US400766A - Process of reducing aluminium by electrolysis - Google Patents
Process of reducing aluminium by electrolysis Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US400766A US400766A US400766DA US400766A US 400766 A US400766 A US 400766A US 400766D A US400766D A US 400766DA US 400766 A US400766 A US 400766A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- aluminium
- fluoride
- bath
- electrolysis
- sodium
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 title description 44
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 title description 44
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title description 44
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title description 12
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 title description 6
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 14
- PQXKHYXIUOZZFA-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lithium fluoride Chemical compound [Li+].[F-] PQXKHYXIUOZZFA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 12
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M fluoride anion Chemical compound [F-] KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 12
- KEAYESYHFKHZAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium Chemical compound [Na] KEAYESYHFKHZAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 12
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 12
- 235000002639 sodium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 12
- PUZPDOWCWNUUKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium fluoride Chemical compound [F-].[Na+] PUZPDOWCWNUUKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 12
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N AI2O3 Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 10
- KLZUFWVZNOTSEM-UHFFFAOYSA-K AlF3 Chemical compound F[Al](F)F KLZUFWVZNOTSEM-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 8
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 6
- 150000002222 fluorine compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000011775 sodium fluoride Substances 0.000 description 6
- 235000013024 sodium fluoride Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium Chemical class [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000005751 Copper oxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229960004643 Cupric oxide Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 101710028361 MARVELD2 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- REHXRBDMVPYGJX-UHFFFAOYSA-H Sodium hexafluoroaluminate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].F[Al-3](F)(F)(F)(F)F REHXRBDMVPYGJX-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 2
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000001721 combination Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 2
- QPLDLSVMHZLSFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper oxide Chemical compound [Cu]=O QPLDLSVMHZLSFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000431 copper oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 231100000078 corrosive Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 231100001010 corrosive Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 229910001610 cryolite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 235000010755 mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000001681 protective Effects 0.000 description 2
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION, RECOVERY OR REFINING OF METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C3/00—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts
- C25C3/06—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts of aluminium
- C25C3/18—Electrolytes
Definitions
- FIG. 2 is a view, partly in elevation and partly in section,of a modified form of apparatus.
- a convenient method of forming the bath consists in adding to the mineral cryolite 2.3!;- of itsy weight of aluminium fluoride.
- the object of thus adding aluminium fluoride is vto secure in the bath the proper relative pro- I mersed in the solution.
- alumina or l electric current which preferably has an eleci tro-motive force ot about four to six volts, oxygen is released at the positive electrode C,
- electrode I which, oir account of the aflinity I of aluminium for other metals, is formed of carbon when it is desired to produce pure aluminium.
- the positive electrode may be formed of carbon, copper, platinum, or other suitable material. 'hcn formed of carbon, E the electrode C is gradually consumed, and must therefore be renewed from time to time; but when formed of copper an oxide coating is formed over the surface of the electrode. This coating serves toprotect the elect-rode ⁇ from further destruction by theaction of the the conduct-ing qualities of the electrode.
- This crucible is placed in a suitable furnace, B, and subjected to a suicient heat. to fuse the materials placed therein, such materials fusing at approximately the same temperature as common salt.
- the carbon lining A may be employed as the negative electrode, as shown in Fig. 3,the conductor from the negativeI pole of the elec tric generator being suitably connected, as shown at N', to such lining.
- more fusible fluoride of lithium may be substituted for a portion of the fluoride of sodium--as, for example, for one-fourth of the fluoride of vsodium an ⁇ e'quivalent amount of lithium fluoride by molecular weights may be substituted.
- the resulting combina-tion contains tweni ty-six part-s of lithium fluoride for every ,one l hundred and twenty-six parts of sodium fluoride and three hundred and thirty-eight parts of aluminium fluoride.
- O11 account of the affinity ot' aluminium for other metals, and also the corrosive actionof the materials forming the bath on cart-hy suitable means; or the bath may be poured out and after being cooled the aluminium may be picked out.
- the oxygen is released at the positive electrode, and when the latter is formed of carbon combines therewith, forming carbonic oxide, (00,) the carbon being gradually consumed, and with some zo salts, more particularly the salts of sodium, carbonaceous material is preferably used in the positive electrode or anode; but when the posit-ive. electrode is formed of copper,'as is,
- salts of potassium are em- 13 ployed, a copper-oxide coating is first formed on the electrode, thereby forming a protective covering, free oxygen being subsequently given oi atthe positive electrode.
- the herein-described process which consists in dissolving alumina in a fused bath composed of the fluorides of aluminium and sodium, and then passing an electric current, by means of a carbonaceous anode, through the fused mass, substantially as set forth.
- the herein-described process which consists in dissolving alumina in a fused' bath composed of the iluorides of aluminium, sodium, and lithium, and' then 6o passing an elect-ric current, by means of a carbonaceous anode, through the fused mass, sub stantially as set forth.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Electrolytic Production Of Metals (AREA)
Description
(specimens.)
' C. HALL.;
PROGSSOF REDUGIN UMINIUM BY ELEGTROLYSIS.
No. 400,766. l Patented Apr. 2, 1889.
[IIIIHHJUIIII [72 venan.' Mme-ms.-
MF/Ww UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.
CHARLES 'M HALL,
-OF OBERLIN, OHIO.
PROCESS OF REDUCING ALUMINIUM BY ELECTROLYSIS.
SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters Patent N0. 400,766, April 2, 1889.
Application filed July 9, 1886. Serial No. 207,601. (Specimens.)
To all whom it may concern.:
Be it known that I, CHARLES M. IIALL, a
citizen of' the United States, residing at Obert lin,in the county of Lorain and Sta-teef Ohio, E
have invented certain new and useful Improvements 1n the Process of Reducing Aluminium by Electrolysis; and I do hereby de- A clare the following to be a full, clear, and exact. l
description of the invent-ion, such as will enable others skilled in the art to which it apperl tains to make and use the same.
The invention described herein relates to the reduction of aluminium from its oxide i by dissolving such oxide in a bath containing salt of aluminium, substantially as herein- In the accompanying drawings, forming a part of this specification, Figure l is a sectional elevation of a form of apparatus :tp-'
plicable in the practice of my invention; and Fig. 2 is a view, partly in elevation and partly in section,of a modified form of apparatus.
In. the practice of my invention I prepare a bath for the solution of the alumina by fusing together in a suitable Crucible, A, the fluorideof aluminium and the fluoride of a metal more electro-positive than aluminiumas, for example, t-he fluoride of sodium potasslum, dre-these salts being preferably mingled together in the proportions of eightyfour parts of sodium fluoride and one hundred and sixty-nine parts of aluminium fluoride, represent-ed by the formula vNazAlgFs.
A convenient method of forming the bath consists in adding to the mineral cryolite 2.3!;- of itsy weight of aluminium fluoride. The object of thus adding aluminium fluoride is vto secure in the bath the proper relative pro- I mersed in the solution. By the action of the To this fused bath is added alumina or l electric current, which preferably has an eleci tro-motive force ot about four to six volts, oxygen is released at the positive electrode C,
electrode I), which, oir account of the aflinity I of aluminium for other metals, is formed of carbon when it is desired to produce pure aluminium. The positive electrode may be formed of carbon, copper, platinum, or other suitable material. 'hcn formed of carbon, E the electrode C is gradually consumed, and must therefore be renewed from time to time; but when formed of copper an oxide coating is formed over the surface of the electrode. This coating serves toprotect the elect-rode `from further destruction by theaction of the the conduct-ing qualities of the electrode.
materia-ls,f I prefer to form the crucible or melting-pot 'A of metal-as iron or steel-and protect the same from the action of the aluminium by a carbon lining, A. This crucible is placed in a suitable furnace, B, and subjected to a suicient heat. to fuse the materials placed therein, such materials fusing at approximately the same temperature as common salt.
In lien of the electrode' I), as shown in Fig. 1,. the carbon lining A may be employed as the negative electrode, as shown in Fig. 3,the conductor from the negativeI pole of the elec tric generator being suitably connected, as shown at N', to such lining.
In order to render the/.bath or solvent more fusible fluoride of lithium may be substituted for a portion of the fluoride of sodium--as, for example, for one-fourth of the fluoride of vsodium an`e'quivalent amount of lithium fluoride by molecular weights may be substituted. Thus twenty-six parts of lithium fluoride displacing forty-two parts of sodium fluoride, the resulting combina-tion contains tweni ty-six part-s of lithium fluoride for every ,one l hundred and twenty-six parts of sodium fluoride and three hundred and thirty-eight parts of aluminium fluoride.
While I consider the proportions of fluorides of sodium and aluminium, and of the fluorides of sodium, lithium, and aluminium,
and aluminium is reduced at the negative oxygen, but does not interfere materially with,
O11 account of the affinity ot' aluminium for other metals, and also the corrosive actionof the materials forming the bath on cart-hy suitable means; or the bath may be poured out and after being cooled the aluminium may be picked out.
`15 As hereinbefore stated, the oxygen is released at the positive electrode, and when the latter is formed of carbon combines therewith, forming carbonic oxide, (00,) the carbon being gradually consumed, and with some zo salts, more particularly the salts of sodium, carbonaceous material is preferably used in the positive electrode or anode; but when the posit-ive. electrode is formed of copper,'as is,
preferable when salts of potassium are em- 13 ployed, a copper-oxide coating is first formed on the electrode, thereby forminga protective covering, free oxygen being subsequently given oi atthe positive electrode.`
No claim is made herein speciiically to the use of the fluoride of potassium and aluminiumas a' bath forthe reduction of aluminium,
as the same forms the subject-matter of an application filed .February 2 1887, and num# bered Serially 226,206; nor does the apparatus 35 described herein with more or less particularity form any part of the invention herein, as the same forms the subjecbmatter of an' application, No. 282,952, iiled August 17, 1888.
lI claim herein as my invention 1.. As an improvement in the art of manufacturing aluminium, the herein -described process, which consists in dissolving alumina in a fused bath composed of the iluorides of aluminium and a Ametal more electropositive than aluminium, and then passing an electric current through the fused mass, substantially as set forth.
2. As an improvement in the art of manufacturing aluminium, the herein-described process, which consists in dissolving alumina in a fused bath composed of the fluorides of aluminium and sodium, and then passing an electric current, by means of a carbonaceous anode, through the fused mass, substantially as set forth.
,3. As an improvement in the art of manufacturing aluminium, the herein-described process, which consists in dissolving alumina in a fused' bath composed of the iluorides of aluminium, sodium, and lithium, and' then 6o passing an elect-ric current, by means of a carbonaceous anode, through the fused mass, sub stantially as set forth.
In testimony whereof I affix my signature in presence of two witnesses. Y
CHARLES M'. HALL.
Witnesses:
GEORGE E. HALL, Ron'r.' L.FENwicx.
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US400766A true US400766A (en) | 1889-04-02 |
Family
ID=2469725
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US400766D Expired - Lifetime US400766A (en) | Process of reducing aluminium by electrolysis |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US400766A (en) |
Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2451491A (en) * | 1945-01-30 | 1948-10-19 | Reynolds Metals Co | Enriching the alumina content of recirculated cryolite fusions in aluminum production |
| US2547901A (en) * | 1941-02-11 | 1951-04-03 | Alcan Aluminium Ltd | Process for the manufacture of alkali metal aluminum fluoride |
| US4342637A (en) * | 1979-07-30 | 1982-08-03 | Metallurgical, Inc. | Composite anode for the electrolytic deposition of aluminum |
| US5028301A (en) * | 1989-01-09 | 1991-07-02 | Townsend Douglas W | Supersaturation plating of aluminum wettable cathode coatings during aluminum smelting in drained cathode cells |
| US5227045A (en) * | 1989-01-09 | 1993-07-13 | Townsend Douglas W | Supersaturation coating of cathode substrate |
| US20040212207A1 (en) * | 2003-04-24 | 2004-10-28 | Catherine Franczyk | Icing sculptor |
| US20110031129A1 (en) * | 2002-10-18 | 2011-02-10 | Vittorio De Nora | Aluminium electrowinning cells with metal-based anodes |
-
0
- US US400766D patent/US400766A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2547901A (en) * | 1941-02-11 | 1951-04-03 | Alcan Aluminium Ltd | Process for the manufacture of alkali metal aluminum fluoride |
| US2592113A (en) * | 1941-02-11 | 1952-04-08 | Alcan Aluminium Ltd | Process for the manufacture of alkali aluminum fluoride |
| US2451491A (en) * | 1945-01-30 | 1948-10-19 | Reynolds Metals Co | Enriching the alumina content of recirculated cryolite fusions in aluminum production |
| US4342637A (en) * | 1979-07-30 | 1982-08-03 | Metallurgical, Inc. | Composite anode for the electrolytic deposition of aluminum |
| US5028301A (en) * | 1989-01-09 | 1991-07-02 | Townsend Douglas W | Supersaturation plating of aluminum wettable cathode coatings during aluminum smelting in drained cathode cells |
| US5227045A (en) * | 1989-01-09 | 1993-07-13 | Townsend Douglas W | Supersaturation coating of cathode substrate |
| US20110031129A1 (en) * | 2002-10-18 | 2011-02-10 | Vittorio De Nora | Aluminium electrowinning cells with metal-based anodes |
| US20040212207A1 (en) * | 2003-04-24 | 2004-10-28 | Catherine Franczyk | Icing sculptor |
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