US412882A - g-ardie - Google Patents

Description

(No Model.) 6 Sheets-Sheet l. C. F. L. GARDIB.

THERMIG MOTOR. No. 412,882. Patented Oct. 15, 1889.

mhnwm (81 N, Pneus Phmmmmgupmr. wumngm o. c,

(No Model.) 1 6 sheets-sheetJ 2. C. P. L. GARDIE.

THBRMIG MOTOR.

No. 412,882.` Patented Oct. 15, 1889.

N4 Firmas. Phnxmumngmpnm waxmngwn. ne

(No Model.) 6 Sheets-Sheet 3. C. F. L. GARDIE.

THERMIG MOTOR.

FIGA

(No Model.) A A 6 Sheets-Shet 4. C. P. L. GARDIE.

THRMIG MOTOR.

No. 412,882. Patented 001;. 15, 18,89.

FIGS

4 E IMO,i L Z y?, 4 1 9:1 1 1 *.l

ze u l l Il P lil T A R i I5 CD'` 1") 41,'

"a I T T at, y la G d 1 P u N. PE! LRS, Pkum-Lllhognpher. Washington, D. C.

6 Sheets-Sheet 5.

(Nov Model.)

G. F. L.GARDIE. THERMIG MOTOR.

No. 412,882. Patented 001;. 15, 1889.

In Pelz i' fw c... :tu:

(No Model.) 6 sheets-sheet 6. C. F. L. GARDIB.

VTHERMIG MOTOR.

No. 412,882. Patented Oct. 15, 1889.

In Venier;

ena/14441' rrnn Srnrns Arnnr trice.

@EPI-IAS FRANCOIS LEONOE GARDIE, OF NANTES, FRANCE, ASSIGNOR TO THE SOCIETE ANONYME DES MOTEURS TI'IERMIQUES GARDIE, OF SAME ILAOE.

THEM/uo wle-roe.

SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters Patent No. 412,882, dated October 15, 1889. Application filed March 20, 1889. Serial No. 308,982. (No model.) l

To all whom t may concern:

Bc it known that 1, CPHAs FRANoIs LONCE GARDIE, a citizen of the French Ree public, residing in Nantes, (Loire Infrieure) France, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in Thermic Motors, of which the following` is a specification.

This invention. relates to motors of that class in which the motive force is produced by the expansion ot a gaseous mixture ot' gas and air upon its combustion and without eX- plosion.

My new engine operates on the following principle: The gas issuingfrom a special generator is conducted to a compressor. At the same time air is compressed in another compressor. By reason of their compression the gas and the air are heated to about 200o centigrade. The gas and the air thus compressed are further heated to about A00O by being' passed separately through heat-regenerators, after which they are conducted to the motorcylinders, being discharged thereinto in thin jets or layers, t-he jets of gas and air being alternated. In the motor-cylinders the gaseous mixture is caused to burn by coming into contact with an igniter, and by reason of the combustion the temperature rises to about 1,5000, the expansion of the gas forcing the pistons to move in the cylinders. By reason of the expansion the temperature falls and the spent gases, still hot, are discharged from the cylinders and utilized in the regenerators for heating the gas and the air which are on their way to the motor-cylinders. Such is the principle of this improved motor, the construction and operation of which will be well understood i rom the description, which will now he given with reference to the annexed drawings, wherein- Figure 1 is a longitudinal elevation of the entire apparatus, certain parts being in vertical mid-section in order to show the interior construction. Fig. 2 is a plan of the entire system. Fig. 3 is a side view of one of the regenerators, being in vertical mid-section, as denoted by the line 3 5 in Fig. 2. Fig. 4 is a Vertical transverse section out in the plane of the line et 4 in Fig. 2. Fig. 5 is a transverse section through the washer cut in the plane of the line 5 5 in Fig. 2. i Fig. 6 is a vertical transverse section on a larger scale of one of the power-cylinders and its pistons and appurtenances. Fig. 7 is a transverse section thereof cut in the plane of the line 7 '7 in Fig. 6. Fig. 8 is a fragmentary detail view 0f the regeneratingfnozzle for introducing and mixing the entering streams of gas and air. Fig. 9 is a vertical section on the line 9 9 in Fig. 10; and Fig. 10 is a horizontal section on the line 10 10 in Fig. 9, showing a modification of the construction shown in Figs. 6 and 7. Fig. 11 is a horizontal section of Fig. 6 cut in the plane of the line 11 11 therein. Fig. 12 is an end view, and Fig. 13 a longitudinal section, of one of the valve-operating cams.

The gas destined by its combustion to produce the motive force is obtained by the passage of a mixture of air and superheated steam over incandescent coals. This operation involves the employment of a steamboiler A, a superheater B, and a gas generator or carbonizcr (gazogene) O. The carbonizer O consists of a casing lined with refractory brick, and the bottom of which is closed by a grate a over an aslnpit l). The furnace thus constituted is filled with combustible through the door c, and the coals are shaken to rake out the cinders by introducinga stoking bar or poker through a hole d at the top, which is closed by a plug. Sight-holes g g, closed by sheets of mica, enable the operation of the apparatus to4 be followed. The gas produced in O passes down through the grate a, and, the chick-valve e being open, it is led under the boiler A, which is constructed with tubes arranged between two tube-sheets. The boiler is provided with a water-gage o and with a water-feed pipe fn, leading from a feed-pump E. The steam produced in this boiler passes out through the pipe 7L and is led to an injector i, where it is thrown in a j et into the superheater B, and draws with it a current of air. The supei-heater B consists of vert-ical tubes extending between two tube-sheets, and to admit of expansion and contraction the middle portion of its casing is formed of corrugated sheet-iron m. The air and steam flow around the vertical tubes in the superheater and pass between them, while the hot gas, ascending from the boiler-tubes below, passes up through the tubes of the superheater. Itwill be shown presently how this gas, already partly cooled, will be utilized. The mixture of air and steam superheated to about 300o centigrade passes from the lower part of the superheater by the tube j and is conducted to the upper part of the carbonizer C, which it enters at le. Thus it is this mixture of steam and air which passes through the mass of ignited combustible in this apparat-us. In so doing the air maintains the combustion and the steam is decomposed into its elementary gases, which combine with the carbonaceous gases resulting from the combustion. It should be remarked'that the current of air and superheated steam is made to pass downward through the carbonizer C, so that the latter may be charged with combustible, the door c being open without the escape of the gas. Furthermore, the gas is obtained free `from tar and smoke. Safety-valves Z Z are arranged over the carbonizer and the superheater for avoiding any excessive pressure, their outlets leading to a chimney D. A

grate f is provided beneath the boiler A for heating the latter in order to procure steam to start the apparatus in operation. The gas, after passing' through the tubes of the boiler A and superheater B, passes by a pipe p from the top of the superheater'into the top of a washer or puriier F, (shown best in Fig. 5,)

' through which the gas descends. This washer comprises a system of perforated plates p p, fixed on a central rod q, having a ring at its top by which it may be lifted out, carrying with it all the perforated plates at once. Vater enters through a perforated tube r and falls in drops or spray from plate to plate until it reaches the bath G at the bottom, which is provided with a partition s, projecting into it to form a seal. The gas, which is washed clean by contact with the overflow-water, is obliged to displace the liquid in the bath in order to enter the second cylinder F of the washer, through which it ascends ready to be used for generating motive power. The gas passes from the washer through a tube K to the compressor H. This compressor is constituted by the part of the motive cylinder which is underneath the piston, the space above the latter being employed for the combustion of the gases and their expansion. The cylinder 'is shown in vertical section on a large scale in Fig. 6, from which it is seen that the tube K terminates at an admission-valve u, which closes the entrance to a conduit o, entering the cylinder under the piston S. The valve u is operated by a cam I acting on a lever QJ. Another valve y, pressed down by a spring, gives free passage to the compressed gas, which passes off through a tube t to the regenerator J, where it is heated to about 400.

The motor apparatus comprises two cylinders arranged in the same manner, both bein g motor-cylinders at their upper parts, and the lower part of the one H, just described, constituting a gas-com pressor, while the lower gart of the cylinder H constitutes an air-compressor. The compressed gas is discharged through the tube t to the regenerator J, while the compressed air passes by the tube t to the regenerator J. The construction of these regenerators is well `shown in Fig. 3. Each one consists of an inner cylinder `L, of sheetiron, terminating in two caps M M, of castiron, between which are arranged the tubes N N. The compressed gas enters by the tube t and rises through the tubes N, passing out through the upper tube z. The hot gases of combustion escaping from the motor-cylinder `pass by the tube finto the chamber o. at

the upper part of the regenerator and flow downwardly through the lat-ter around the exterior of the tubes N.

The regenerator for the heating of air is of identical construction with that just described. From the gas-regenerator the compressed gas passes bythe two tubes z and z', Fig. 2, to the admission-valves of the two motor-cylinders H H In Fig. 6 the gas-admission valve is shown at c. From the airregenerator the compressed air passes by the tubes ,z2 z3 to the air-admission valves of the two motor-cylinders H H. In Fig. 6 the airadmission valve is supposed to be in line with and beyond the valve c. In Fig. 7 the two ad mission-valves are shown in plan, the gasadmission valve c and air-admission valve c2 being separated by a partition d. The exterior of these valves is shown on a smaller scale in Figs. l and 2. These valves are seated by springs and are unseated by cams i" i2, respectively acting through levers e e2. The exhaust of the burned gases takes place through a valve f', which is seated by a spring and opened by the action of a cam 713.

Between the chambers of the two admission-valves c and c2 for gas and air and the interior of the cylinders is a space or passage in which is effected the division into thin alternate layers of gas and air. This result is attained by means of a divider O, Figs. 6 and 7, composed of thin parallel sheets of steel, which occupy the entire horizontal surface of the said passage, but which are spaced apart sufficiently to form intervening passages, which terminate longitudinally in the chambers of the air-admission and the gasadmission valves. This arrangement is best shown in Fig. S, which is a rear elevation of the dividerlooking at the edge thereof which coincides with the line 8 8 in Fig. 7. The gas and air are thus discharged into the cylinders in thin superposed layers, which are ignited upon entering the cylinder. These layers of gas and air pass through a conduit g', Fig. 6, formed in the cylinder-head, whereby they are conducted to the igniter h', which consists of a convex disk of platina, which is constantly maintained at a red heat by the IOO IIO

rif;

blow-pipe flame of a spirit-lamp P. The spout of this lamp, the section of which is regulated by a screw fi', is curved and terminates at j in a little chamber, from the tip of which issuesv the jet of tlame, which is directed by a refractory tube 7c against the platinum disk h. Air enters through little tubes l2, and the products of combustion flow back around the exterior of the tube 7a and escape through t-he chimney m.

It has been already seen that the regenerators may be distinct from the cylinders. In lieu thereof, however7 the arrangement shown in Figs. 9 and 10 may be employed, these figures representing` the upper part of a cylinder, the cover of which contains the regen erator. The gas enters by the valve c and passes into the compartment n. The air enters by the valve c2 and passes into the compartment n2. The tubes o give free passage to the gas, and the holes o2 afford passage for the air from these respective compartments into the cylinder H, so that the gas and air enter in jets consisting of an inner jet of gas inclosed in an envelope of air, whereby are produced as many jets of iiame issuing downwardl y from the top of the cylinder. The escape of the burned gases takes place through the branch p', which leads into the chamber Q in the cylinder-head, so that the gases in circulating through this chamber heat it, and finally escape at p2 through an exhaustvalve. The metal of the cylinder-head being thus heated both above and below, the compressed gas and air are heated-in the chambers n n2 before entering the cylinder. This regenerator serves the function of a divider, the alternated layers of tluidbeing replacedby concentric jets. The upper chamber of the cylinders in which the combustion of the gaseous mixture takes place is furnished on its circumference with a lining of thick cast-iron segments R R, Figs. 6 and ll, separated from one another by a little space in order to permit of their expansion, and isolated from the cylinder-wall by a layer 0f amianthus pasteboard or of asbestusboard, against which they are firmly pressed each by a bolt q. 1When the burning gas enters, these segments are heated and store up the heat, which they communicate to the gas during the period of expansion. The piston of each cylinder is formed of abody S, suiii ciently high or thick to provide room for the packing-rings r by which it is kept out of contact with the hot interior of the cylinder, and also sufliciently heavy in order to store up by its mass during the most active period of the admission and of the combustion of the gasesaforce of momentum which is utilized toward the end of the movement, (when the expansion is at its maximum), in order to overcome the resistance of the pumps or compressors, which at this time is most considerable. The top of the piston is covered with a plate s', a non-conducting layer of amianthus paperbeing interposed, and the plate fastened down by bolts t2.

Forstarting the apparatus the hot gas coming from the superheater B is admitted directly into the cylinders by means of the tube r2, Figs. 1,2, 3, and 4, which is provided with a valve, and air is admitted at r3, Fig. i. The escape of the burned gases then takes place through the tube S2, Figs. 3 and 6, furnished with a screw-valve u2. The necessary preliminaryheating up of the combustion-chambers of the motor-cylinders is thus accomplished.

The lubrication of the cylinders is effected in the part which serves as a compressionpump by means of mineral oil introduced drop by drop with the gas or air. In order to facilitate the lubrication, to assure the resistance of the walls, and to diminish the work of compression, the cylinders are provided with a water-jacket T, through which water is circulated from the pump U, which also furnishes the water for the washers F F. The piston-rods actuate pitmen V V, which engage the cranks of the shaft X. This shaft carries eccentrics, the rods Y of which act on vertical rods u', which latter engage the wrists of little cranks n '1:2 r3, fixed on three shafts, which carry, respectively, the cams I of the compressors, the cams I and I2 of the admission-valves, and the cam 13 for the exhaust-Valves. By this means the cams of the admission-valves to the cylinder and that of the suction-valve of the compressor, which acts on the same fluid, are connected together in invariable manner, so that a constant pressure is preserved in the regenerators under all speeds. The cams, one of which is seen on an enlarged scale in Figs. l2 and 13, are formed at one extremity to give an accelerated stroke and at the other extremity to give a retarded stroke, the cam projections being graduated between the ends in easy inclines.

For governing the distribution it is only necessary to move the valves longitudinally on their shafts. This is accomplished by means of arms engaging the grooves y', Fig. 13, of the cams and guided by horizontal rods m2, Figs. l, 2, and 3. These arms oc are moved simultaneously by a horizontal screw a2. This screw is driven for starting the machine by a handwheel b2, Figs. 3 and 4, through the intermediation of an angle-pinion c3, meshing with a bevel gear cl2, and through spur-gears e3 and e4, the latter being xed on the screw a2. lt is apparent that the right and left hand parts of the screw a2 should have threads pitched in opposite directions.

The apparatus is further provided with a governor R, driven through the intermediation of bevel-gears]2 f3, Fig. l. The sleeve y2 of this governor, in moving up or down, according to thc movement apart of the balls, engages one or the other of the bevel-wheels g2 g3 and causes it to turn. According as one or the other of these wheels is thus turned theintermeshing bevel-gear 7a2 is driven in one direction or the other. This latter wheel is fixed on ITO IZO

the shaft i2, carrying a worm j?, which meshes with a worm-wheel 7a2, iiXed on the screw co2.'

Thus the distribution is regulated during the running by the action of the governor. If equal volumes of gas and air were admitted into the cylinders, the highest temperature of combust-ion would be obtained and the products would have after expansion a temperature of ()o to 800", which would injure the exhaust-valves and the regenerators. In order to obtain a lower temperature, I prolong a little the admission of air after the closing of the gas-admission valve, this result being attained by forming the cam which operates the air-admission valve with its projection a little longer than that of the cam which moves the gas-admission valve, in order that the airvalve shall be held open for a little longer time. Under these conditions the burned gas has finally a temperature in the neighborhood of 500". It passes from the cylinders to the rege'nerators through the tubes q2.

I claim as my invention the following-defined novel features and combinations, substantially as hereinbefore specified, viz:

l. In a thermic motor operatingby the combustion and expansion of a mixture of gas and air, the combination of two motor-cylinders and their pistons with admission and eX- haust valves at one end of each cylinder to constitute it a power-cylinder and compressorvalves at the other end of the cylinder to constitute the portion thereof on that side of the piston a compressor, and with a gas-inlet pipe leading to one compressor and an air-inlet to the other compressor, whereby the air and gas are compressed separately in the two cylinders.

2. In a thermic motor operating by the combustion and expansion of a mixture Vof gas and air, two cylinders and their pistons with admission and exhaust valves at one end of each cylinder to constitute it a power-cylinder and compressor-valves at the other end of each cylinder to constitute the portion thereof on that side of the piston a compressor, a'gasinlet leading to one compressor, and an airinlet to the other compressor, whereby the air and gas are compressed separately in the two cylinders, respectively, in combination with two regenerators, pipes leading from the compressor ends of said two cylinders to said two regenerators, respectively, whereby the cornpressed air and gas are separately heated, pipes leading from both regenerators to the power end of each cylinder to convey both heated gas and heated air to the power end of each cylinder, and exhaust-pipes leading from the power ends of said cylinders to said regenerators, respectively, whereby the burned gases from one cylinder are utilized for heating one regenerator and the burned gases from the other motor-cylinder are utilized for heating the other, substantially as set forth.

3. In a thermicmotor, the combination, with the motor-cylinder with separate air and gas inlet valves, of passages between the chambers of said valves and the interior of the cylinder, constructed to communicate with the latter through numerous contracted openings over a certain area, and the gas and air inlet openingsv bot-h distributed over said area, whereby the gas and air are thoroughly subdivided and commingled.

4. In a thermic motor, the combination, with the motor-cylinder with separate air and gas inlets, of parallel plates with their intervening spaces in communication alternately with the air and gas inlets, whereby the air and gas are introduced to the cylinder in alternated thin layers.

5. In a thermic motor, the motor-cylinder thereof having its portion in which the burning of the gases takes place lined with segments of thick metal, the adjoining edges of each two adjacent segments being separated by an expansion-space to provide vfor the expansion of said segments, substantially as set forth.

6. In a thermic motor, the motor-cylinder having its portion in which the burning of the gases takes place lined with segments of thick metal, thel adjoining edges of each two adjacent segments being separated by an eX- pansion-space to provide for their expansion, and with a layer of non-conducting material between said segments and the wall of the cylinder, substantially as set forth.

7. In a thermic motor, a compressor in which the gas is compressed, a regenerator, a pipe or passage leading from said compressor to said regenerator whereby said compressed gas is heated, a niotorfcylinder, a pipe leading from said regenerator to said motor cylinder whereby heated and compressed gas is supplied to said motor-cylinder, and an exhaust-pipe leading from said motorcylinder to said regenerator whereby said regenerator is heated by the burned gases from said motor-cylinder, in combination with a valve arranged to effect direct admission of gas and air to said motor-cylinder independently of said compressor and said regenerator, and a valve for affording direct escape of the products of combustion from said motorcylinder independently of the valve# gear, whereby by opening said valves a stream of burning gases may be caused to flow through the cylinder in order to heat the latter before starting the engine, substantially as set forth.

8. In a thermic motor, a motor-cylinder and a compressor-cylinder arranged in line and having a common piston, in combination with an inlet-valve for the compressor, an inlet-valve for the motor-cylinder, a passage for the compressed gas leading from the outlet from the compressor to the inlet-valve of the motor-cylinder, and a valve-gear for opening said respective valves, constructed to establish an invariable mechanical connection between them, whereby at all speeds a constant ratio is maintained between the gasV supplied to the motor-cylinder and that sup- IIO IIS

IZO

plied to the compressor, substantially as set forth.

9. In a thermic motor operating by the combustion and expansion of a mixture of gas and air, the combination, with the powercylinder, of separate gas-inlet and air-inlet valves and a valve-gear for operating them, constructed to delay the closing of the airinlet valve until after the closing of the gasinlet valve, in order to introduce air after the introduction of the gaseous mixture, and thereby to dilute the latter and reduce the temperature due to its combustion.

l0. In a thermic motor operating by the combustion and expansion of a mixture of gas and air, t-he combination, with the powercylinder, of separate gas-inlet and air-inlet valves, cams for operating said valves, formed with cam projections varying in height longitudinally and movable longitudinally to bring portions thereof of different heights into engagement with the valves, arms engaging said cams and movable to determine the longitudinal displacement thereof, and a screw engaging said arms, whereby by the 'turning of said screw the cams are displaced to determine the action of the valves.

l1. In a thermic motor operating by the combustion and expansion of a mixture of gas and air, the combination, with the powercylinder, of separate gas-inlet and air-inlet valves, cams for operating said valves, formed with cam projections varying in height longitudinally and movable longitudinally to bring portions thereof oi' different heights into engagement with the valves, a screw, and mechanical connections between the late ter and said cams, whereby the turning of the screw in one direction or the other displaces the cams longitudinally, a governor, and a clutch operated by said governor for connecting said screw to a revolving part in either of two opposite directions, whereby the engine is governed automatically.

In witness whereof I have hereunto signed my name in the presence of two subscribing witnesses.

cnrinrs rANoIs moron Grimm.

Witnesses:

MAURICE LoRoIZ, EMILE AUBRY.

Images