US3927992A - Coal combustion process and composition - Google Patents

Coal combustion process and composition Download PDF

Info

Publication number
US3927992A
US3927992A US201301A US20130171A US3927992A US 3927992 A US3927992 A US 3927992A US 201301 A US201301 A US 201301A US 20130171 A US20130171 A US 20130171A US 3927992 A US3927992 A US 3927992A
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
coal
cyclopentadienyl
compound
methylcyclopentadienyl
manganese tricarbonyl
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US201301A
Inventor
Robert V Kerley
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Ethyl Corp
Original Assignee
Ethyl Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Ethyl Corp filed Critical Ethyl Corp
Priority to US201301A priority Critical patent/US3927992A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3927992A publication Critical patent/US3927992A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L9/00—Treating solid fuels to improve their combustion
    • C10L9/10—Treating solid fuels to improve their combustion by using additives
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
    • C10L10/02—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for reducing smoke development

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT A method of reducing the smoke and sulfur trioxide produced when burning coal by introducing a small quantity of a metal cyclopentadienyl compound into the combustion chamber with the coal; a coal composition containing small amounts of the aforesaid metal cyclopentadienyl compounds.
  • the cyclopentadienyl compounds may be introduced into the combustion chamber by any practical means such as, for example, by impregnating the coal with the said cyclomatic compound or by introducing the cyclomatic compound into the combustion chamber separately from the coal.
  • Preferred metal cyclopentadienyl compounds are ferrocene, alkyl ferrocenes, and (methylcyclopentadienyl)manganese tricarbonyl.
  • the invention is directed to an improved method of burning coal and coal compositions used therein.
  • Coal is a common fuel in furnaces used to produce heat and energy. Even though rapid strides have been made in furnace design and construction to improve the combustion of coal, soot, smoke, and irritating gases such as sulfur trioxide formed during the'combustion of coal still create a problem. When these combustion products are discharged into the air, they contribute to atmospheric pollution. In addition, the soot generally contributes to decreased efficiency of the burning system by impairing heat transfer and the like.
  • An embodiment of this invention is a process for reducing the smoke and 80;, produced in the combustion of coal, said process comprising burning coal in the presence of a smoke and S0 reducing quantity of a metal cyclopentadienyl compound selected from the class consisting of compounds having the Formula (I) AFeA, and (II) AMn(CO) wherein A and A are independently selected from cyclopentadienyl radicals having from 5 to about 13 carbon atoms.
  • Another embodiment of this invention is the process described above wherein the quantity of said metal cyclopentadienyl compound present is from about 0.001 to about 5.0 per cent by weight of the coal.
  • Another embodiment of this invention is coal containing a smoke and S0 reducing quantity of a cyclopentadienyl compound described above.
  • Preferred embodiments of this invention are compositions of matter or processes described above wherein the cyclopentadienyl compound is dicyclopentadienyl iron (ferrocene), bis(methylcyclopentadienyl)iron, (dimethylferrocene), or (methylcyclopentadienyl) manganese tricarbonyl.
  • Coal is the general name for the natural rock-like brown to black derivative of forest-like plant usually accumulated in peat beds.
  • the types of coal which are useful in the process of this invention are lignitic coal, represented by brown coal and lignite; bituminous coal represented by sub-bituminous coal; and anthracite coals comprising seminathracite, anthracite and metaanthracite coals.
  • This coal classification nomenclatures is referred to as the rank system.
  • the term rank refers to the stage of carbonification of the coal. This rank system of classifying coal is commonly used in North America. Different names for analogous coal types of the rank system are used in other classification systems and are incorporated by reference.
  • coal also contains sulfur containing materials and compounds.
  • the organometallic compounds which are used with the coal in the present invention are cyclomatic manganese and cyclomatic iron compounds.
  • Cyclomatic metal organic compounds are those wherein the metal is bonded directly to at least one cyclopentadienyl type hydrocarbon radical.
  • the cyclomatic compounds useful in this invention have the general Formulae I, AFeA, and II, AMn(CO) wherein A and A are cyclomatic hydrocarbon radicals having from 5 to 13 or more carbon atoms which embodies a group of 5 carbons having the configuration found in cyclopentadiene.
  • the compounds are further characterized in that the cyclomatic hydrocarbon radical A and A are bonded to the metal by carbon to metal bonds through carbons of the cyclopentadienyl group. Examples of the cyclomatic hydrocarbons from which the cyclopentadienyl metal compounds used in the present invention can be prepared are illustrated by the following structural formulae.
  • R is a substituent selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkene, cycloalkyl, and aryl radicals.
  • propylcyclopentadienes n-butylcyclopentadienes; secbutylcyclopentadienes; tert-butylcyclopentadienes; isobutylcyclopentadienes; amylcyclopentadienes; cyclopentylcyclopentadienes; cyclohexylcyclopentadienes; phenylcyclopentadienes; diphenylcyclopentadienes; pentaphenylcyclopentadienes; indene; fluorene; and the like.
  • Non-limiting examples of compounds having Formula I in which the cyclomatic radical has the configuration shown in Structures III, IV and V are bis(ethylcyclopentadienyl irons; bis-[ (2-ethylhexyl )cyclopentadieneyl]iron; bis(tert-butylcyclopentadienyl) iron; cyclopentadienyl(methylcyclopentadienyl)iron; (lmethyl-2-ethyl-cyclopentadienyl o-tolyl )cyclopentadienyl]iron; (cyclohexylcyclopentadienyl) (phenylcyclopentadienyl)iron; bisfluorenyliron; bisindenyliron; (3-sec-butylindenyl )fluorenyliron; (2-ethylfluorenyl)(2-methylfluorenyl)iron; and the like.
  • Preferred compounds having Formula I are dicyclopentadienyl iron and bis(methylcyclopentadienyl)iron.
  • Non-limiting examples of the compounds having Formula II in which the cyclomatic radical has the configuration shown in structures III, IV and V above are cyclopentadienylmanganese tricarbonyl; (butenylcyclopentadienyl)manganese tricarbonyl; (tert-butylcyclopentadienyl)manganese tricarbonyl; (cyclohexylcyclopentadienyl)manganese tricarbonyl; (heptylcyclopentadienyl)manganese tricarbonyl; (pentamethylcyclopentadienyl )manganese tricarbonyl; l ,3- diphenylcyclopentadienyl)manganese tricarbonyl; indenylmanganese tricarbonyl; (l,3-diethylindenyl)manganese tricarbonyl; [3(2-ethylphenyl)in
  • a preferred compound having Formula II is (methylcyclopentadienyl)manganese tricarbonyl.
  • Mixtures of the cyclomatic metal compounds described above may also be used in the practice of this invention.
  • the mixtures can include only the compounds having Formula I, only compounds having Formula II or combinations of compounds having Formula I and Formula II.
  • Non-limiting examples of useful mixtures are bis(ethylcyclopentadienyl)iron and bis(tertbutylcyclopentadienyl)iron; (cyclohexylcyclopentadienyl)manganese tricarbonyl and bis(methylcy- 50 clopentadienyl)iron; l,3-diethylindenyl)manganese tricarbonyl and cyclopentadienylmanganese tricarbonyl; dicyclopentadienyliron and bis(methylcyclopentadienyl)iron; cyclopentadienyl-(methylcyclopentadienyl)iron and indenylmanganese tricarbonyl; (me- 5 th
  • the amount of cyclomatic metal. compounds to be employed may vary widely and will depend upon the nature of the coal being burned, the completeness of the 65 combustion desired, the amount of air employed, the type of furnace and other conditions of combustion. In some cases, it may be desirable to use a lesser amount of the cyclomatic metal compound than required to insure complete absence of carbon in the combustion products.
  • one part by weight of the cyclomatic metal compound will be used to from 20 to about 200,000 parts by weight of the coal; in other words from 0.0005 per cent to about 5.0 per cent by weight of the cyclopentadienyl compound will be used. Amounts in excess of 5 per cent of the weight of the coal may be used. Such high concentrations, however, may add unnecessarily to the expense.
  • the means by which the cyclopentadienyl metal compound is introduced along with the coal into the combustion chamber are not critical. Thus, for example, it may be (a) included in the coal, (b) injected into the coal feed, (c) introduced separately into the combustion chamber along with the coal or by any other convenient practicable means. Whatever way it is done, the concentration of the cyclomatic metal compound to coal in the combustion chamber will be within the ranges of specified above.
  • bituminous coal having a pronounced tendency to smoke is burned in a furnace, with an adequate supply of air.
  • bituminous coal is added about 0.01 per cent by weight of bis(methylcyclopentadienyl)iron.
  • the smoke produced in a furnace system which uses powdered coal can also be reduced by using other procedures.
  • this type of coal furnace the lump coal is first fed through a grinder; the ground coal then passes directly to a blower system which feeds the combustion chamber.
  • the smoke can be reduced in this system by using coal compositions of this invention, i.e., coal containinga cyclomatic metal compound to feed the grinder.
  • Another efficient means of introducing the cyclomatic metal compound in this type system is to add thecyclomatic compound to the coal in the grinding operation just prior to combustion.
  • a more efficient method is to introduce the cyclomatic metal compound directly into the ground coal feed as it is blown into the combustion chamber.
  • Another still more efficient process is to add the cyclomatic metal compound into the combustion chamber with the secondary air, that is, the air which is blown into the combustion chamber to improve mixing and to aid combustion in general.
  • This latter process would appear to be most flexible and most economical. It would permit easy and continuous control during the combustion process, thus, permitting adjustment of the metal compound concentration to allow for fluctuations which occur during the combustion cycle. In addition, it would minimize the loss of cyclomatic metal compound during the grinding and feeding steps.
  • the cyclopentadienyl compound can be metered in as a powder, as a liquid, as a 6 tions of this invention.
  • These briquettes can be used as fuel in any coal burning device from the simple handfired domestic stove through the most complex, commercial', ground-coal fired furnace.
  • Each boiler was capable of generating 250 secondary air source used in ground coal fired furpsi steam at the rate of 128,000 pounds per hour. Both naCeS- boilers were operated concurrently and under approxi- Thus, there are different furnace systems and various mately the same heating loads during the test program.
  • means of introducing the cyclomatic metal compound One boiler was operated using untreated stoker coal with the coal into the combustion chamber of the furwhile the second boiler was operated with stoker coal nace. In every case, however, the smoke produced in a treated with commercial (methylcyclopentadienyl)- coal fired furnace system is noticeably reduced when manganese tricarbonyl.
  • the coal is burned in the presence of the cyclomatic
  • the coal was treated with the (methylcyclopentadiemetal compound. nyl) manganese'tricarbonyl by uniformly spraying the Besides reducing the amount of smoke and soot prol ft r it was loaded into the coal hopper used to Jerusalem, it is noted that use of the process of this invenfeed said second boiler.
  • the commercial (methylcytion may also diminish the quantity of sulfur trioxide in clopentadienyl)manganese tricarbonyl was sprayed on the coal combustion product. Since sulfur trioxide in the coal as a distillate fuel solution.
  • coal compositions corresponds to the range of concen- The two boilers were operated under these conditrations described above. tions for a number of consecutive weeks. Visual obser- These coal compositions may be prepared by any vations of the smoke level from each boiler stack were convenient means. Thus, for example, the metal cymade regularly during this period.
  • the flue gases from clopentadienyl compound may be applied to the sureach of the boilers were sampled regularly and the face of the coal by using an aqueous dispersion of the sulfur trioxide (S0 and carbon dioxide (CO content metal compound and the like.
  • the coal may be coated of these gases was determined by routine chemical with a combustible film-forming material containing analysis.
  • the carbon dioxide content in the flue gas is the proper amount of the cyclopentadienyl metal coman indication of the efficiency of the combustion syspound.
  • incorporating the cyclopentadienyl metal compound Following is a tabulation of the data obtained in this into the coal as in briquetting. This latter method inevaluation.
  • Boiler No. l utilized untreated coal; boiler volves pelletizing powdered coal, a binder and a small No. 2 utilized coal treated with'commercial (methylcyquantity of a cyclopentadienyl compound.
  • Table 2 shows that the boiler using the 30 equal treated coal produced less smoke on the average than ii the boiler using the untreated coal.
  • the data in Table 1 2 X shows that significantly less sulfur trioxide was found in 3 x 40 the flue gases from the boiler using the treated fuel as 5 equal compared to the 80;, produced in the boiler using un- 6 equal treated fuel.
  • the nineteen day average of the sulfur Z aqua trioxide content from boiler No. 2 was 15.1 parts per equal 9 X million (ppm); the average S0 from bo1ler No. l was 1: 22.3 ppm.
  • '2 X In addition the data in Table 2 shows that the CO 3 X level in the flue gases from boiler No.
  • the data also illustrates another important point.
  • a representative sample of the coal used in firing the boiler was analyzed spectrographically for manganese. This analysis showed that the coal itself contained from 0.0l O.1/o manganese.
  • the flue gas sampling was made randomly over an extended period of time. Allowing that the natural manganese content of the coal would vary between 001 0. l/o over this period, there is no indication from the data in Table 3, Part A that substantial changes in the amount of naturally contained manganese in the coal have any efiect on the S0 content of the flue gas. In other words, even though the manganese naturally present in the coal fluctuated, the S0 levels in the flue gas uniformly ran between 40 and 50 parts per million (ppm).
  • the cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl additive is preferably used in admixture with suitable diluents.
  • suitable diluents are the hydrocarbons such as the distillate fuels, hexane, heptane, nonane, dodecane or other alkanes, kerosenes, toluene xylene, benzene and other low molecular weight aromatics and mixtures of such diluents.
  • Concentrations of the cyclopentadienyl compound in these diluents can range upwards from about 0.l/o preferably from 01 to 50/o. These concentrates are especially useful where the additive is introduced in minute quantities and directly into the combustion chamber.
  • a process for reducing the sulfur trioxide produced in the combustion of coal consisting essentially of burning pulverized coal in a combustion chamber in the presence of a combustion improving quantity of (methyl cyclopentadienyl)manganese tricarbonyl, wherein said coal and said (methylcyclopentadienyl) manganese tricarbonyl are simultaneously but separately introduced into said combustion chamber.
  • a combustible fuel composition consisting essentially of a dispersion in air of pulverized coal and (methylcyclopentadienyl)manganese tricarbonyl.
  • composition of claim 8 wherein said dispersion contains from about 0.0005/o to about 0.0l/o by weight of the cyclopentadienyl compound.
  • composition of claim 9 wherein said dispersion contains about 0.0005/o by weight of the cyclopentadienyl compound.

Abstract

A method of reducing the smoke and sulfur trioxide produced when burning coal by introducing a small quantity of a metal cyclopentadienyl compound into the combustion chamber with the coal; a coal composition containing small amounts of the aforesaid metal cyclopentadienyl compounds. The cyclopentadienyl compounds may be introduced into the combustion chamber by any practical means such as, for example, by impregnating the coal with the said cyclomatic compound or by introducing the cyclomatic compound into the combustion chamber separately from the coal. Preferred metal cyclopentadienyl compounds are ferrocene, alkyl ferrocenes, and (methylcyclopentadienyl)manganese tricarbonyl.

Description

United States Patent 1 1 1111 3,927,992
Kerley Dec. 23, 1975 COAL COMBUSTION PROCESS AND 3,330,844 7/1967 Kozikowski et al 44/68 x co o 3,348,932 10/1967 Kukin 44/4 Inventor: Robert V. Kerley, Ortonville, Mich.
Assignee: Ethyl Corporation, Richmond, Va.
Filed: Nov. 23, 1971 Appl. No.: 201,301
Related US. Application Data Continuation of Ser. No. 878,258, Nov. 19, 1969, abandoned, which is a continuation of Ser. No. 723,945, April 24, 1968, abandoned, which is a continuation of Ser. No. 601,558, Dec. 14, 1966, abandoned.
References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS ll/l908 Jacobs 44/4 Primary Examiner-Carl F. Dees Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Donald L. Johnson; Robert A. Linn [57] ABSTRACT A method of reducing the smoke and sulfur trioxide produced when burning coal by introducing a small quantity of a metal cyclopentadienyl compound into the combustion chamber with the coal; a coal composition containing small amounts of the aforesaid metal cyclopentadienyl compounds. The cyclopentadienyl compounds may be introduced into the combustion chamber by any practical means such as, for example, by impregnating the coal with the said cyclomatic compound or by introducing the cyclomatic compound into the combustion chamber separately from the coal. Preferred metal cyclopentadienyl compounds are ferrocene, alkyl ferrocenes, and (methylcyclopentadienyl)manganese tricarbonyl.
10 Claims, No Drawings 1 COAL COMBUSTION PROCESS AND COMPOSITION CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is a continuation of copending application Ser. No. 878,258, filed Nov. 19, 1969 now abandoned, which in turn is a continuation of application Ser. No. 723,945, filed Apr. 24, 1968, now abandoned, which in turn is a continuation of application Ser. No. 601,558, filed Dec. 14, 1966, now abandoned.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The invention is directed to an improved method of burning coal and coal compositions used therein.
Coal is a common fuel in furnaces used to produce heat and energy. Even though rapid strides have been made in furnace design and construction to improve the combustion of coal, soot, smoke, and irritating gases such as sulfur trioxide formed during the'combustion of coal still create a problem. When these combustion products are discharged into the air, they contribute to atmospheric pollution. In addition, the soot generally contributes to decreased efficiency of the burning system by impairing heat transfer and the like.
The introduction of a large excess of oxygen (from air) reduces the soot and smoke formed, but generally increases sulfur trioxide formation. Furthermore, this large excess of air reduces the efficiency of the fumace by carrying away large amounts of heat in the process.
A means of reducing soot, smoke and S formation in coal burning operations while not reducing the efficiency of the furnace would be an important contribution to the art. The invention hereinafter described provides such a means.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is an object of this invention to provide a process for reducing smoke, soot and sulfur trioxide (S0 produced in the combustion of coal. It is a further object of this invention to improve the efficiency and reduce the smoke and S0 produced in the combustion of coal by burning the coal with a small amount of a metal cyclopentadienyl compound. Another object of this invention is a coal composition containing a combustion improving quantity of a metal cyclopentadienyl compound.
II I
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS An embodiment of this invention is a process for reducing the smoke and 80;, produced in the combustion of coal, said process comprising burning coal in the presence of a smoke and S0 reducing quantity of a metal cyclopentadienyl compound selected from the class consisting of compounds having the Formula (I) AFeA, and (II) AMn(CO) wherein A and A are independently selected from cyclopentadienyl radicals having from 5 to about 13 carbon atoms. Another embodiment of this invention is the process described above wherein the quantity of said metal cyclopentadienyl compound present is from about 0.001 to about 5.0 per cent by weight of the coal. Another embodiment of this invention is coal containing a smoke and S0 reducing quantity of a cyclopentadienyl compound described above. Preferred embodiments of this invention are compositions of matter or processes described above wherein the cyclopentadienyl compound is dicyclopentadienyl iron (ferrocene), bis(methylcyclopentadienyl)iron, (dimethylferrocene), or (methylcyclopentadienyl) manganese tricarbonyl.
Coal is the general name for the natural rock-like brown to black derivative of forest-like plant usually accumulated in peat beds. The types of coal which are useful in the process of this invention are lignitic coal, represented by brown coal and lignite; bituminous coal represented by sub-bituminous coal; and anthracite coals comprising seminathracite, anthracite and metaanthracite coals. This coal classification nomenclatures is referred to as the rank system. The term rank refers to the stage of carbonification of the coal. This rank system of classifying coal is commonly used in North America. Different names for analogous coal types of the rank system are used in other classification systems and are incorporated by reference. Besides hydrocarbon components, coal also contains sulfur containing materials and compounds.
The organometallic compounds which are used with the coal in the present invention are cyclomatic manganese and cyclomatic iron compounds. Cyclomatic metal organic compounds are those wherein the metal is bonded directly to at least one cyclopentadienyl type hydrocarbon radical. The cyclomatic compounds useful in this invention have the general Formulae I, AFeA, and II, AMn(CO) wherein A and A are cyclomatic hydrocarbon radicals having from 5 to 13 or more carbon atoms which embodies a group of 5 carbons having the configuration found in cyclopentadiene. The compounds are further characterized in that the cyclomatic hydrocarbon radical A and A are bonded to the metal by carbon to metal bonds through carbons of the cyclopentadienyl group. Examples of the cyclomatic hydrocarbons from which the cyclopentadienyl metal compounds used in the present invention can be prepared are illustrated by the following structural formulae.
H R H R IV V- wherein R is a substituent selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkene, cycloalkyl, and aryl radicals.
Specific examples of some of the cyclopentadienes from which useful cyclomatic metal compounds are prepared are cyclopentadiene; methylcyclopentadienes; dimethylcyclpentadienes; trimethyl cyclopentadienes; tetramethylcyclopentadienes; pentamethyl cyclopentadiene ethylcyclopentadienes'; methyl, ethylcyclopentadienes'; fi=propylcyclopentadienes; isopropylcyclopentadienes; propenylcyclopeflt'atlienes; methyl,
propylcyclopentadienes; n-butylcyclopentadienes; secbutylcyclopentadienes; tert-butylcyclopentadienes; isobutylcyclopentadienes; amylcyclopentadienes; cyclopentylcyclopentadienes; cyclohexylcyclopentadienes; phenylcyclopentadienes; diphenylcyclopentadienes; pentaphenylcyclopentadienes; indene; fluorene; and the like.
Non-limiting examples of compounds having Formula I in which the cyclomatic radical has the configuration shown in Structures III, IV and V are bis(ethylcyclopentadienyl irons; bis-[ (2-ethylhexyl )cyclopentadieneyl]iron; bis(tert-butylcyclopentadienyl) iron; cyclopentadienyl(methylcyclopentadienyl)iron; (lmethyl-2-ethyl-cyclopentadienyl o-tolyl )cyclopentadienyl]iron; (cyclohexylcyclopentadienyl) (phenylcyclopentadienyl)iron; bisfluorenyliron; bisindenyliron; (3-sec-butylindenyl )fluorenyliron; (2-ethylfluorenyl)(2-methylfluorenyl)iron; and the like.
Preferred compounds having Formula I are dicyclopentadienyl iron and bis(methylcyclopentadienyl)iron.
Non-limiting examples of the compounds having Formula II in which the cyclomatic radical has the configuration shown in structures III, IV and V above are cyclopentadienylmanganese tricarbonyl; (butenylcyclopentadienyl)manganese tricarbonyl; (tert-butylcyclopentadienyl)manganese tricarbonyl; (cyclohexylcyclopentadienyl)manganese tricarbonyl; (heptylcyclopentadienyl)manganese tricarbonyl; (pentamethylcyclopentadienyl )manganese tricarbonyl; l ,3- diphenylcyclopentadienyl)manganese tricarbonyl; indenylmanganese tricarbonyl; (l,3-diethylindenyl)manganese tricarbonyl; [3(2-ethylphenyl)indenyl]manganese tricarbonyl; fluorenylmanganese tricarbonyl; (4-propylfluorenyl)manganese tricarbonyl; (4,5,6,7- tetrahydroindenyl)manganese tricarbonyl; (2-ethyl-3- phenyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydroindenyl)manganese tricarbonyl; 1,4,5 ,8-tetrahydrofluorenyl )manganese tricarbonyl and the like.
A preferred compound having Formula II is (methylcyclopentadienyl)manganese tricarbonyl.
Mixtures of the cyclomatic metal compounds described above may also be used in the practice of this invention. The mixtures can include only the compounds having Formula I, only compounds having Formula II or combinations of compounds having Formula I and Formula II. Non-limiting examples of useful mixtures are bis(ethylcyclopentadienyl)iron and bis(tertbutylcyclopentadienyl)iron; (cyclohexylcyclopentadienyl)manganese tricarbonyl and bis(methylcy- 50 clopentadienyl)iron; l,3-diethylindenyl)manganese tricarbonyl and cyclopentadienylmanganese tricarbonyl; dicyclopentadienyliron and bis(methylcyclopentadienyl)iron; cyclopentadienyl-(methylcyclopentadienyl)iron and indenylmanganese tricarbonyl; (me- 5 thylcyclopentadienyl)manganese tricarbonyl; dicyclopentadienyl-iron, and bis(methylcyclopentadienyl- )iron; (pentylcyclopentadienyl) manganese tricarbonyl, (phenylcyclopentadienyl)manganese tricarbonyl, (phenylcyclopentadienyl) (tert-butylcyclopentadienyl- )iron and the like.
In carrying out the process of this invention, the amount of cyclomatic metal. compounds to be employed may vary widely and will depend upon the nature of the coal being burned, the completeness of the 65 combustion desired, the amount of air employed, the type of furnace and other conditions of combustion. In some cases, it may be desirable to use a lesser amount of the cyclomatic metal compound than required to insure complete absence of carbon in the combustion products. Generally, one part by weight of the cyclomatic metal compound will be used to from 20 to about 200,000 parts by weight of the coal; in other words from 0.0005 per cent to about 5.0 per cent by weight of the cyclopentadienyl compound will be used. Amounts in excess of 5 per cent of the weight of the coal may be used. Such high concentrations, however, may add unnecessarily to the expense.
The means by which the cyclopentadienyl metal compound is introduced along with the coal into the combustion chamber are not critical. Thus, for example, it may be (a) included in the coal, (b) injected into the coal feed, (c) introduced separately into the combustion chamber along with the coal or by any other convenient practicable means. Whatever way it is done, the concentration of the cyclomatic metal compound to coal in the combustion chamber will be within the ranges of specified above.
To illustrate the benefits derived from the present invention, a portion of bituminous coal having a pronounced tendency to smoke is burned in a furnace, with an adequate supply of air. To a second portion of the bituminous coal is added about 0.01 per cent by weight of bis(methylcyclopentadienyl)iron. When this coal composition is burned in the same furnace under the same combustion conditions as the base coal, the
quantity of smoke produced is significantly diminished. Similar results are obtained when the coal is powdered, a binder is added along with a small quantity of (methylcyclopentadienyl)manganese tricarbonyl, the composition is pelletized to form a briquette and then the briquette is burned.
The smoke produced in a furnace system which uses powdered coal can also be reduced by using other procedures. In this type of coal furnace, the lump coal is first fed through a grinder; the ground coal then passes directly to a blower system which feeds the combustion chamber. It is self-evident that the smoke can be reduced in this system by using coal compositions of this invention, i.e., coal containinga cyclomatic metal compound to feed the grinder. Another efficient means of introducing the cyclomatic metal compound in this type system is to add thecyclomatic compound to the coal in the grinding operation just prior to combustion.
A more efficient method is to introduce the cyclomatic metal compound directly into the ground coal feed as it is blown into the combustion chamber. Another still more efficient process is to add the cyclomatic metal compound into the combustion chamber with the secondary air, that is, the air which is blown into the combustion chamber to improve mixing and to aid combustion in general. This latter process would appear to be most flexible and most economical. It would permit easy and continuous control during the combustion process, thus, permitting adjustment of the metal compound concentration to allow for fluctuations which occur during the combustion cycle. In addition, it would minimize the loss of cyclomatic metal compound during the grinding and feeding steps.
Stoker fed furnaces are also benefited from the process of this invention. Since in this system small lumps (approximately inch in the largest dimension) of coal are used, a convenient method of reducing the smoke produced in this furnace is to use stoker coal containing a smoke reducing quantity of cyclopentadienyl metal compound. Preparation of coal containing the cyclopentadienyl metal compound is described below. On the other hand, untreated coal may be used and the metal cyclopentadienyl compound can be metered into this coal at a point between the stoker bin and the combustion chamber. This latter point could conveniently be in the screw carrying the coal from the bin to the combustion chamber. The cyclopentadienyl compound can be metered in as a powder, as a liquid, as a 6 tions of this invention. These briquettes can be used as fuel in any coal burning device from the simple handfired domestic stove through the most complex, commercial', ground-coal fired furnace.
vapor, as an aqueous slurry or in any other convenient 5 The benefits obtained from using a coal composition form. As an example of still another method of adding of the present. invention were demonstrated in an-evalthe cyclopentadienyl compound to the combustion uation carried out in a commercial coal-fired boiler chamber, in stoker systems, the metal cyclopentadienyl operation. The evaluation utilized two boilers 1n a comompo n m y be in ro ce irec ly in h mmercial heating plant; each boiler was coal fired and bustion chamber by means of an air feed similar to the stoker fed. Each boiler was capable of generating 250 secondary air source used in ground coal fired furpsi steam at the rate of 128,000 pounds per hour. Both naCeS- boilers were operated concurrently and under approxi- Thus, there are different furnace systems and various mately the same heating loads during the test program. means of introducing the cyclomatic metal compound One boiler was operated using untreated stoker coal with the coal into the combustion chamber of the furwhile the second boiler was operated with stoker coal nace. In every case, however, the smoke produced in a treated with commercial (methylcyclopentadienyl)- coal fired furnace system is noticeably reduced when manganese tricarbonyl. the coal is burned in the presence of the cyclomatic The coal was treated with the (methylcyclopentadiemetal compound. nyl) manganese'tricarbonyl by uniformly spraying the Besides reducing the amount of smoke and soot prol ft r it was loaded into the coal hopper used to duced, it is noted that use of the process of this invenfeed said second boiler. The commercial (methylcytion may also diminish the quantity of sulfur trioxide in clopentadienyl)manganese tricarbonyl was sprayed on the coal combustion product. Since sulfur trioxide in the coal as a distillate fuel solution. This distillate fuel the air is recognized as a mucous membrane irritant, solution contained about 0.14 pounds of (methylcythe process of this invention would help in air pollution l t di l) manganese tricarbonyl per gallon of control. fuel. The coal was treated at the rate of about 0.5 gal- Coal compositions containing a small quantity of the lons of this distillate fuel solution per about 1.8 tons of metal cyclopentadienyl compounds having Formula I coal. Thus, the treated coal contained about 20.7 and II are also an embodiment of this invention. The grams of (methylcyclopentadienyl)manganese tricarquantity of metal cyclopentadienyl compounds in the bonyl per ton of coal. coal compositions corresponds to the range of concen- The two boilers were operated under these conditrations described above. tions for a number of consecutive weeks. Visual obser- These coal compositions may be prepared by any vations of the smoke level from each boiler stack were convenient means. Thus, for example, the metal cymade regularly during this period. The flue gases from clopentadienyl compound may be applied to the sureach of the boilers were sampled regularly and the face of the coal by using an aqueous dispersion of the sulfur trioxide (S0 and carbon dioxide (CO content metal compound and the like. The coal may be coated of these gases was determined by routine chemical with a combustible film-forming material containing analysis. The carbon dioxide content in the flue gas is the proper amount of the cyclopentadienyl metal coman indication of the efficiency of the combustion syspound. A more convenient method of preparing the tern. The higher the CO content, the more efficient is coal compositions of this invention is by physically the combustion. incorporating the cyclopentadienyl metal compound Following is a tabulation of the data obtained in this into the coal as in briquetting. This latter method inevaluation. Boiler No. l utilized untreated coal; boiler volves pelletizing powdered coal, a binder and a small No. 2 utilized coal treated with'commercial (methylcyquantity of a cyclopentadienyl compound. The briclopentadienyl) manganese tricarbonyl as described quettes containing the metal cyclopentadienyl comabove. All concentrations and percentages in these pound offer a universally useful form of the compositables are by weight unless otherwise noted.
TABLE 1 SO; and CO2 in Flue Gases (A) (B) Boiler No. l Boiler No. 2 Boiler No. l Boiler No. 2 Untreated Coal Treated Coal Untreated Coal Treated Coal Sample so so, C0 C0 Date (ppm) (pp l lst Month 16 20.8 5.5 9.25 10 19 21.2 18.0 11 -11.5 23 8.5 5.0 10.5 10.5 26 11.0 8.0 10.5 11.0 30 48.0 37.5 10 11 2nd Month 2 44.5 26.5 10 9.75 6 19.5 13 0 10.75 10.5 9 24.5 13 29.5 11.0 8 8.25 16 23.5 24.0 8.25 9 20 12.5 10.5 7.75 8.75 24 17.0 12.0 6 6 27 14.5 12.0 5.5 5.5 30 10.5 13.0 9.5 10.5 3rd Month TABLE l-continued SO, and CO2 in Flue Gases (A) (13) Boiler No. l Boiler No. 2 Boiler No. l Boiler No. 2 Untreated Coal Treated Coal Untreated Coal Treated Coal Sample SO SO; 2 CO2 Date (p (ppm) q (2) (21 Average 22.3 l5.l 9.3 l().0
"Number indicates day of the month. *Volume per cent.
Table 2-continued Table 2 15 Visual Smoke (I) Visual Smoke l) Greater Smoke From Greater Smoke m Month and Boiler No. l Boiler No. 2 Month and B il r N Boiler 2 Date Observed Untreated Coal Treat Date Observed Untreated Coal Treated Coal ed Coal 1 5 X 14 X st. l5 X 6 x 20 16 X 7 X 17 X 8 X 18 X 9 X 19 X 10 X X 11 X 21 X 12 X 22 X 13 X 23 X [4 X 24 equal 15 x 25 X 16 X 26 equal 17 X 27 equal 18 X 28 equal l9 equal 20 equal l The smoke observations were made during high power demand periods. Zl equal (2) X indicates from which boiler more smoke was observed. 22 equal 23 X g; Q The data in the two tables above clearly illustrates 26 equal the benefits obtained from burning coal treated with 27 equal small amounts of (methylcyclopentadienyl)manganese is equal X tricarbonyl. Table 2 shows that the boiler using the 30 equal treated coal produced less smoke on the average than ii the boiler using the untreated coal. The data in Table 1 2 X shows that significantly less sulfur trioxide was found in 3 x 40 the flue gases from the boiler using the treated fuel as 5 equal compared to the 80;, produced in the boiler using un- 6 equal treated fuel. The nineteen day average of the sulfur Z aqua trioxide content from boiler No. 2 was 15.1 parts per equal 9 X million (ppm); the average S0 from bo1ler No. l was 1: 22.3 ppm. '2 X In addition the data in Table 2 shows that the CO 3 X level in the flue gases from boiler No. 2 was higher over {2* the same 19 day period than the CO level in flue gases 16 X of boiler No. 1. As pointed out above, this indicates {g that the combustion efficiency in boiler No. 2 was 19 e ual hi her than that of boiler No. 1. Thus, the data shows 1 g i that coal burned in the presence of a small amount of (meth lcyclo entadien l)man anese tricarbon l ro- 22 X y P y g y P 23 X duced less smoke, less sulfur trioxide, and improved g; X equal combustion efficiency.
26 x Similar results are obtained when dicyclopentadienyl g; Q iron, bis( methylcyclopentadienyl)iron and the like are 29 X used in place of the (methylcyclopentadienyl)man- 30 X ganese tricarbonyl. g i? Additional data was obtained in a coal-fired commer- 3 X cial boiler demonstrating the effectiveness of the cyclopentadieny] manganese compounds in reducing the 6 X sulfur trioxide content of the flue gas. In this operation (methylcyclopentadienyl) manganese tricarbonyl was 9 equal diluted with a distillate fuel oil; and this mixture was 10 equal then fed into the combustion chamber simultaneously :L with a pulverized coal fuel and burned. The (methylcy- 13 X clopentadienyl)manganese tricarbonyl mixture was fed Table 3 S Reduction in Flue Gas A.) Coal Fuel No (Methylcyclopentadienyl)Manganese Added 3 (pp .1 (pm) 3 (pp Sample at 690 S.L. (l) at 825 S.L. at 920 S.L.
Avg. 47.5 49.4 45.2
B.) Coal Fuel (Methylcyclopentadienyl)Manganese Introduced Into Combustion Chamber n (pp n (PP Sample at 525 S.L. at 730 S.L.
a 14.5 20.4 b 14.7 17.8 c 14.3 16.6 d 17.5 16.8 e 170 17.1 f 16.5 12.7 g 11.0 h 13.2
Avg. 15.7 16.65
(I) S.L. Steam load in 1.000 lblhr As the data clearly illustrates, burning the coal in the presence of a minute amount of (methylcylopentadienyl) manganese tricarbonyl resulted in a substantial reduction (about 66/o) in the S0 content of the flue gas.
The data also illustrates another important point. A representative sample of the coal used in firing the boiler was analyzed spectrographically for manganese. This analysis showed that the coal itself contained from 0.0l O.1/o manganese. As pointed out above, the flue gas sampling was made randomly over an extended period of time. Allowing that the natural manganese content of the coal would vary between 001 0. l/o over this period, there is no indication from the data in Table 3, Part A that substantial changes in the amount of naturally contained manganese in the coal have any efiect on the S0 content of the flue gas. In other words, even though the manganese naturally present in the coal fluctuated, the S0 levels in the flue gas uniformly ran between 40 and 50 parts per million (ppm).
However, on adding only about 0.0005lo of manganese as (methylcylopentadienyl)manganese tricarbonyl to this coal the S0 content of the flue gas was dramatically decreased and consistently ranged between only 14 and 18 ppm (Table 3, Part B). This is convincing evidence that it is not manganese itself, but the particular manganese compound namely a cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl which is required to effect this unexpected and substantial reduction in S0 in flue gas from a coal burning combustion system.
For ease of handling and metering, the cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl additive is preferably used in admixture with suitable diluents. Examples of suitable diluents are the hydrocarbons such as the distillate fuels, hexane, heptane, nonane, dodecane or other alkanes, kerosenes, toluene xylene, benzene and other low molecular weight aromatics and mixtures of such diluents. Concentrations of the cyclopentadienyl compound in these diluents can range upwards from about 0.l/o preferably from 01 to 50/o. These concentrates are especially useful where the additive is introduced in minute quantities and directly into the combustion chamber.
The improved process for reducing smoke and S0 produced in burning coal and coal compositions used therein have been fully described. Claims to this invention follow. It is intended that this invention be limited only within the spirit and scope of the claims.
1 claim:
1. A process for reducing the sulfur trioxide produced in the combustion of coal, said process consisting essentially of burning pulverized coal in a combustion chamber in the presence of a combustion improving quantity of (methyl cyclopentadienyl)manganese tricarbonyl, wherein said coal and said (methylcyclopentadienyl) manganese tricarbonyl are simultaneously but separately introduced into said combustion chamber.
2. The process of claim 1 wherein the quantity of said cyclopentadienyl compound present in from 0.0005/o to about 0.01/o by weight of the coal.
3. The process of claim 1 wherein said cyclopentadienyl compound is contained in a suitable diluent.
4. The process of claim 3 wherein said cyclopentadienyl compound is introduced in the secondary air feed.
5. The process of claim 3 wherein said cyclopentadienyl compound is introduced in the secondary air feed.
6. The process of claim 2 wherein the concentration of (methylcyclopentadienyl)manganese tricarbonyl is about 0.002/o by weight of the coal.
7. The process of claim 5 wherein said (methylcyclopentadienyl)manganese tricarbonyl quantity is from about 0.0005/o to about 0.0l/o by weight of the coal.
8. A combustible fuel composition consisting essentially of a dispersion in air of pulverized coal and (methylcyclopentadienyl)manganese tricarbonyl.
9. The composition of claim 8 wherein said dispersion contains from about 0.0005/o to about 0.0l/o by weight of the cyclopentadienyl compound.
10. The composition of claim 9 wherein said dispersion contains about 0.0005/o by weight of the cyclopentadienyl compound.
UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE CERTIFICATE OF CORRECTION PATENT NO. 5,927,992
DATED December 25, 1975 |N\/'ENTQR(S) Robert V. Kerley It is certified that error appears in the above-identified patent and that said Letters Patent are hereby correeted as shown below:
Column I, line 18 after "ranges" delete of Columns 7 and 8, Table 2 and Table 2-continued reposition sub-heading "Treated Coal and place under "Boiler No. 2"
Column 9, line 47 "O.OlO.l7 should beobi-0.17
Column 9, line 50 "O. Ol-O. 17 should be 0. 01-0. 17
Column 10, line 17 "0. 1 to 507 should be O. l to 507 Claim l (Column l0, line 41) "5" should be l Signed and Scaled this Thirteenth Day of July 1976 [SEAL] A nest:
RUTH C. MASON C. MARSHALL DANN Attestmg Officer Commissioner of Patents and Trademark:

Claims (10)

1. A PROCESS FOR REDUCING THE SULFUR TRIOXIDE PRODUCED IN THE COMBUSTION OF COAL, SAID PROCESS CONSISTING ESSENTIALLY OF BURNING PULVERIZED COAL IN A COMBUSTION CHAMBER IN THE PRESENCE OF A COMBUSTION IMPROVING QUANTITY OF (METHYL CYCLOPENTADIENYL)MANGANESE TRICARBONYL, WHEREIN SAID COAL AND SAID (METHYLCYCLOPENTADIENYL) MANGANESE TRICARBONYL ARE SIMULTANEOUSLY BUT SEPARATELY INTRODUCED INTO SAID COMBUSTION CHAMBER.
2. The process of claim 1 wherein the quantity of said cyclopentadienyl compound present in from 0.0005*/o to about 0.01*/o by weight of the coal.
3. The process of claim 1 wherein said cyclopentadienyl compound is contained in a suitable diluent.
4. The process of claim 3 wherein said cyclopentadienyl compound is introduced in the secondary air feed.
5. The process of claim 3 wherein said cyclopentadienyl compound is introduced in the secondary air feed.
6. The process of claim 2 wherein the concentration of (methylcyclopentadienyl)manganese tricarbonyl is about 0.002*/o by weight of the coal.
7. The process of claim 5 wherein said (methylcyclopentadienyl)manganese tricarbonyl quantity is from about 0.0005*/o to about 0.01*/o by weight of the coal.
8. A combustible fuel composition consisting essentially of a dispersion in air of pulverized coal and (methylcyclopentadienyl)manganese tricarbonyl.
9. The composition of claim 8 wherein said dispersion contains from about 0.0005*/o to about 0.01*/o by weight of the cyclopentadienyl compound.
10. The composition of claim 9 wherein said dispersion contains about 0.0005*/o by weight of the cyclopentadienyl compound.
US201301A 1969-11-19 1971-11-23 Coal combustion process and composition Expired - Lifetime US3927992A (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US201301A US3927992A (en) 1969-11-19 1971-11-23 Coal combustion process and composition

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US87825869A 1969-11-19 1969-11-19
US201301A US3927992A (en) 1969-11-19 1971-11-23 Coal combustion process and composition

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US3927992A true US3927992A (en) 1975-12-23

Family

ID=26896602

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US201301A Expired - Lifetime US3927992A (en) 1969-11-19 1971-11-23 Coal combustion process and composition

Country Status (1)

Country Link
US (1) US3927992A (en)

Cited By (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4577566A (en) * 1982-04-01 1986-03-25 Betz Laboratories, Inc. Method of conditioning fireside fouling deposits using large particle size amorphous silica
EP0346100A1 (en) * 1988-06-08 1989-12-13 Velino Ventures Inc. Combustion of carbon containing materials in a furnace
US4979447A (en) * 1988-06-08 1990-12-25 Velino Ventures Inc. Combustion of carbon containing materials in a furnace
EP0543477A2 (en) * 1991-11-21 1993-05-26 Veba Oel Ag Process for the addition of ferrocene to fuels or to petrol
US5368616A (en) * 1993-06-11 1994-11-29 Acurex Environmental Corporation Method for decreasing air pollution from burning a combustible briquette
US5551957A (en) * 1992-05-06 1996-09-03 Ethyl Corporation Compostions for control of induction system deposits
US20030172583A1 (en) * 2001-10-16 2003-09-18 Kitchen George H. Fuel additive
EP1498470A1 (en) * 2003-07-18 2005-01-19 Ethyl Petroleum Additives, Inc. Lowering the amount of carbon in fly ash from burning coal by a manganese additive to the coal
EP1500692A1 (en) * 2003-07-21 2005-01-26 Ethyl Petroleum Additives, Inc. Simultaneous reduction of NOx and carbon in ash from burning coal by using manganese
EP1510568A1 (en) * 2003-08-28 2005-03-02 Afton Chemical Corporation Method and composition for suppressing coal dust
US20050257724A1 (en) * 2004-05-24 2005-11-24 Guinther Gregory H Additive-induced control of NOx emissions in a coal burning utility furnace
CN100412166C (en) * 2006-11-22 2008-08-20 北京金源化学集团有限公司 Coal additive and method for raising coke output and performance
CN103098557A (en) * 2011-01-17 2013-05-08 深圳市泓耀环境科技发展股份有限公司 Plasma device for solid-fuel combustion additive and method of application thereof
US9464253B2 (en) 2012-03-27 2016-10-11 The Lubrizol Corporation Coal additive for improved furnace operation

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US902734A (en) * 1908-11-03 Frank E Jacobs Smoke-preventing compound.
US3330844A (en) * 1960-08-12 1967-07-11 Ethyl Corp Cyclopentadienyl sulfonic acid and sulfonyl halide manganese tricarbonyls
US3348932A (en) * 1964-08-21 1967-10-24 Apollo Chem Additive compositions to improve burning properties of liquid and solid

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US902734A (en) * 1908-11-03 Frank E Jacobs Smoke-preventing compound.
US3330844A (en) * 1960-08-12 1967-07-11 Ethyl Corp Cyclopentadienyl sulfonic acid and sulfonyl halide manganese tricarbonyls
US3348932A (en) * 1964-08-21 1967-10-24 Apollo Chem Additive compositions to improve burning properties of liquid and solid

Cited By (23)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4577566A (en) * 1982-04-01 1986-03-25 Betz Laboratories, Inc. Method of conditioning fireside fouling deposits using large particle size amorphous silica
EP0346100A1 (en) * 1988-06-08 1989-12-13 Velino Ventures Inc. Combustion of carbon containing materials in a furnace
US4979447A (en) * 1988-06-08 1990-12-25 Velino Ventures Inc. Combustion of carbon containing materials in a furnace
AU626875B2 (en) * 1988-06-08 1992-08-13 Velino Ventures Inc. Combustion of carbon containing materials in a furnace
EP0543477A2 (en) * 1991-11-21 1993-05-26 Veba Oel Ag Process for the addition of ferrocene to fuels or to petrol
EP0543477A3 (en) * 1991-11-21 1993-08-25 Veba Oel Ag Process for the addition of ferrocene to fuels or to petrol
US5386804A (en) * 1991-11-21 1995-02-07 Veba Oel Aktiengesellschaft Process for the addition of ferrocene to combustion or motor fuels
US5551957A (en) * 1992-05-06 1996-09-03 Ethyl Corporation Compostions for control of induction system deposits
US5368616A (en) * 1993-06-11 1994-11-29 Acurex Environmental Corporation Method for decreasing air pollution from burning a combustible briquette
US20030172583A1 (en) * 2001-10-16 2003-09-18 Kitchen George H. Fuel additive
EP1498470A1 (en) * 2003-07-18 2005-01-19 Ethyl Petroleum Additives, Inc. Lowering the amount of carbon in fly ash from burning coal by a manganese additive to the coal
US20050011413A1 (en) * 2003-07-18 2005-01-20 Roos Joseph W. Lowering the amount of carbon in fly ash from burning coal by a manganese additive to the coal
CN100503793C (en) * 2003-07-18 2009-06-24 雅富顿公司 Lowering the amount of carbon in fly ash from burning coal by a manganese additive to the coal
EP1500692A1 (en) * 2003-07-21 2005-01-26 Ethyl Petroleum Additives, Inc. Simultaneous reduction of NOx and carbon in ash from burning coal by using manganese
US20050016057A1 (en) * 2003-07-21 2005-01-27 Factor Stephen A. Simultaneous reduction in NOx and carbon in ash from using manganese in coal burners
EP1510568A1 (en) * 2003-08-28 2005-03-02 Afton Chemical Corporation Method and composition for suppressing coal dust
US20050139804A1 (en) * 2003-08-28 2005-06-30 Ethyl Petroleum Additives, Inc. Method and composition for suppressing coal dust
US7101493B2 (en) 2003-08-28 2006-09-05 Afton Chemical Corporation Method and composition for suppressing coal dust
AU2004205078B2 (en) * 2003-08-28 2006-10-05 Afton Chemical Corporation Method and composition for suppressing coal dust
US20050257724A1 (en) * 2004-05-24 2005-11-24 Guinther Gregory H Additive-induced control of NOx emissions in a coal burning utility furnace
CN100412166C (en) * 2006-11-22 2008-08-20 北京金源化学集团有限公司 Coal additive and method for raising coke output and performance
CN103098557A (en) * 2011-01-17 2013-05-08 深圳市泓耀环境科技发展股份有限公司 Plasma device for solid-fuel combustion additive and method of application thereof
US9464253B2 (en) 2012-03-27 2016-10-11 The Lubrizol Corporation Coal additive for improved furnace operation

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US3927992A (en) Coal combustion process and composition
US4226601A (en) Process for reducing sulfur contaminant emissions from burning coal or lignite that contains sulfur
US4210423A (en) Solid fuel use in small furnaces
US20050139804A1 (en) Method and composition for suppressing coal dust
AU2005201468B2 (en) Additive-induced control of NOx emissions in a coal burning utility furnace
US4148613A (en) Process for preparing sulfur-containing coal or lignite for combustion
EP2226377B1 (en) Modifier of combustion of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels
CN105543471B (en) A kind of NOx control methods based on suppression Ore Sintering Process fuel bound nitrogen conversion
US4192652A (en) Process for preparing sulfur-containing coal or lignite for combustion having low SO2 emissions
AU2004231173A1 (en) Mixed metal catalyst additive and method for use in hydrocarbonaceous fuel combustion system
US4265637A (en) Process for preparing blending fuel
CN1170752A (en) Combustible carbonaceous composition and method for production
US4979447A (en) Combustion of carbon containing materials in a furnace
CN101747963A (en) Biomass water-coal-slurry and preparation method thereof
US4854937A (en) Method for preparation of coal derived fuel and electricity by a novel co-generation system
Murko et al. The intensification of the solid fuel grate-firing process
US20050011413A1 (en) Lowering the amount of carbon in fly ash from burning coal by a manganese additive to the coal
JPH0413798A (en) Fuel additive
Estiaty et al. Bio-coal briquettes using low-grade coal
US1796465A (en) Briquette composition and process for making briquettes
US3585012A (en) Jet fuel additive
US4324562A (en) Method of improving the storage safety of pulverized brown coal
CN109054918B (en) Blending method of biomass fuel containing large proportion of yellow stalks
UA145699U (en) FUEL MIXTURE FOR AGGLOMERATION OF METAL ORE
JPH10287890A (en) Powdery solid hybrid fuel, its production and its combustion