US404180A - Charles a - Google Patents
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- US404180A US404180A US404180DA US404180A US 404180 A US404180 A US 404180A US 404180D A US404180D A US 404180DA US 404180 A US404180 A US 404180A
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- United States
- Prior art keywords
- water
- fluoride
- magnesium
- calcium
- waters
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- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 90
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 80
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 70
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M fluoride anion Chemical compound [F-] KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 60
- 229940091250 Magnesium supplements Drugs 0.000 description 56
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 56
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 56
- 229960005069 Calcium Drugs 0.000 description 54
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 54
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 54
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 54
- 239000003643 water by type Substances 0.000 description 44
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 34
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 28
- 235000002639 sodium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 28
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 24
- PUZPDOWCWNUUKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium fluoride Chemical compound [F-].[Na+] PUZPDOWCWNUUKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 24
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 22
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 16
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 14
- 235000011121 sodium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 14
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 14
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 12
- 239000011775 sodium fluoride Substances 0.000 description 12
- 235000013024 sodium fluoride Nutrition 0.000 description 12
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 10
- 150000004673 fluoride salts Chemical class 0.000 description 10
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluorine atom Chemical compound [F] YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 150000002222 fluorine compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 230000001376 precipitating Effects 0.000 description 8
- 235000017550 sodium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 8
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Ca+2] AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 6
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000000920 calcium hydroxide Substances 0.000 description 6
- 235000011116 calcium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 159000000007 calcium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 159000000003 magnesium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 239000001187 sodium carbonate Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229940001593 sodium carbonate Drugs 0.000 description 6
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 6
- TZCXTZWJZNENPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L Barium sulfate Chemical compound [Ba+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O TZCXTZWJZNENPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- CJDPJFRMHVXWPT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Barium sulfide Chemical compound [S-2].[Ba+2] CJDPJFRMHVXWPT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium sulfate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- 235000008733 Citrus aurantifolia Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- NROKBHXJSPEDAR-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium fluoride Chemical compound [F-].[K+] NROKBHXJSPEDAR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- UBXAKNTVXQMEAG-UHFFFAOYSA-L Strontium sulfate Chemical compound [Sr+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O UBXAKNTVXQMEAG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- 235000015450 Tilia cordata Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 235000011941 Tilia x europaea Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 230000001464 adherent Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum Chemical class [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910001626 barium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium(0) Chemical compound [Ba] DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 4
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- 235000011148 calcium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 235000011132 calcium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000003518 caustics Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000005755 formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000000266 injurious Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000004571 lime Substances 0.000 description 4
- 235000011147 magnesium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 4
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000344 soap Substances 0.000 description 4
- CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium Chemical compound [Sr] CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 4
- LDDQLRUQCUTJBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium fluoride Chemical compound [NH4+].[F-] LDDQLRUQCUTJBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WDIHJSXYQDMJHN-UHFFFAOYSA-L Barium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Ba+2] WDIHJSXYQDMJHN-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 229960003563 Calcium Carbonate Drugs 0.000 description 2
- LHJQIRIGXXHNLA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium peroxide Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-][O-] LHJQIRIGXXHNLA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229960004424 Carbon Dioxide Drugs 0.000 description 2
- ZLNQQNXFFQJAID-UHFFFAOYSA-L Magnesium carbonate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-]C([O-])=O ZLNQQNXFFQJAID-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- ORUIBWPALBXDOA-UHFFFAOYSA-L Magnesium fluoride Chemical compound [F-].[F-].[Mg+2] ORUIBWPALBXDOA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- SPAGIJMPHSUYSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium peroxide Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-][O-] SPAGIJMPHSUYSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- TWRXJAOTZQYOKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L MgCl2 Chemical class [Mg+2].[Cl-].[Cl-] TWRXJAOTZQYOKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- REHXRBDMVPYGJX-UHFFFAOYSA-H Sodium hexafluoroaluminate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].F[Al-3](F)(F)(F)(F)F REHXRBDMVPYGJX-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 2
- AHBGXTDRMVNFER-UHFFFAOYSA-L Strontium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Sr+2] AHBGXTDRMVNFER-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229940037003 alum Drugs 0.000 description 2
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 2
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- KVBCYCWRDBDGBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N azane;dihydrofluoride Chemical compound [NH4+].F.[F-] KVBCYCWRDBDGBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910001861 calcium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium monoxide Chemical compound [Ca]=O ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000001175 calcium sulphate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000003841 chloride salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910001610 cryolite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005187 foaming Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000001095 magnesium carbonate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011776 magnesium carbonate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000021 magnesium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- -1 magnesium chlorides barium chloride Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910001635 magnesium fluoride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 235000019341 magnesium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L mgso4 Chemical class [Mg+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006011 modification reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011698 potassium fluoride Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000003270 potassium fluoride Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012047 saturated solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- KEAYESYHFKHZAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium Chemical compound [Na] KEAYESYHFKHZAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910001631 strontium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229940013553 strontium chloride Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 2
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/52—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by flocculation or precipitation of suspended impurities
- C02F1/5236—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by flocculation or precipitation of suspended impurities using inorganic agents
Definitions
- the soap-destroying power of the water depends generally on the presence of salts of calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) in the Water.
- Temporary hardness is due to calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) carbonates held in solution by an excess of carbon dioxide. IVhen this is expelled by boiling, the calcium (Ca) and the magnesium (Mg) carbonates precipitate and the water becomes soft.
- Permanent hardness is due to other salts of calcium (Ca) and magnesium, (Mg)
- Strontium (Sr) and barium (Ba) salts behave similarly.
- Barium sulphide will react chiefly on sulphates, but would leave with calcium and magnesium chlorides barium chloride in solution, which, for certain purposes, is quite as injurious as are calcium or magnesium salts. These are the substances vthat have been found most successful commercially in the treament of waters.
- any calcium or magnesium salt whether the same renders water temporarily or permanently hard, has its calcium or magnesium converted into a fluoride, which is perhaps the most insoluble salt of either calcium or magnesium. A perfect precipitation therefore follows.
- the water to be treated may contain several salts of? calcium. (Ca) and magnesium, (Mg,) or only salts of calcium a) or of magnesium, (Mg)
- the calcium ((1a) and magnesium (Mg form insoluble fluorides of calcium (Ca) and magnesium, (Mg) which may be separated from the water or the water from them by any mechanical means In using my proce; it will probably be d esirable to ascertain the nature of the solution by an analysis.
- a well-waterwasfoun 'l to contain (per U.
- the fluoride may be placed in the automatic feed of a iilter, such. as is in common use, and fed in proper proportion to the water. The precipitate is removed by the filter. To ascertain whether a sufficient amount of chemical has been added, the water may be tested before and after :filtration, either by sodium fluoride or other reagent, for the presence of calcium, magnesium, or other foreign substance which the fluoride is to remove.
- the filtered water may be tested with a solution of calcium. or other reagent capable of detecting traces of fluoride in the water.
- ⁇ Vhe1e exact (piantities of reagent may be employed, either by weight or measure, to given quantities of water, a 'ireliminary test as to the quantity of fluoride to be used will perhaps prove sufficient and the testingof the water after treatment may be omitted.
- sodium carbon ate will p rove effective for the purpose above suggested.
- sodium carbonate, sodiumhydrate, and a fl uoride such as sodium fluoride-may be used in the treatment of the water.
- each chemical may be properly adjusted, I either make a compound to be fed in calculated proportion, either in solid or liquid form, to the water to he treats ed, or dissolve each chemical in a separate tank or vessel. and feed each to the water in such order and quantity as will produce the desired resultnamely, that of removing foreign substances from the water.
- Milk of lime has been used for many years for softening Waters possessing temporary hardness, the lime in solid form being held in suspension until mixed with the water.
- Fluoride may be used in a similar manner, bringing it, partly in solution partly in solid form, into contact with the water, or it may be employed in conjunction with such other chemicals as before specified, or their chemical equivalents, for the purposes mentioned.
- the application of fluoride to the water may either precede or follow that of some other chemical.
- the Water may be first treated with milk of lime, and by it most of the calcium, magnesium, and carbon dioxide be removed. Then any remaining calcium or magnesium may be removed by the use of fluoride alone, or combined with canstic or carbonated alkali, or both.
- the relative cost of materials used to purify may determine the selection of the modifications of the use of fluoride.
- magnesium (Mg) and other metals have a tendency to form double salts, and since the fluorides are frequently double in composition, it is not improbable that the precipitate produced by the use of a fluoride will be composed of or contain such double' fluoride.
- Fluorides may be used alone where desired.
- the iron may be precipitated as a fluoride.
- any aluminium remaining in such water can be precipitated therefrom by the use of a fluoride.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Removal Of Specific Substances (AREA)
- Treatment Of Water By Ion Exchange (AREA)
Description
' UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.
CHARLES A. DOREMUS, OF NEIN YORK, N. Y.
PU RIFYING WATER.
SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters Patent No. 404,180, dated May 28, 1889.
Application filed January 14, 1889. Serial No. 296,807. (No specimens.)
To all whom it may concern.-
Be 1t known that I, CHARLES A. DOREMUS,
a citizen of the United States, residing in the,
city, county, and State of New York, have invented a new and useful Improvement in Processes for Removing Calcium, Magnesium, and other Metals from Aqueous Solutions; and I do hereby declare that the following is a full, clear, and exact description of the invention, which will enable others skilled in the art to which it appertains to 'make and use the same.
For household and technical use waters are classified as hard or soft. Those that are hard are subdivided into those which retain their hardness when boiled and those that lose their hardness when boiled. The former have permanent hardness, the latter temporary .hardness. This classification is based chiefly upon the behavior of waters to soap, hard waters failing to give a lather.
The soap-destroying power of the water depends generally on the presence of salts of calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) in the Water. Temporary hardness is due to calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) carbonates held in solution by an excess of carbon dioxide. IVhen this is expelled by boiling, the calcium (Ca) and the magnesium (Mg) carbonates precipitate and the water becomes soft. Permanent hardness is due to other salts of calcium (Ca) and magnesium, (Mg) There are also many waters possessing both permanent and temporary hardness. Strontium (Sr) and barium (Ba) salts behave similarly. WVhere the application of heat is impracticable, waters of either charactermay be treated with chemicals with the object of obviating the effect of any of the above-mentioned salts. For this purpose milk of lime, caustic alkali, carbonated alkali, barium sulphide, and other chemicals have been and are still employed with more or less success. When chemicals are used, the precipitate which they form is separated from the Water by some convenient mechanical means--such, for instance, as a suitable filter.
Since hard waters when used in steanrboilers and like vessels form an. incrustation or scale, chemicals are frequently added either to the water before it enters the boiler or in the boiler, with the object of preventing the formation of an adherent scale. In the manufacture of salt it is desirable to remove as far as possible allimpurities, and for this purpose numerous mechanical and chemical means have been adopted. In many other technical pursuits, as in woolen and silk manufactures, it is often necessary to remove even small quantities of foreign substances from the water used for washing 01' the preparation of various solutions. In the processes heretofore used different substances-have been employed, but there are inherent objections to each. Thus in the well-known Olarks process the lime softens only waters having temporary hardness and removes only a portion of the magnesium, (Mg) Caustic soda has also been used to remove magnesium and calcium. It has an objection in the difficulties of handling. Though it acts on waters having both temporary and permanent hardness, it does not remove all the magnesium and may leave an obj ectional residue in the water. Ammonium chlorideconverts the calcium and magnesium into soluble forms, preventing incrustation, but not precipitating calcium an d magnesium, the waters cannot be employed for domestic or technical use. Soda-ash softens only permanently hard waters and does not remove magnesium entirely. Barium sulphide will react chiefly on sulphates, but would leave with calcium and magnesium chlorides barium chloride in solution, which, for certain purposes, is quite as injurious as are calcium or magnesium salts. These are the substances vthat have been found most successful commercially in the treament of waters. By the use of a fluoride, any calcium or magnesium salt, whether the same renders water temporarily or permanently hard, has its calcium or magnesium converted into a fluoride, which is perhaps the most insoluble salt of either calcium or magnesium. A perfect precipitation therefore follows. With fluorides the reaction is not only much more delicate than any of the foregoing, but also takes place more rapidly, therefore doing away with the slow, cumbrous, and expensive methods which havehitherto obtained- The soluble residual products resulting from the action of a fluoride upon calcium and magnesium salts are less objectionable than those which result by the use of: other chemicals where said chemicals leave a residuum. A fluoride can be employed whichv shall have none of thecorrosiveand injurious properties of caustic soda, lime, or soda-asha matter of the greatest importance in general and commercial usage. Any calcium or magnesium carbonateremaining suspended in a water will react with soap to produce a precipitate containing iattyacid. This is not the case where calcium ormagnesium fl uoride remains in suspension. This fact is of value in the purification of water for domestic or technical use.
That those skilled in the art may understand and apply my invention, the following is a description of one way in which it may be carried out:
The water to be treated may contain several salts of? calcium. (Ca) and magnesium, (Mg,) or only salts of calcium a) or of magnesium, (Mg) In any case I precipitate the calcium (a) or magnesium, (Mg,) or both, by the addition of some compound of fluorine, preferably i n solui ion, though that is not essential. The calcium ((1a) and magnesium (Mg form insoluble fluorides of calcium (Ca) and magnesium, (Mg) which may be separated from the water or the water from them by any mechanical means In using my proce; it will probably be d esirable to ascertain the nature of the solution by an analysis. Suppose a well-waterwasfoun 'l to contain (per U. gallon) calcium sulphate, 3.08. .5 grains; calcium carbonate, 7.21% grains; magnesium carbonate, 1.5 .377 grains. 1 have found by chemical calculation that the amount of compound of fluorine necessary to precipitate all the calcium (Ca) and magnesium (M g) in the above instance is about ten grains of sodium fluoride for each gallon of water treated. The saturated solution of sodium fluoride was prepared and fed to the water in such proportion that each gallon. of water received ten grains of fluoride. At once all the calcium and magnesium was precipitated as fluorides fromthe water. Ihavc actually made this special application of the process and found the water after treatment practically free of calcium and magnesium.
The particular mode of application of the fluoride will depend upon the use to be made of the water. Thus if it is to be filtered the fluoride may be placed in the automatic feed of a iilter, such. as is in common use, and fed in proper proportion to the water. The precipitate is removed by the filter. To ascertain whether a sufficient amount of chemical has been added, the water may be tested before and after :filtration, either by sodium fluoride or other reagent, for the presence of calcium, magnesium, or other foreign substance which the fluoride is to remove.
To determine that no excess of .f'luoridehas been employed, the filtered water may be tested with a solution of calcium. or other reagent capable of detecting traces of fluoride in the water.
\Vhe1e exact (piantities of reagent may be employed, either by weight or measure, to given quantities of water, a 'ireliminary test as to the quantity of fluoride to be used will perhaps prove sufficient and the testingof the water after treatment may be omitted.
Since the character of the precipitate produced by a fluoride may be such that it is difficult for a filter to separate it from the water, it may prove advisable to use with the fluoride some chemical capable of producing with the foreign substances in the water a bulky precipitate which shall act mechanically in removing any precipitate of fluoride also produced. Since magnesium fluoride is precipitated in a more floculcnt form than calcium .fluoride,waters containing much magnesium (Mg) salts may be treated etli'ectually with the fluoride alone, unless for other reasons, hereinafter to be stated, it should be otherwise indicated. Since caustic soda (sodiumhydrate) causes abulky n'ecipitate when added to waters containingcalcium (Ca) salts, it may be employed with a fluoride for the above-mentioned purpose.
In certain cases sodium carbon ate will p rove effective for the purpose above suggested. In other cases sodium carbonate, sodiumhydrate, and a fl uoridesuch as sodium fluoride-may be used in the treatment of the water.
I have found that the use of either or both of the above-mentioned reagents in conjunction with a fluoride has in certain waters enabled me to treat the waters in a way which would prove more serviceable in practice than where a fluoride alone was used. llighlycarbonated water especially seemed to require the use of some caustic alkali.
The chemical equivalent of sodium carbonate or hydrate may be taken, unless it is incompatible with the fluoride employed.
That the quaut-ity of each chemical may be properly adjusted, I either make a compound to be fed in calculated proportion, either in solid or liquid form, to the water to he treats ed, or dissolve each chemical in a separate tank or vessel. and feed each to the water in such order and quantity as will produce the desired resultnamely, that of removing foreign substances from the water.
\Vhere higlily-carbonated waters are to be fed after softening to boilers, it is frequently necessary not only to remove all substances which might form a crust or scale in the boiler, but to prevent foaming and frothing in the water so treated. For this purpose I have found sodium hydrate eflectual when used in. COl'ljllllCtlOl'i with a fluoride, such as sodium fluoride. By its use some or all of the carbon dioxide may be bound or fixed.
\Vhcre water to be used in boilers, it is necessary to consider the character of the pre cipitate which may form, either through the imperl'ectimi of the treatment or of the me chanical process resorted to in removing the precipitate from the water previous toits entering the boiler. As it is possible in some cases to add the precipitating compound directly to the water in the boiler, additional caution mustbe used, either in the use of the fluoride alone or .the fluoride with other chemicals, to prevent the formation of a preciptate which will by the action of the heat become a compact adherent scale. I have learned from experience that a careful study of the characteristics of the water should therefore precede the preparation of the compound to be used in its treatment on a large scale.
Milk of lime has been used for many years for softening Waters possessing temporary hardness, the lime in solid form being held in suspension until mixed with the water. Fluoride may be used in a similar manner, bringing it, partly in solution partly in solid form, into contact with the water, or it may be employed in conjunction with such other chemicals as before specified, or their chemical equivalents, for the purposes mentioned.
\Vhen necessary, the application of fluoride to the water may either precede or follow that of some other chemical. Thus, in waters of great temporary hardness, the Water may be first treated with milk of lime, and by it most of the calcium, magnesium, and carbon dioxide be removed. Then any remaining calcium or magnesium may be removed by the use of fluoride alone, or combined with canstic or carbonated alkali, or both.
The relative cost of materials used to purify may determine the selection of the modifications of the use of fluoride.
Since magnesium (Mg) and other metals have a tendency to form double salts, and since the fluorides are frequently double in composition, it is not improbable that the precipitate produced by the use of a fluoride will be composed of or contain such double' fluoride.
In brines calcium and magnesium sulphates frequently exist along with calcium and magnesium chlorides. By the use of barium or strontium chloride these sulphates may be converted into chlorides, the barium or strontium sulphate precipitating. The magnesium, calcium, and any excess of barium or strontium may then be precipitated by the use of sodium fluoride. A nearly pure solution of common salt (sodium chloride) can thus be obtained. With care the use of the foregoing reagents may be reversed.
Fluorides may be used alone where desired.
WVhere it is desirable to remove iron from the water, the iron may be precipitated as a fluoride.
Since alum and other salts of aluminium are employed in the treatment of the Water for portable purposes, any aluminium remaining in such water can be precipitated therefrom by the use of a fluoride.
I have mentioned above some of the methods capable of being used in precipitating compounds of fluorine; but since I believeI am the first to discover the practical application of any compound of fluorine to the removal of foreign substances from waters, brines, &c., I do not wish to be understood as limiting my invention to the methods mentioned above, having given these for the purpose of illustration merely.
I wish to be understood as claiming, broadly, the use of any fluorine compound in any Way for the removal of different foreign substances from waters, brines, &c.; and in this connection I would state, by way of illustration, that I considerhydrofluoric acid, ammonium fluoride, acid ammonium fluoride, potassium fluoride, sodium fluoride, cryolite, &c., as fluorine compounds.
WVhat I desire to claim and secure by Letters Patent is- V The herein-described process for removing calcium, magnesium, and other like substances from waters, brines, &c., the same consisting in introducing into said waters, brines, &c., a fluorine compound, whereby the calcium or other substance is converted into an insoluble fluorine compound, substantially as described.
CHARLES A. DOREMUS.
Witnesses:
CHARLES W. GOULD, R. W. i. WELLING.
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US404180A true US404180A (en) | 1889-05-28 |
Family
ID=2473130
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US404180D Expired - Lifetime US404180A (en) | Charles a |
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Cited By (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2454258A (en) * | 1942-07-02 | 1948-11-16 | Wilburn C Schroeder | Water treatment to prevent embrittlement cracking |
US2502120A (en) * | 1944-07-17 | 1950-03-28 | Dow Chemical Co | Removal of silicon compounds from water |
US2504695A (en) * | 1945-04-14 | 1950-04-18 | Dorr Co | Process for removing silica from water by way of ion exchange |
US2510855A (en) * | 1946-01-26 | 1950-06-06 | Dow Chemical Co | Removal of silicon compounds from water |
US2928754A (en) * | 1956-12-31 | 1960-03-15 | American Viscose Corp | Production of soil-resistant material |
US3414497A (en) * | 1960-10-05 | 1968-12-03 | Kanai Masakuni | Method of clarifying a polluted aqueous liquid |
US20070051678A1 (en) * | 2005-09-08 | 2007-03-08 | Hao-Cheng Wang | Method of removing silicon dioxide from waste liquid, method of cleaning membrane tube and method of processing waste water |
-
0
- US US404180D patent/US404180A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2454258A (en) * | 1942-07-02 | 1948-11-16 | Wilburn C Schroeder | Water treatment to prevent embrittlement cracking |
US2502120A (en) * | 1944-07-17 | 1950-03-28 | Dow Chemical Co | Removal of silicon compounds from water |
US2504695A (en) * | 1945-04-14 | 1950-04-18 | Dorr Co | Process for removing silica from water by way of ion exchange |
US2510855A (en) * | 1946-01-26 | 1950-06-06 | Dow Chemical Co | Removal of silicon compounds from water |
US2928754A (en) * | 1956-12-31 | 1960-03-15 | American Viscose Corp | Production of soil-resistant material |
US3414497A (en) * | 1960-10-05 | 1968-12-03 | Kanai Masakuni | Method of clarifying a polluted aqueous liquid |
US20070051678A1 (en) * | 2005-09-08 | 2007-03-08 | Hao-Cheng Wang | Method of removing silicon dioxide from waste liquid, method of cleaning membrane tube and method of processing waste water |
US7582212B2 (en) * | 2005-09-08 | 2009-09-01 | United Microelectronics Corp. | Method of removing silicon dioxide from waste liquid, method of cleaning membrane tube and method of processing waste water |
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