |
US3172270A (en) * | 1961-01-19 | 1965-03-09 | Peter Aurigemma | Refrigeration systems |
US3277658A (en) * | 1965-07-19 | 1966-10-11 | Carrier Corp | Refrigeration apparatus |
US3367125A (en) * | 1966-09-02 | 1968-02-06 | Carrier Corp | Refrigeration system |
US3934424A (en) * | 1973-12-07 | 1976-01-27 | Enserch Corporation | Refrigerant expander compressor |
Cited By (13)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1992006281A3 (en) * | 1990-10-01 | 1992-09-03 | Felber Josef | Process and devices for the free mutual conversion of heat and work and for the approximate exchange of the temperatures of two heat carriers by heat transfer |
WO1992006281A2 (en) * | 1990-10-01 | 1992-04-16 | Felber, Josef | Process and devices for the free mutual conversion of heat and work and for the approximate exchange of the temperatures of two heat carriers by heat transfer |
WO2001011199A1 (en) * | 1999-08-06 | 2001-02-15 | Christian Grobbelaar | Fundaments and system for generating power and potable water |
US6598416B1 (en) | 1999-08-06 | 2003-07-29 | Christian Grobbelaar | Fundaments and system for generating power and portable water |
AU778907B2 (en) * | 1999-08-06 | 2004-12-23 | Christian Grobbelaar | Fundaments and system for generating power and potable water |
DE102006011380B4 (en) | 2005-03-12 | 2024-05-23 | iBOOOSTER Innovations GmbH | Heat engine |
WO2011007197A1 (en) * | 2009-07-15 | 2011-01-20 | Michael Kangwana | Lowgen low grade energy power generation system |
CN103930672A (en) * | 2011-11-16 | 2014-07-16 | 刘金阳 | Cold state engine for utilising air thermal energy to output work, refrigeration and water |
EP2780590A4 (en) * | 2011-11-16 | 2015-04-08 | Jason Lew | Cold state engine for utilising air thermal energy to output work, refrigeration and water |
CN103930672B (en) * | 2011-11-16 | 2017-03-29 | 刘金阳 | The cold engine of power, refrigeration, fresh water is exported using air heat energy |
EP2780590A1 (en) * | 2011-11-16 | 2014-09-24 | Jason Lew | Cold state engine for utilising air thermal energy to output work, refrigeration and water |
EP2847523A4 (en) * | 2012-04-24 | 2017-02-01 | Zero RPM, Inc | Apparatus and methods for vehicle idle management |
DE102013013734A1 (en) * | 2013-05-17 | 2014-11-20 | Richard Bethmann | heat pump system |
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