US4355225A - Instant-on radiant fuser - Google Patents

Instant-on radiant fuser Download PDF

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Publication number
US4355225A
US4355225A US06/248,136 US24813681A US4355225A US 4355225 A US4355225 A US 4355225A US 24813681 A US24813681 A US 24813681A US 4355225 A US4355225 A US 4355225A
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United States
Prior art keywords
housing
radiant
platen
instant
fuser
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Expired - Lifetime
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US06/248,136
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English (en)
Inventor
Dana G. Marsh
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Xerox Corp
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Xerox Corp
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Priority to US06/248,136 priority Critical patent/US4355225A/en
Assigned to XEROX CORPORATION, STAMFORD, CT, A CORP. OF reassignment XEROX CORPORATION, STAMFORD, CT, A CORP. OF ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: MARSH DANA G.
Priority to CA000393542A priority patent/CA1169477A/en
Priority to JP57028019A priority patent/JPS57163265A/ja
Priority to EP82301661A priority patent/EP0062998B1/en
Priority to DE8282301661T priority patent/DE3264011D1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US4355225A publication Critical patent/US4355225A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G15/00—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern
    • G03G15/20—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for fixing, e.g. by using heat
    • G03G15/2003—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for fixing, e.g. by using heat using heat
    • G03G15/2007—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for fixing, e.g. by using heat using heat using radiant heat, e.g. infrared lamps, microwave heaters

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a novel radiant fuser apparatus, and more particularly to an instant-on radiant fuser apparatus which requires no standby power or heating device.
  • a light image of an original document to be copied is recorded in the form of a latent electrostatic image upon a photosensitive member, and the latent image is subsequently rendered visible by the application of electroscopic particles, which are commonly referred to as toner.
  • the physical toner image is then in a loose powdered form and it can be easily disturbed or destroyed.
  • the toner image is usually fixed or fused upon a support, which may be the photosensitive member itself or another support such as a sheet of plain paper.
  • the present invention relates to the fusing of the toner image upon a support.
  • the latent electrostatic image may be formed by means other than by the exposure of an electrostatically charged photosensitive member to a light image of an original document.
  • the latent electrostatic image may be generated from information electronically stored or generated, and the digital information may be converted to alphanumeric images by image generation electronics and optics.
  • image generation electronic devices and optic devices form no part of the present invention.
  • thermal energy for fixing toner images onto a support member
  • thermal fusing of electroscopic toner images have been described in the prior art. These methods include providing the application of heat and pressure substantially concurrently by various means: a roll pair maintained in pressure contact; a flat or curved plate member in pressure contact with a roll; a belt member in pressure contact with a roll; and the like. Heat may be applied by heating one or both of the rolls, plate members or belt members. The fusing of the toner particles takes place when the proper combination of heat, pressure and contact time are provided. In these contact fusing processes, it is important to insure that substantially no offset of the toner particles from the support to the fuser member takes place.
  • radiant fusing differs from flash fusing, inter alia, in that in radiant fusing the radiant energy source, typically an infrared quartz lamp, is turned on during the entire fusing step, rather than pulsed on for a short period of time as in flash fusing.
  • radiant fuser apparatus are shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,898,424 and 3,953,709. Such prior art radiant fusers are generally made of relatively heavy metallic construction which requires the constant use of a heating element to maintain the apparatus at standby temperature.
  • an instant-on radiant fuser apparatus which is made of a reflector housing, a low mass reflector thermally spaced from the housing, with the housing and the reflector together forming a conduit for the passage of a cooling medium therein such as air, a low mass platen spaced from the reflector and a platen housing, with the platen and its housing together forming another conduit for the passage of a cooling medium therein, and a source of radiant energy positioned adjacent the reflector and between the reflector and the platen, so that a toner image bearing sheet may be passed between the platen and the source of radiant energy to thereby fuse the toner image onto the substrate.
  • the low mass reflector and the low mass platen are both constructed so that they will achieve operating temperatures from an ambient start during the time period from the initiation of the copying cycle to the time when the toner image bearing substrate reaches the fuser apparatus.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a copying machine in which the instant-on radiant fuser apparatus of the present invention may be used;
  • FIG. 2 represents a cross-sectional view of the instant-on radiant fuser apparatus of the present invention
  • FIG. 3 illustrates one face of an end block member for mounting the components of the instant-on radiant fuser apparatus thereon;
  • FIG. 4 illustrates the end block member of FIG. 3, on its reverse side.
  • the present instant-on radiant fuser apparatus is most useful in an electrostatographic copying machine, particularly in an inexpensive and small copying machine, it will be appreciated by one skilled in the art that the apparatus of the present invention may be used in other applications where substantially instant-on capability for heating an image-bearing substrate is advantageous.
  • an electrostatographic copying machine is schematically illustrated.
  • an imaging surface is provided by a drum-like member 10, which is coated with a photoconductive insulating material.
  • drum 10 is rotated about a shaft 11 in a clockwise direction as indicated by the arrow.
  • the various processing steps in the electrostatographic copying operation are then carried out at stations located around the periphery of drum 10.
  • a brush-like member 12 is rotated and in contact with the surface of drum 10 to clean the surface in preparation for copying thereon.
  • the surface of the drum is uniformly charged with an electrostatic charge, for example, by a corona discharge device 13.
  • the rotation of the drum brings the charged portion of the drum surface to station C, where it is exposed to a light image of the original document to be copied.
  • the electrostatic latent image formed at station C advances to station D, where the latent image is developed or rendered visible by the application of toner particles.
  • the developed image on the surface of the drum 10 then advances to station E, where the image is transferred to a sheet of paper or other substrate 14. Thereafter, the surface of the drum 10 advances to station A, where it is cleansed of residual toner particles for repeating the copying cycle.
  • a supply of paper 15 is available at the feed station F and individually fed through roller pairs 16 and paper guides 17 to station E.
  • the toner image is transferred to paper 14, it is transported by transport means 18 to fusing station G, where the toner image is fused into the paper substrate. After the fusing process, the paper 14 is advanced through roller pairs 19 to a catch tray 20.
  • the foregoing description describes generally the operations of one embodiment of the known electrostatographic copying process. It is known to those skilled in the art. The present invention is concerned with the fusing apparatus employed at station G.
  • FIG. 2 A preferred embodiment of the instant-on radiant fuser apparatus of the present invention is illustrated in FIG. 2, in a cross-sectional view.
  • the paper 14 bearing the toner on its upper surface is seen passing through the fuser apparatus.
  • the portion of the fuser apparatus above paper 14 is made of a housing 21, a reflector means 22, and a source of radiant energy 23.
  • the portion of the fuser apparatus below paper 14 is made of a platen 24 and platen housing 28.
  • Housings 21 and 28 are essentially in the shape of a channel. They may be made of any material but I prefer to make them with relatively thin gauge aluminum, for example, 0.032 inch thick aluminum.
  • housings 21 and 28 When aluminum or other thermally conductive material is used in making housings 21 and 28, the housings should be thermally spaced from the reflector means 22 and platen 24, respectively.
  • FIG. 2 the two end legs of the channel comprising housing 21 are shown to terminate before they reach reflector means 22.
  • housing 21 and reflector means 22 are thermally spaced by a thin layer of air.
  • reflector means 22 may be thermally spaced from housing 21 by means of a thin coating of asbestos or other thermally insulating material on end surfaces 25 and 26.
  • the ends of housing 28 also may be insulated from platen 24 to enable the platen to be rapidly warmed up from ambient temperature.
  • the thermal spacing between reflector means 22 and the housing 21, and between platen 24 and housing 28 is one element of the present invention enabling the instant radiant fuser apparatus to require no standby power and yet be substantially instantly available for fusing. This will be further described below.
  • the reflector means 22 must be made of a very low mass reflector material.
  • An example of a suitable material for reflector means 22 is a 0.008-0.012 inch thick (8-12 mils) specular aluminum. Another satisfactory material is 0.002-0.004 inch thick specular stainless steel.
  • the low mass nature of the reflector means is an important aspect of the present invention.
  • the major components of the radiant fuser must attain their operating temperatures, from an ambient start, in the few seconds between the time an operator activates the "Start" button and the point when the toner image arrives at the fusing station. In a desk-top copier, this period may be, for example 3-5 seconds. Since in a radiant fuser the reflector typically provides between one fourth to one half of the total heating energy needed for fusing, it is important that the reflector substantially achieves its operating temperature in about 4 seconds or so.
  • a very low mass reflector as disclosed herein, and thermally spaced from the relatively higher mass lower temperature housing, can be heated from an ambient temperature of say 65° F. to an operating temperature in excess of 400° F. in about 4 seconds, with the use of only the normal heating lamp for the radiant fuser--that is, without the use of auxiliary heating means.
  • the source of radiant energy 23 may be an infrared heater such as a quartz lamp. I have found that a lamp having a power between 400 to 800 watts would give adequate fusing in the instant-on radiant fuser apparatus of the present invention, depending on the speed of advancement of the paper 14 through the fuser apparatus.
  • a shield for the quartz lamp, such as a quartz shield 27, may be provided to shield the lamp and the reflector means from the paper, debris and other machine impurities.
  • a quartz shield is substantially transparent to the infrared radiation and it is known to those skilled in this art. For example, I prefer to use a quartz shield 0.050 inch in thickness.
  • the platen 24 is intended to support and guide the paper 14 through the fuser apparatus. Unlike certain prior fuser devices, the present instant-on radiant fuser apparatus does not depend on platen 24 to provide a portion of the thermal energy to paper 14 in order to fuse the toner image thereon. Thus, platen 24 should be so constructed that it can be warmed by lamp 23 in the 3-5 seconds that are available between the time when an operator pushes the Start button on the copying machine and the time when paper or substrate 14 enters the fuser apparatus. During that period of time, platen 24 should be warmed or heated by lamp 23 to a temperature somewhat above the temperature of paper 14 in the fuser apparatus.
  • quartz lamp 23 of about 450 watts power
  • platen 24 will reach a temperature of about 300° F.
  • the reflector means 22 will be above 400° F.
  • These temperatures are all subject to a fairly wide range, for example, ⁇ 30° F. or more.
  • platen 24 out of thin gauge aluminum, for example 0.008-0.012 inch thick aluminum.
  • the side of the platen 24 facing the quartz lamp 23 should be covered with an energy absorbing material, such as a dark colored high temperature paint, to maximize the absorption of thermal energy.
  • an energy absorbing material such as a dark colored high temperature paint.
  • a pigmented, highly crosslinked polysiloxane marketed by the Dow Corning Company under its trademark Vestar is very suitable for this purpose.
  • Another example of useful platen is one made of dyed or anodized aluminum.
  • the instant-on radiant fuser apparatus of the present invention Since the first sheet of paper 14 will reach the fuser apparatus in about 4 seconds after an operator has activated the Start button on the copying machine, the instant-on radiant fuser apparatus of the present invention must attain its operating temperatures during those few seconds.
  • an extremely low mass reflector means 22 the heat absorbing low mass platen 24, the thermal spacing between the reflector means 22 and the housing 21, and the thermal spacing between the low mass platen 24 and the platen housing 28, the instant-on radiant fuser apparatus of the present invention is able to achieve the operating temperatures in those few seconds. It is very important for the reflector means 22 and platen 24 to attain their operating temperatures by the time the first copy arrives at the fuser apparatus.
  • the temperature of the reflector means 22 must be controlled so that the quartz lamp 23 will not damage the reflector means 22. This is accomplished by circulating cooling air in the conduit formed by the housing 21 and reflector means 22. Similarly, cooling air is provided to platen 24 through the conduit formed by platen 24 and housing 28, to control the temperature of the platen within acceptable limits. For maximum effectiveness, the cooling air should be of a volume to create turbulent flow conditions in the conduits.
  • FIGS. 3 and 4 illustrate one method for mounting the components of the instant-on radiant fuser apparatus of the present invention. These components may be mounted between a pair of end blocks, one of which is shown in FIG. 3.
  • the end block means 29 is shown to have three lugs 30 which are seated in slots on housing 21.
  • This embodiment of housing 21 has two downwardly extending portions 31 to accommodate two of the lugs 30.
  • a spring plate 32 fastened to end block means 29 by fastening means 33, serves the dual function of retaining the quartz lamp 23 in the opening 34 as well as to provide electrical connection to the quartz lamp 23.
  • Spring plate 32 is connected to a source of power (not shown). It will be appreciated that spring plate 32 may be bent slightly to permit the removal or replacement of quartz lamp 23 without having to take apart the fuser assembly.
  • FIG. 4 the other side of the end block means 29 is illustrated.
  • An opening 34 in end block means 29 is provided for the passage of the quartz lamps 23.
  • Groove 36 in the end block means 29 is provided for the seating of the reflector means 22 and quartz shield 27 therein.
  • a reference surface 37 in the end block 29, below the center lug 30, is provided to cooperate with groove 36 for the seating of reflector 22.
  • the platen 24 and platen housing 28 are detachably mounted on holding means (not shown) in the copying machine, not directly connected to upper fuser assembly mounted on the end block means 29. In this manner, when the upper fuser assembly is removed from the copying machine, the platen and its housing are exposed for easy servicing or replacement.
  • the modular nature of the upper fuser assembly comprising the end block means and components attached or seated therein, and of the platen assembly contributes to the very low manufacturing and maintenance costs of the instant-on radiant fuser of the present invention.
  • An opening 38 is provided in end block means 29 to permit communication between the conduit formed by the platen 24 and platen housing 29 and the source of cooling air.
  • a datum surface 39 is provided on the end block means to insure the proper alignment of the platen assembly with respect to the upper fuser assembly.
  • the end block means 29 may be made of any heat resistant material, such as ceramic material. I have found that a high temperature resistant polyphenylene sulfide resin marketed by the Phillips Petroleum Company under its trademark Ryton is suitable for this purpose.
  • the present radiant fuser can be easily detached as a unit and further opened up by disconnecting housing 21 from end block 29 by plying the lugs 30 out of the slots in which they are seated. In this manner, the components of the radiant fuser may be easily serviced or replaced.
  • FIGS. 2-4 An instant-on radiant fuser assembly essentially as shown in FIGS. 2-4 was constructed with 12 mil specular aluminum for the reflector housing and the reflector.
  • the platen or base plate was made with 8 mil black anodized aluminum.
  • the platen housing was made with 12 mil specular aluminum.
  • the fuser assembly was mounted in a Xerox 2600 (a trademark of Xerox Corporation) machine modified to accept the fuser assembly.
  • a 650 watt quartz fuser lamp operated at 450 watt power was used as the radiant energy source.
  • the lamp and the fan for circulating cooling air were turned on at the same time as when the copying cycle was initiated.
  • the base plate reached a temperature of about 300° F. when the first copy entered the fuser assembly.
  • Cooling air from the fan was circulated through the chamber formed by the housing and the reflector at a rate of about 7 cubic feet per minute (CFM), which resulted in turbulent flow conditions.
  • cooling air was circulated through the chamber formed by platen 24 and housing 28 at a rate of about 5 CFM.
  • the reflector was thus maintained at about 400° F. while the base plate or platen was maintained at about 300° F., with both of these temperatures within a range of ⁇ 30° F.
  • a 60 mil quartz shield was provided to shield the lamp from the paper and debris. It was found that during the passage of the copy paper through the fuser assembly, the base plate temperature dropped about 10° F. but, with a spacing of a little over 3 inches between copies going through the fuser assembly, the base plate recovered to its initial temperature.
  • the instant-on radiant fuser disclosed herein is capable of furnishing the first fused copy in about 10 seconds.
  • the present radiant fuser is extremely economical to construct and to operate. Thus, no temperature sensing means, which are extensively used in prior art fusing devices, are required. In the specific embodiment disclosed above, the cooling air flow was initiated at about the same time as when the fuser lamp was turned on. There is also no need for a standby heating device to maintain the fuser at an elevated temperature. For safety, a fusible link may be provided which will shut down the entire machine when the temperature in the fuser assembly, through accident or other machine malfunction, becomes too high.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Fixing For Electrophotography (AREA)
  • Surface Heating Bodies (AREA)
US06/248,136 1981-03-30 1981-03-30 Instant-on radiant fuser Expired - Lifetime US4355225A (en)

Priority Applications (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US06/248,136 US4355225A (en) 1981-03-30 1981-03-30 Instant-on radiant fuser
CA000393542A CA1169477A (en) 1981-03-30 1982-01-04 Instant-on radiant fuser
JP57028019A JPS57163265A (en) 1981-03-30 1982-02-23 Instantaneously actuating radiation fixing apparatus
EP82301661A EP0062998B1 (en) 1981-03-30 1982-03-30 Radiant fuser
DE8282301661T DE3264011D1 (en) 1981-03-30 1982-03-30 Radiant fuser

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US06/248,136 US4355225A (en) 1981-03-30 1981-03-30 Instant-on radiant fuser

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US4355225A true US4355225A (en) 1982-10-19

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US (1) US4355225A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
EP (1) EP0062998B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
JP (1) JPS57163265A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
CA (1) CA1169477A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (1) DE3264011D1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (17)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4525057A (en) * 1981-09-12 1985-06-25 Develop Dr. Eisbein Gmbh & Co. Guide path for transfer of sheets to a fixing apparatus of a copying machine
US4634257A (en) * 1981-09-04 1987-01-06 Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd. Electrostatic printing method
US4778980A (en) * 1986-10-06 1988-10-18 Xerox Corporation Instant-on fuser control
US4905036A (en) * 1986-10-29 1990-02-27 Brother Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Image forming process and system, including heating step or device for increased density of images
US5526108A (en) * 1993-06-18 1996-06-11 Xeikon Nv Electrostatographic printer with image-fixing station
US5602635A (en) * 1996-01-11 1997-02-11 Xerox Corporation Rapid wake up fuser
US5700994A (en) * 1996-04-01 1997-12-23 Xerox Corporation Apparatus and fuser control method for reducing power star fuser recovery time
US6114669A (en) * 1997-06-25 2000-09-05 Oce-Technologies B.V. Apparatus for controlling the power supply to a load in a reproduction apparatus, more particularly to a fixing unit
US6304740B1 (en) 2000-02-10 2001-10-16 Nexpress Solutions Llc Externally heated external hearted rollers
US6559421B1 (en) * 1999-10-29 2003-05-06 Ricoh Company, Ltd. Image forming apparatus and fixing device therefor
US6665516B2 (en) * 2000-12-22 2003-12-16 Nexpress Solutions Llc Fixation device for fixation of toner material
US6697589B1 (en) 2001-03-12 2004-02-24 Lexmark International, Inc. Fuser latch system
US20070085890A1 (en) * 2003-03-12 2007-04-19 Konica Minolta Holdings, Inc. Image forming apparatus having a plurality of printing heads
US7228082B1 (en) 2006-08-24 2007-06-05 Xerox Corporation Belt fuser having a multi-tap heating element
US20070239616A1 (en) * 2006-04-11 2007-10-11 Walline Erin K Identifying and labeling licensed content in an embedded partition
US20110236093A1 (en) * 2010-03-25 2011-09-29 Hurst James H Safe radiant toner heating apparatus with membrane
US20150029280A1 (en) * 2013-07-29 2015-01-29 Seiko Epson Corporation Recording apparatus

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE29823683U1 (de) * 1998-10-09 1999-09-30 IndustrieSerVis Gesellschaft für Innovation, Technologie-Transfer und Consulting für thermische Prozeßanlagen mbH, 83052 Bruckmühl Farbauftragsfixierung
DE19857044C2 (de) * 1998-10-09 2002-09-19 Advanced Photonics Tech Ag Farbauftragsfixierung

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US3795033A (en) * 1969-10-17 1974-03-05 Minnesota Mining & Mfg Fixing process
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US4121888A (en) * 1976-06-29 1978-10-24 Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha Toner image-fixing device

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US3987757A (en) * 1974-11-18 1976-10-26 Xerox Corporation Paper handling improvements in radiant fuser via corrugation of paper
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US3280717A (en) * 1962-05-25 1966-10-25 Hall Harding Ltd Photographic developing machines
US3795033A (en) * 1969-10-17 1974-03-05 Minnesota Mining & Mfg Fixing process
US3874892A (en) * 1971-01-06 1975-04-01 Xerox Corp Electrostatographic fusing process employing replaceable liner
US3766644A (en) * 1972-09-15 1973-10-23 Radiant Devices Inc Method of making an electric radiant heating panel
US3848305A (en) * 1972-12-26 1974-11-19 Ibm Roll for contact fusing thermoplastic particles to substrates
US3809854A (en) * 1973-03-22 1974-05-07 Minnesota Mining & Mfg Electrically conductive fuser blanket
US3945726A (en) * 1973-09-17 1976-03-23 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Electrophotographic fixing device
US3898424A (en) * 1974-02-25 1975-08-05 Xerox Corp Radiant fuser for xerographic reproducing apparatus
US3953709A (en) * 1974-02-25 1976-04-27 Xerox Corporation Two source radiant fuser for xerographic reproducing apparatus
US4059394A (en) * 1974-09-05 1977-11-22 Ricoh Co., Ltd. Heat fixing apparatus for use in a wet electrophotographic copying machine
US4078286A (en) * 1976-03-15 1978-03-14 Rank Xerox Ltd. Heat fixing roll for electrophotographic duplicators
US4121888A (en) * 1976-06-29 1978-10-24 Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha Toner image-fixing device
US4064313A (en) * 1976-12-17 1977-12-20 Rank Xerox Ltd. Heat fixing member for electrophotographic copiers

Cited By (23)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4634257A (en) * 1981-09-04 1987-01-06 Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd. Electrostatic printing method
US4525057A (en) * 1981-09-12 1985-06-25 Develop Dr. Eisbein Gmbh & Co. Guide path for transfer of sheets to a fixing apparatus of a copying machine
US4778980A (en) * 1986-10-06 1988-10-18 Xerox Corporation Instant-on fuser control
US4905036A (en) * 1986-10-29 1990-02-27 Brother Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Image forming process and system, including heating step or device for increased density of images
US5526108A (en) * 1993-06-18 1996-06-11 Xeikon Nv Electrostatographic printer with image-fixing station
US5602635A (en) * 1996-01-11 1997-02-11 Xerox Corporation Rapid wake up fuser
US5700994A (en) * 1996-04-01 1997-12-23 Xerox Corporation Apparatus and fuser control method for reducing power star fuser recovery time
US6114669A (en) * 1997-06-25 2000-09-05 Oce-Technologies B.V. Apparatus for controlling the power supply to a load in a reproduction apparatus, more particularly to a fixing unit
US6559421B1 (en) * 1999-10-29 2003-05-06 Ricoh Company, Ltd. Image forming apparatus and fixing device therefor
US6304740B1 (en) 2000-02-10 2001-10-16 Nexpress Solutions Llc Externally heated external hearted rollers
US6665516B2 (en) * 2000-12-22 2003-12-16 Nexpress Solutions Llc Fixation device for fixation of toner material
US6697589B1 (en) 2001-03-12 2004-02-24 Lexmark International, Inc. Fuser latch system
US20070085890A1 (en) * 2003-03-12 2007-04-19 Konica Minolta Holdings, Inc. Image forming apparatus having a plurality of printing heads
US7490931B2 (en) * 2003-03-12 2009-02-17 Konica Minolta Holdings, Inc. Image forming apparatus having a plurality of printing heads
US20070239616A1 (en) * 2006-04-11 2007-10-11 Walline Erin K Identifying and labeling licensed content in an embedded partition
US8463709B2 (en) * 2006-04-11 2013-06-11 Dell Products L.P. Identifying and labeling licensed content in an embedded partition
US7228082B1 (en) 2006-08-24 2007-06-05 Xerox Corporation Belt fuser having a multi-tap heating element
US20110236093A1 (en) * 2010-03-25 2011-09-29 Hurst James H Safe radiant toner heating apparatus with membrane
US8422930B2 (en) 2010-03-25 2013-04-16 Eastman Kodak Company Safe radiant toner heating apparatus with membrane
US20150029280A1 (en) * 2013-07-29 2015-01-29 Seiko Epson Corporation Recording apparatus
CN104339880A (zh) * 2013-07-29 2015-02-11 精工爱普生株式会社 记录装置
US9446605B2 (en) * 2013-07-29 2016-09-20 Seiko Epson Corporation Recording apparatus
CN104339880B (zh) * 2013-07-29 2018-05-08 精工爱普生株式会社 记录装置

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CA1169477A (en) 1984-06-19
JPS57163265A (en) 1982-10-07
JPH0141988B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1989-09-08
EP0062998A1 (en) 1982-10-20
EP0062998B1 (en) 1985-06-05

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