US3923598A - Process for producing cyclodextrins - Google Patents

Process for producing cyclodextrins Download PDF

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US3923598A
US3923598A US452139A US45213974A US3923598A US 3923598 A US3923598 A US 3923598A US 452139 A US452139 A US 452139A US 45213974 A US45213974 A US 45213974A US 3923598 A US3923598 A US 3923598A
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bacillus
enzyme
growth
cyclodextrin
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Koki Horikoshi
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RIKEN Institute of Physical and Chemical Research
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
    • C12N9/10—Transferases (2.)
    • C12N9/1048—Glycosyltransferases (2.4)
    • C12N9/1051—Hexosyltransferases (2.4.1)
    • C12N9/1074—Cyclomaltodextrin glucanotransferase (2.4.1.19)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08B—POLYSACCHARIDES; DERIVATIVES THEREOF
    • C08B37/00—Preparation of polysaccharides not provided for in groups C08B1/00 - C08B35/00; Derivatives thereof
    • C08B37/0006—Homoglycans, i.e. polysaccharides having a main chain consisting of one single sugar, e.g. colominic acid
    • C08B37/0009—Homoglycans, i.e. polysaccharides having a main chain consisting of one single sugar, e.g. colominic acid alpha-D-Glucans, e.g. polydextrose, alternan, glycogen; (alpha-1,4)(alpha-1,6)-D-Glucans; (alpha-1,3)(alpha-1,4)-D-Glucans, e.g. isolichenan or nigeran; (alpha-1,4)-D-Glucans; (alpha-1,3)-D-Glucans, e.g. pseudonigeran; Derivatives thereof
    • C08B37/0012—Cyclodextrin [CD], e.g. cycle with 6 units (alpha), with 7 units (beta) and with 8 units (gamma), large-ring cyclodextrin or cycloamylose with 9 units or more; Derivatives thereof
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S435/00—Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology
    • Y10S435/8215—Microorganisms
    • Y10S435/822—Microorganisms using bacteria or actinomycetales
    • Y10S435/832—Bacillus

Definitions

  • dextrin is produced from starch by hydrolysis with amylase and it has usually a chain structure.
  • cyclodextrin only Schardinger dextrin which has been produced by Bacillus macerans has been known in the Enzyme Hand Book edited in 1970 by Shiro Akabori and published from Asakura Publishing Co. Though the Schardinger dextrin is produced by a cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase, said cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase has various defects including an extremely narrow optimum pH range (merely from 6.8 to 7.0), low thermal stability (the optimum temperature is 40C) and low productivity of the cyclodextrin, and therefore said amylase can not be utilized for commercial production of the cyclodextrin.
  • the present invention relates to a novel process for producing cyclodextrin.
  • An object of the invention is to provide a novel process for producing various kinds of cyclodextrins having the different structures as shown in FIG. 1.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide an efficient process for producing cyclodextrins, which can be carried out easily under conditions of broad pH range and wide temperature range.
  • Further object of the present invention is to provide an efficient process which can produce cyclodextrins with high yield.
  • a process according to the present invention which comprises subjecting starch to a cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase obtained by cultivation of one of the Bacillus named below, at a pH of betweem 6.0 and 10.5.
  • FIG. 1 shows the structures of various kinds of cyclodextrins which can be obtained according to the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a graph showing relative activities at different pH values of the amylase obtained from Bacillus sp. No. 38-2, in which the relative activity has been calculated on the assumption that activity at pH 9.0 is 100;
  • FIG. 3 is a similar graph showing relative activities of amylases obtained from Bacillus sp. No. I35 and No. 169;
  • FIG. 4 is a graph showing relative activities and relative yield of cyclodextrin at different pH values of the amylase obtained from Bacillus sp. No. 13;
  • FIG. is a graph showing relative activities and relative yield of cyclodextrin at different pH values of the amylase obtained from Bacillus sp. No. 17-1.
  • the invention of the present application is characterized by employing a specific cy clodextrin glycosyl transferase, namely one obtained by cultivation of a specific amylase-producing microorganism which can grow only in an alkaline medium.
  • the microrganism which can produce the cyclodextrin glycosyl-trsnsferase described above includes Bacillus species No. 382, Bacillus species No. 135, Bacillus species No. 169, Bacillus species No. 13 and Bacil- 2 lus species No. l7-1, all of them having been found by the inventors of the present invention.
  • Bacillus sp. No.38-2, No. and No. l69 have been isolated from the soil collected in Hirosawa district of Wako-shi, Saitama Prefecture, Japan. I
  • Bacillus sp. No. 13 and No. 17-1 have been isolated from the soil collected in Karuizawa-shi, Nagano Prefecture, Japan.
  • Size of the microorganism is 0.5 0.6g. X 2.0 3.041.; The spore which is formed near the end of the cell is oval and has a size of 0.9 1.0;]. X 1. 2 l.5p.; The sporangium is definitely swollen; The bacteria have pertrichous flagella and are motile and form motile collonies; Gram positive and non acid-fast.
  • Bacillus sp. No. 135 a. Growth on Various Media:
  • Size of the microorganism is 0.6 0.8;; X 2.5 X 4 1.; The sporangium is slightly swollen and the spore is oval having size of 1.0 1.2;. X 1.5 l.8p..
  • the microorganism has pertrichous flagella and motile. This Bacillus grows very well on an alkaline medium comprising soluble starch, yeast extract, peptone, K HPO MgSO -7- H and containing 1% of Na CO and appears white. The characteristic of the species is that it grows very well on alkaline medium, though grows a little on neutral medium.
  • Glucose, mannose, salicin, cellobiose, lactose, sucrose, arabinose, mannitol and xylose are utilized, but production of acid can not be observed, because a lot of carbonate is used.
  • the microorganism Size of the microorganism is 0.5 0.6;]. X 2 3p.; The sporangium is slightly swollenand the spore is oval having a size of 1.0 1.2 2 X 1.3 1.711..
  • the microorganism has pertrichous flagella and is motile. It grows very well on an alkaline medium comprising soluble starch, yeast extract, peptone, K HPO, and MgSO -7H O and containing 1% Na CO but it hardly grows on any neutral medium.
  • Glucose, mannose, cellobiose, lactose, sucrose, mannitol and salicin are utilized very well, but arabinose and xylose are not utilized.
  • Production of acid can not be determined since the medium contains a lot of carbonate.
  • X 1.5 1.6 1.; the sporangium is definitely swollen; the microorganism has pertrichous flagella and is motile. The gram stainability thereof is positive and the acid-fast test is negative.
  • Bacillus sp. No. 17-1 above, Bacillus species No. 38-2, Bacillus species No.
  • T and Bacillus species No. 17-1 shall belong to the Bacilable 5 lus genus, because those miroorgamsms are an aerobic Gmwth and spore-forming bacteria respectively.
  • Medim PH PH Further we found that for identification of these mi- 1.
  • Bouillon liquor Scant Growth, turbid and sedicroorganisms, Bacillus polymixa, Bacillus macerans and 2 Bouillomagar slightly g fi g g'g figg Bacillus circulans shall be selected as known speeies for plane growth Smooth, brilliant, comparison, because every sproangium thereof 15 defiilfiglranslucemi milky nitely swollen. Even our new microorganisms are simi- 3.
  • 1% Na,CO is added to the medium in order to regulate pH value to 10.0.
  • Table 6 shows various characteristic properties of Bacillus polymixa, Bacillus macerans and b Microscopic p gy Bacillus circulans (known species) aswell as Bacillus
  • the vegitative cell is a rod having a size of 0.5 0.7g. N Baclnus Baclnus X 2.0 4.0a. Oval Spore is formed at subterminal.
  • the strains identified as said Bacillus sp. No. 38-2, Bacillus sp. No. 135, Bacillus sp. No. 169, Bacillus sp. No. 13 and Bacillus sp. No. 17-1 have been deposited with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) at 12301 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, Md. 20852 U.S.A. as ATCC access numbers 21783, 21595, 21594, 31006 and 31007, in unrestricted condition permitting the public to have full access to the cultures, as of Mar. 27, 1972, Aug. 19,1970, Aug. 19, 1970, Feb. 21, 1974 and Feb. 21, 1974, respectively. All restrictions on the availability of the culture deposit to the public will be irrevocably removed upon the granting of a patnet from this application. Further, the above cultures will be maintained by the depositor throughout the effective life of the patent.
  • the medium to be used for cultivation of the microorganism above described must be a basic medium containing carbonate, though it may be any of solid or liquid medium.
  • a medium comprising essential components for growth of the microorganism such as carbon source, nitrogen source, inorganic salt and the like and containing added carbonate are used.
  • Starch, soluble starch and the like are used as the carbon source.
  • Yeast extract, peptone, corn-steep liquor and the like are used as the nitrogen source.
  • a medium comprising soluble starch, peptone, yeast extract, K HPO MgSO -7H O and an added carbonate is used. Any carbonate selected from anhydrous sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate and the like may be used.
  • the amount of the carbonate to be added to the medium shall be preferably in the range of 0.5% to 1.5% by weight. This fact has been determined by the following experiments.
  • Media having pH value of have been prepared by adding sodium hydroxide to the neutral medium.
  • Each of the media is innoculated with the strain of Bacillus sp. No. 17-1 and cultured with shaking at a temperature of 37C.
  • the yield of cyclodextrin has been determined by measuring the activity of the culture broth after 3 days cultivation under the condition described in later.
  • the cultivation of the microorganism described above can be carried out by means of conventional aerobic shaking culture or air bubbling culture. It is preferable to culture for 24 96 hours at a temperature between 30C and 37C.
  • the resulting enzyme can be isolated from the culture broth by any conventional method. For example, when the cultivation is finished, the microorganism is removed from the culture broth and then after neutralization of the broth with acetic acid or the like or without any neutralization, the broth is treated with an organic solvent such as methanol or ammonium sulphate to precipitate enzyme and then the precipitated enzyme is separated from the liquid and dehydrated, thereby to obtain crude powdery enzyme.
  • the resulted crude enzyme can be used for production of the cyclodextrin of the present invention as it is.
  • Purified enzyme can be obtained from the above crude enzyme as follows: The crude powdery enzyme is dissolved in water and the resulting solution is dialyzed against water overnight. The solution is passed through a column of diethyl aminoethyl cellulose (DEAE Cellulose) equilibratedwith 0.01 M Tris HCl buffer solution of pH 9.0. Thus the enzyme in the solution is completely adsorbed in the cellulose. The adsorbed enzyme is eluted by changing the concentration of NaCl in the buffer solution from 0.01M to 0.5M.
  • DEAE Cellulose diethyl aminoethyl cellulose
  • the active fractions are collected and concentrated. Then the concentrated solution is purified by gelfiltration chromatography using Sephadex G75 and Sephadex G-lOO (Sephadex" is a resistered trade name) and the resulted cake is freez-dried, thereby to obtain a purified enzyme powder.
  • the activity of the resulting enzyme is determined as follows.
  • the resulting mixture is subjected to a temperature of 40C for 2 hours, after reaction has been completed the solution is neutralized with acetic acid and further heated at 100C for minutes.
  • the resulting solution is mixed with 50p.g of gluco amylase, the solution is subjected to a temperature of 40C for one hour to decompose the residual starch and the amount of glucose produced in the solution is determined by means of the dinitrosalicylic acid method.
  • the difference of the determined amount of glucose shows the amount of produced cyclodextrin.
  • One unit of the enzyme was defined as that amount of enzyme producing 1 mg of the cyclodextrin under the method described above.
  • the activity of the enzyme can be assayed by the iodine method as follows:
  • the enzyme solution (0.01 ml), which has been suit-- ably diluted so as to reduce the absorbance at 700 mg by from 10% to is mixed with 0.2 ml of 0.2% potato starch aqueous solution and 0.2 ml of 0.1M acetic acid buffer solution having pH value of 4.5, then the resulted mixture is heated at 40C for 10 minutes. After reaction, the resulted solution is mixed with 0.3 ml of 0.2M hydrochloric acid and then 3 ml of 0.005% iodine sulution. The absorbance at 700 my. of the sample is measured.
  • the enzyme produced by cultivation of the above identified microorganism under the specific conditions described above is active to starch, and reduces the starch-iodine reaction. However, reducing power can not be detected. Then the enzyme is determined to be a liquefying amylase.
  • the optimum pH of the enzyme has been determined by measuring activity of the enzyme at various pH values by means of the method described above.
  • the enzyme solution (0.01 ml) desalted with Sephadex is mixed with 0.1 ml of various kinds of buffer solutions containing l,u mole of CaCl as a stabilizer.
  • the solution is heated for 30 minutes varying the temperature as shown in the following table.
  • the residual activities are determined and results obtained are shown in the following Table.
  • pH 4 pH 9 CaCl (M) is added to the-culture broth of Bacillus sp. No. 38-2 (ATCC 21783) to adjust the pH value to and produced precipitates are removed by centrifuge. /2 acetone is added to the culture broth to form precipitates.
  • the resulting precipitates are collected and dissolved in water. After dialysis overnight, the solution is concentrated with polyethylene-glycol.
  • the enzyme has been adsorbed on DEAE cellulose column equilibrated with 10 m M of Tris-HCl buffer solution containing 1 m M CaCl at pH 8.5 and then the adsorbed enzyme is eluted varying the concentration of CaCl from 5 m M to 50 m M. Usually about 40 m M is used.
  • the active fractions are collected and purified by gelfiltration using Sephadex G-75, to obtain the final product.
  • the optimum pH of the enzymes produced from Bacillus sp. No. 135 and No. 169 have been determined by measuring activities at various pH values as described above.
  • the enzyme used has been previously desalted with Sephadex 6-25. The other conditions have been disclosed above.
  • the enzyme (0.01 ml) which has been desalted with Sephadex is mixed with 0.1 ml of various kinds of buffer solutions containing 1.0 1. mole of CaCl2 as a stabilizer.
  • the resulted mixture is heated at C for 15 minutes and then 0.2 ml of a buffer solution having pH 10.5 and 0.2 ml of a substrate are added, thus the residual activity has been observed respectively.
  • the enzymes produced by cultivation of the above 4 Acetic acid 0 identified two microorganisms under the specific conmaleate ditions described above are active to starch and reduce s 7 51 the starch-iodine reaction. However the increase of re- 10 a ar a 47 11 Na CO .Na0l-l 10 ducing activity is little.
  • the enzyme produced by cultivation of the above identified microorganism under the specific conditions described above is active to starch and reduces the starch-iodine reaction.
  • the enzymme does not increase reducing power at pH 10.5 and it produces cyclodextrin.
  • the enzyme has been determined to be a cyclodextrin-glycosyl-transferase and also to be a liquefying amylase.
  • the amylase reduces starch-iodine reaction and increases the reducing power at pH 4.5.
  • the optimum pH of the enzyme has been determined by measuring activities and yield of cyclodextrin at various pH values by means of the above described method.
  • the enzyme solution(0.0l ml) desalted with Sephadex is mixed with 0.1 ml of a buffer solution listed in the following table and the mixture is heated at 50C for minutes. Then 0.2 ml of buffer solution of pH 10.0 and 0.2 ml of substrate are added to the heated solution. Thus the residual activities at various pH values are observed. The results obtained are shown in the following Table. l
  • the th'ermal stability of the enzyme has been studied.
  • CaCl (5M) is added to a culture broth of the microorganism to form precipitates and which are removed from the liquid by centrifuge. A half volume of acetone is added to the filtrate to form precipitates.
  • the resulting precipitates are collected and dissolved in water. After dialysis overnight the solution is concentrated with polyethylene glycol.
  • the enzyme is adsorbed on DEAE cellulose column equilibrated with m M of tris-HCl buffer solution of pH 9.0 containing 10 m M CaCl and then the adsorbed enzyme is eluted by varying the concentration of NaCl from zero to 0.5 M. Usually the enzyme can be eluted at the concentration of about 0.1 M.
  • the activity of the enzyme has been measured at various temperatures and we found that the optimum working temperature of the enzyme is in the range of from 45C to 50C.
  • the molecular weight of the enzyme is determined by means of Gel-filtration method and found being about 60,000.
  • the isoelectric point of the enzyme has been examined by means of the electrophoresis using filter paper and found that it is about 4.5.
  • Bacillus sp. No. 17-1 (ATCC 31007):
  • the enzyme produced by cultivation of the above identified microorganism under the specific conditions described above is active to starch and reduces the starch-iodine reaction. However no increase of reducing power can be observed. Almost all of the final products of the enzyme is found to be cyclodextrin.
  • the optimum pH of the enzyme has been determined by measuring activity of the enzyme at various pH values by means of the above described method.
  • Buffer 4 5 Acetate 6, 7, 8 Phosphate 9, l0 Borate l0, l1 l2 GlycineNaOHNaCl
  • the sample of the enzyme has been previously desalted with Sephadex G-25.
  • the enzyme solution (0.01 ml) desalted with Sephadex is mixed with 0.1 ml of a buffer solution listed in the following table and the mixture is heated at 55C for 10 minutes. Then 0.2 ml a buffer solution of pH 10.5 and 0.2 ml of substrate are added to the heated solution. Thus the residual activities at various pH values are observed. The results obtained are shown in the following Table 17.
  • an enzyme solution having pH 10 is prepared and the solution is heated at 55C for 20 minutes, and the residual activity has been examined by varying the amount of Ca in the solution.
  • Purification of the enzyme can be carried out by the same method described in the purification of the enzyme from Bacillus sp. No. 13 (ATCC 31006).
  • the enzyme activity has been measured at various temperatures and we found that the optimum working temperature of the enzyme lies in the range of 50C to 55C.
  • the molecular weight by gel-filtration method has been found to be about 50,000 to 60,000.
  • the isoelectric point of the enzyme has been examined by means of the ampholine electro-focusing method and we found that it is at pH 4.5.
  • the invention of the present application relates to a process for producing cyclodextrin characterized by use of a specific alkaline amylase under a specific pl-l condition.
  • the alkaline amylase to be used must be selected from amylases having an optimum pH value within the range of from 7 to 10.5, preferably from 8 to 10.5, more preferably from 10 to 10.5.
  • the preferable amylase is a cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase having the optimum pH value of from 8 to 10.
  • the alkaline amylase to be used is preferably selected from amylases produced by cultivation of a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Bacillus sp. No. 38-2 (ATCC 21783), Bacillus sp. No. 135 (ATCC 21595), Bacillus sp. No. 169 (ATCC 21594), Bacillus sp. No. 13 (ATCC 31006) and Bacillus sp. No. 17-1 (ATCC 31007).
  • a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Bacillus sp. No. 38-2 (ATCC 21783), Bacillus sp. No. 135 (ATCC 21595), Bacillus sp. No. 169 (ATCC 21594), Bacillus sp. No. 13 (ATCC 31006) and Bacillus sp. No. 17-1 (ATCC 31007).
  • the pH condition to be used according to the present invention shall be within the range of pH 6 to 10.5, particularly within the range of pH 9.0 to 10.5.
  • any kinds of starch may be used, and a preferred starch is potatostarch.
  • Starch is thoroughly liquefied, preferably by NaOH. After adjusting the pH value of the starch solution to 6.0 10.5, preferably to 9.0 10.5, the alkaline amylase disclosed above is added to the solution and the solution is maintained at the optimum working temperature for sufficient time to produce cyclodextrin.
  • the optimum working temperature depends on the kind of the alkaline amylase used as described above. The production of cyclodextrin is usually accomplished in twelve hours.
  • cyclodextrin obtained according to the process of the present invention has the same physicochemical properties as that of the known cyclodextrin.
  • oz-dextrin fraction Give blue color by iodine Bq-dextrin fractions: hardly iodine reaction, give yellowish brown or reddish brown color.
  • a-dextrin fraction Hexagon or blade.
  • Glucose, maltose and malt-triose are produced by Taka-a-amylase. But no effect by an enzyme which decomposes poly or oligosuccharides from the chain termini.
  • the cyclodextrin produced according to the process of the present invention contains (1,13 and 'y dextrin fractions.
  • the enzymes to be used according to the present invention have better thermal stability higher by 15C to 20C than that of the known cyclodextrin producing enzyme. Therefore the process of the present invention is extremely useful and effective.
  • the cyclodextrin produced by the process of the present invention has various uses. Particularly it is useful for manufacture of sweeteners, such as millet jelly, because the cyclodextrin glucosyltransferase has transferase activity.
  • a novel and useful sweetener can be produced as follows:
  • EXAMPLE 1 gs. of potato starch is mixed in 100 mls of 1N NaOH solution and the resulting mixture is stored in a refrigerator over-night to thoroughly liquefy the starch.
  • the collected precipitates are thoroughly washed and trichloroethylene is removed by heating.
  • EXAMPLE 2 The same process explained in Example 1 is repeated except that the alkaline amylase from Bacillus sp. No. 135 (ATCC 21595) is used instead of the alkaline amylase from Bacillus sp. No. 38-2.
  • EXAMPLE 3 The process explained in the Example 1 is repeated except that the alkaline amylase from Bacillus sp. 169 (ATCC 21594) is used as the alkaline amylase.
  • EXAMPLE 4 l0 gs. of potato starch is mixed in 100 ml of 1 N NaOH solution and the resulted mixture is stored in a refrigelator overnight, to thoroughly liquefy the starch.
  • the collected precipitates are washed thoroughly and trichloroethylene is removed by heating.
  • EXAMPLE 5 The process described in Example 4 is repeated except that substituting the a crude enzyme powder produced by cultivation of Bacillus sp. No. 17-1 (ATCC 31007) is used as the alkaline amylase.
  • a process for producing cyclodextrin which comprises subjecting starch to the activty of a cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase produced by cultivation of a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Bacillus sp. No. 38-2 (ATCC 21783), Bacillus sp. No. (ATCC 21595), Bacillus sp. No. 169 (ATCC 21594), Bacillus sp. No. 13 (ATCC 31006) and Bacillus sp. No. 17-1 (ATCC 31007), at a pH of 6.0 10.5 and recovering said cyclodextrin.
  • a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Bacillus sp. No. 38-2 (ATCC 21783), Bacillus sp. No. (ATCC 21595), Bacillus sp. No. 169 (ATCC 21594), Bacillus sp. No. 13 (ATCC 31006) and Bacillus s

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Abstract

A novel process for producing cyclodextrin characterized by subjecting starch to the activity of cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase produced by cultivation of Bacillus sp. No. 38-2, Bacillus sp. No. 135, Bacillus sp. No. 169, Bacillus sp. No. 13 or Bacillus sp. No. 17-1, at a pH of between 6.0 and 10.5, thereby to hydrolyse the starch.

Description

United States Patent Horikoshi et a1. 1 1 Dec. 2, 1975 [5 1 PROCESS FOR PRODUCING 3,826,715 7/1974 Horikoshi et a1 195/66 R CYCLODEXTRINS [75] Inventors: Koki Horikoshi, Fujimi, Japan FOREIGN PATENTS 0R APPLICATIONS 7.109.224 9/1971 Japan 195/31 R 1 1 Asslgfleel Rlkagaku Kenkyusho, Japan 2.044.984 3/1971 Germany 195/65 [22] Filed: Mar. 18, 1974 1 PP Nod 452,139 Primary Examiner-Lionel M. Shapiro Assistant E.raminer-T. G. Wiseman [30] Foreign Application Priority Data Mar. 19. 1973 Japan 48-31680 [57] ABSTRACT Dec. 6, 1973 Japan 48-136664 A novel process for producing cyclodextrin character- [52] Cl 195/31 R; 95/62; 195/66 R? ized by subjecting starch to the activity of cyclodextrin 426/215 g1ycosy1-transferase produced by cultivation of Bacil- [51] Int. Cl. C12D 13/02 lus 33-2 Bacillus NO, 35 BaCmuS Sp No, [58] Fleld of Searchm 195/31 R, 66 R, 65, 62 9 Bacillus Sp No 13 or i l SP No, 17 at a pH of between 6.0 and 10.5- thereby to hydrolyse the [56] References Cited starch UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,812,011 5/1974 Okada et a1 195/31 R 4 Claims, 5 Drawing Figures US. Patent Dec. 2, 1975 Sheet 2 of2 3,923,598
FIG.4
disfou FIG.5
PROCESS FOR PRODUCING CYCLODEXTRINS BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION:
It is well known that dextrin is produced from starch by hydrolysis with amylase and it has usually a chain structure.
Regarding cyclodextrin, only Schardinger dextrin which has been produced by Bacillus macerans has been known in the Enzyme Hand Book edited in 1970 by Shiro Akabori and published from Asakura Publishing Co. Though the Schardinger dextrin is produced by a cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase, said cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase has various defects including an extremely narrow optimum pH range (merely from 6.8 to 7.0), low thermal stability (the optimum temperature is 40C) and low productivity of the cyclodextrin, and therefore said amylase can not be utilized for commercial production of the cyclodextrin.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a novel process for producing cyclodextrin.
An object of the invention is to provide a novel process for producing various kinds of cyclodextrins having the different structures as shown in FIG. 1.
Another object of the invention is to provide an efficient process for producing cyclodextrins, which can be carried out easily under conditions of broad pH range and wide temperature range.
Further object of the present invention is to provide an efficient process which can produce cyclodextrins with high yield.
The above and other objects can be accomplished by a process according to the present invention, which comprises subjecting starch to a cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase obtained by cultivation of one of the Bacillus named below, at a pH of betweem 6.0 and 10.5.
BRIEF EXPLANATION OF DRAWINGS FIG. 1 shows the structures of various kinds of cyclodextrins which can be obtained according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a graph showing relative activities at different pH values of the amylase obtained from Bacillus sp. No. 38-2, in which the relative activity has been calculated on the assumption that activity at pH 9.0 is 100;
FIG. 3 is a similar graph showing relative activities of amylases obtained from Bacillus sp. No. I35 and No. 169;
FIG. 4 is a graph showing relative activities and relative yield of cyclodextrin at different pH values of the amylase obtained from Bacillus sp. No. 13; and
FIG. is a graph showing relative activities and relative yield of cyclodextrin at different pH values of the amylase obtained from Bacillus sp. No. 17-1.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION As described above the invention of the present application is characterized by employing a specific cy clodextrin glycosyl transferase, namely one obtained by cultivation of a specific amylase-producing microorganism which can grow only in an alkaline medium.
The microrganism which can produce the cyclodextrin glycosyl-trsnsferase described above includes Bacillus species No. 382, Bacillus species No. 135, Bacillus species No. 169, Bacillus species No. 13 and Bacil- 2 lus species No. l7-1, all of them having been found by the inventors of the present invention.
Bacillus sp. No.38-2, No. and No. l69 have been isolated from the soil collected in Hirosawa district of Wako-shi, Saitama Prefecture, Japan. I
Bacillus sp. No. 13 and No. 17-1 have been isolated from the soil collected in Karuizawa-shi, Nagano Prefecture, Japan.
Characteristics and properties of those microorganisms will be disclosed below. However we have no in tention to restrict the invention to those microorganisms, because any natural or artificial mutant, variant and other species can be used as far as the strain can produce the cyclodextrin producing alkaline amylase.
We have examined the properties and characteristics of the above described species according to the methods described in Aerobic Spore-forming Bacteria by Nathan R. Smith, R. E. Gordon and F. E. Clark (United States Department of Agriculture, November 1952) and Bergeys Manual of Determinative Bacteriology (1957). Results of examination are shown as follows:
1. Bacillus sp. No. 38-2 a. Growth on Various Media b. Microscopic Morphology:
Size of the microorganism is 0.5 0.6g. X 2.0 3.041.; The spore which is formed near the end of the cell is oval and has a size of 0.9 1.0;]. X 1. 2 l.5p.; The sporangium is definitely swollen; The bacteria have pertrichous flagella and are motile and form motile collonies; Gram positive and non acid-fast.
It grows very well on an alkaline medium comprising soluble starch, yeast extract, peptone, K HPO and MgSO -7H O and containing 1% Na CO whereas growth on any neutral medium is poor.
c. Physiological Properties:
1,. Optimum Growth Condition:
pH around 10 Temperature: 37 40C Aerobic 2. Conditions under which the microorganism grows:
pH 7.5 ll
Temperature up to 45C 3. Voges-Proskauer reaction Positive I Nitrate Reduced Catalase reaction Positive Gelatine, Casein Liquefied Hydrolysis of Starch Positive Utilization of Citrate Utilized but poor 9. Utilization of Ammonium Salt: Utilized 10. Growth in 7% Sodium Chloride Solution Poor 11. Growth on Glucose-nitrate Medium Growth 12. Growth under Anaerobic Condition Growth 13. Growth on Glucose-asparagine Medium Growth 14. Production of lndole Negative 7 d. Utilization of Carbon Source:
3 Glucose, fructose, xylose, sucrose, maltose, lactose and arabinose are utilized, but galactose, trehalose and inulin are not utilized. Production of acid is observed.
2. Bacillus sp. No. 135: a. Growth on Various Media:
b. Microscopic Morphology:
Size of the microorganism is 0.6 0.8;; X 2.5 X 4 1.; The sporangium is slightly swollen and the spore is oval having size of 1.0 1.2;. X 1.5 l.8p.. The microorganism has pertrichous flagella and motile. This Bacillus grows very well on an alkaline medium comprising soluble starch, yeast extract, peptone, K HPO MgSO -7- H and containing 1% of Na CO and appears white. The characteristic of the species is that it grows very well on alkaline medium, though grows a little on neutral medium.
c. Physiological Properties:
1. Optimum Growth Condition:
pH around 10 Temperature 37 40C Aerobic 2. Conditions under which the bacteria can grow:
Temperature: up to 42C Aerobic Gram Stainability Positive Voges-Proskauer reaction Positive Nitrate Reduced Catalase Positive Gelatine and Casein Liquefied Hydrolysis of Starch Positive Utilizationof Citrate Not utilized 10. Utilization of Ammonium Salt Utilized 11. Growth in 7% NaCl Solution No detected 12. Growth on Glucose-Nirtate Medium Growth scant 13. Growth under Anaerobic Condition Detected 14. Production of Gas in Nitrate Medium under Anaerobic Condition No produced 15. Growth on Glucose-Asparagine Medium Growth d. Utilization of Carbon Source:
Glucose, mannose, salicin, cellobiose, lactose, sucrose, arabinose, mannitol and xylose are utilized, but production of acid can not be observed, because a lot of carbonate is used.
3. Bacillus sp. No. 169:-
a. Growth on Various Media:
Table 3 Growth at Medium pH 7 pH 10 l. Bouillon Growth scant Poor growth 2. Bouillon-agar Growth scant Poor growth 3. Glucose-Bouillon Growth scant Turbid. good growth 4. Glucose-Bouillon- Growth scant Good growth agar Gelatine medium Peptone water Potato medium Good growth liquefied Growth Poor growth Good growth b. Microscopic Morphology:
Size of the microorganism is 0.5 0.6;]. X 2 3p.; The sporangium is slightly swollenand the spore is oval having a size of 1.0 1.2 2 X 1.3 1.711.. The microorganism has pertrichous flagella and is motile. It grows very well on an alkaline medium comprising soluble starch, yeast extract, peptone, K HPO, and MgSO -7H O and containing 1% Na CO but it hardly grows on any neutral medium.
c. Physiological Properties:
1. Optimum growth condition:
Temperature 37 Aerobic.
2. Conditions under which the bacteria can grow:
Temperature up to 45C Aerobic.
. Gram stainability Positive, Changeable Voges-Proskauer reaction Positive Nitrate Reduced Catalase reaction positive Hydrolysis of gelatin and casein Positive Hydrolysis of starch Positive Utilization of citrate Not utilized 10. Growth in 7% NaCl solution Not growth 1 1. Growth on glucose-nitrate medium Scant 12. Growth under anaerobic condition: Growth 13. Production of gas in nitrate medium under anaerobic condition Not produced 14. Growth on glucose-asparagine medium Not growth 15. Production of indol Negative (1. Utilization of Carbon Source:
Glucose, mannose, cellobiose, lactose, sucrose, mannitol and salicin are utilized very well, but arabinose and xylose are not utilized.
Production of acid can not be determined since the medium contains a lot of carbonate.
4. Bacillus sp. No. 13:
a. Growth on Various Media:
Table 4 Growth at Medium pH 7.0 pH 10.0
2. Bouillon-agar Growth scant plane 3. Bouillon-agar Growth scant slant 4. Bouillon-gelatin Growth scant;
thrust not liquefaction of gelatin 1% Nn CO is added to the medium in order to adjust pH value to 10.
b. Microscopic Morphology: Size of the cell is 0.5 0.7 1. X 2.0 4.0 1.; oval spore is formed at the end of the cell; size of the spore is 1.3
1.4;1. X 1.5 1.6 1.; the sporangium is definitely swollen; the microorganism has pertrichous flagella and is motile. The gram stainability thereof is positive and the acid-fast test is negative.
6 size of a spore is 0.8 1.0;1. X 1.2 1.5 1.. The sproangium is definitely swollen. The microorganism has pertrichous flagella and is motile; gram positive and non acid-fast.
Note: Above morphological observation has been 5 The above observation has been made on a medium made on a medium comprising grams sodium carcomprising 10 grams sodium carbonate, 5 grams pepbonate, 5 grams peptone, 5 grams yeast extract, 20 tone, 5 grams yeast extract, 20 grams starch, 1 gram grams starch, 1 gram K HPO 0.2 gram MgSO -7- K HPO 0.2 gram MgSO .7H- O, grams agar and 1 H 0, 15 grams agar and 1 liter water. liter of water.
c. Physiological Properties: 10 C. Physiological Properties:
The following results have been observed on a media The following results have been observed on media which has been described in Aerobic Spore-forming described in Aerobic Spore-forming Bacteria by N. Bacteria" by N. R. Smith, et al., modified by adding R. Smith, et al., and modified by adding 1% Na CO re- 1% Na CO respectively. spectively.
1. Nitrate Reduced 15 l. Nitrate Reduced 2. Denitrogenation Negative 2. Denitrogenation Negative 3. Methyl red test No change of color, due to basic- 3. Methyl Red reaction No change of colour, clue to ity of the medium basicity of the medium.
4. Voges-Proskauer reaction Positive 4. Vogel-Proskauer reaction Negative 5. Production of indole Negative 5. Production of indole Negative 6. Production of hydrogen sulfide: Negative 6. Production of hydrogen sulfide Negative 7. Hydrolysis of starch Positive 7. Hydrolysis of starch Positive 8. Utilization of citric acid Utilized 8. Utilization of citric acid Utilized very well 9. Utilization of nitrate and ammonium Slightly uti- 9. Utilization of nitrate and ammonium salt Utilized lized very well 10. Production of pigment Negative 10. Production of pigment Not produced 11. Catalase reaction Positive 11. Catalase reaction Positive 12. pH range for growth 7.5 11 12. pH range for growth 7 11 13. Temperature range for growth up to 42C; opti- 13. Temperature range for growth up to 42C, optimum 37 40C mum: 3740c 14. Behavior to oxygen Aerobic 14. Behavior to oxygen Aerobic 15. Growth in 5% NaCl solution Slightly growth 15. Growth in 7% NaCl solution Growth well d. Utilization of Carbon Source: 0. Utilization of Carbon Source:
Lactose, arabinose, xylose, glucose, mannose, inosi- Lactose, arabinose, xylose, glucose, mannose, inocitole, fructose, galactose, maltose, sucrose, trehalose, tole, fructose, galactose, maltose, sucrose, trehalose, mannittol, starch, sorbitol and glycerine are utilized, mannitol,strach, sorbitol and glycerine are utilized and and acids are produced. acids are produced. Production of gas has not detected.
Production of gas is not detected. Studying the bacteriological properties disclosed 5. Bacillus sp. No. 17-1: above, Bacillus species No. 38-2, Bacillus species No.
a. Growth on various media: 40 135, Bacillus species No. 169, Bacillus species No. 13
T and Bacillus species No. 17-1 shall belong to the Bacilable 5 lus genus, because those miroorgamsms are an aerobic Gmwth and spore-forming bacteria respectively. Medim PH PH Further we found that for identification of these mi- 1. Bouillon liquor Scant Growth, turbid and sedicroorganisms, Bacillus polymixa, Bacillus macerans and 2 Bouillomagar slightly g fi g g'g figg Bacillus circulans shall be selected as known speeies for plane growth Smooth, brilliant, comparison, because every sproangium thereof 15 defiilfiglranslucemi milky nitely swollen. Even our new microorganisms are simi- 3. Bouillon-agar Slightly Spreading; milky white, in some Properties to the known Species, y are growth translucent. entirely different in characteristic properties, particu- 4. aoumomgelafln scam fi z f'zgl 'g gzg larly by the fact that the optimum pH value of our mithrust No liquecroorganisms reside in alkaline side, whereas that of ficatim known species in neutral.
1% Na,CO, is added to the medium in order to regulate pH value to 10.0. The following Table 6 shows various characteristic properties of Bacillus polymixa, Bacillus macerans and b Microscopic p gy Bacillus circulans (known species) aswell as Bacillus The vegitative cell is a rod having a size of 0.5 0.7g. N Baclnus Baclnus X 2.0 4.0a. Oval Spore is formed at subterminal. The 3223" 13 and Baclnus 9 (new Table 6 Growth in Utilization Utilization Growth under Reduction Bacillus species 5% NaCl of citric of nitrate anaerobic conof nitrate acid dition Bacillus palymixa Bacillus maceranr Bacillus circulans +or Bacillus sp. 38-2 I Bacillus sp. Na.l35 j:
Table 6-continued Growth in Utilization Utilization Growth under Reduction Bacillus species NaCl of citric of nitrate anaerobic conof nitrate acid dition Bacillus sp. I69 i Bacillus sp. No.13 i Bacillus 5;). N0. l7-I -ll- +1- -H- From the above table it is noted that not only every species of Bacillus sp. No. 38-2, No. 135, No. 169, No. 13 and No. 17-1 has different characteristics from the known three species, but also they are not identical each other. Judging differences shown in the table, we concluded that every species of Bacillus sp. No. 38-2, Bacillus sp. No. 135, Bacillus sp. No. 169, Bacillus sp. No. 13 and Bacillus sp. No. 17-1 shall be identified as a new species respectively.
The strains identified as said Bacillus sp. No. 38-2, Bacillus sp. No. 135, Bacillus sp. No. 169, Bacillus sp. No. 13 and Bacillus sp. No. 17-1 have been deposited with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) at 12301 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, Md. 20852 U.S.A. as ATCC access numbers 21783, 21595, 21594, 31006 and 31007, in unrestricted condition permitting the public to have full access to the cultures, as of Mar. 27, 1972, Aug. 19,1970, Aug. 19, 1970, Feb. 21, 1974 and Feb. 21, 1974, respectively. All restrictions on the availability of the culture deposit to the public will be irrevocably removed upon the granting of a patnet from this application. Further, the above cultures will be maintained by the depositor throughout the effective life of the patent.
The medium to be used for cultivation of the microorganism above described must be a basic medium containing carbonate, though it may be any of solid or liquid medium. Thus a medium comprising essential components for growth of the microorganism, such as carbon source, nitrogen source, inorganic salt and the like and containing added carbonate are used. Starch, soluble starch and the like are used as the carbon source. Yeast extract, peptone, corn-steep liquor and the like are used as the nitrogen source. Thus a medium comprising soluble starch, peptone, yeast extract, K HPO MgSO -7H O and an added carbonate is used. Any carbonate selected from anhydrous sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate and the like may be used.
We found that it is very important to add a sufficient amount of carbonate to the medium to make the pH value of the medium alkaline.
The amount of the carbonate to be added to the medium shall be preferably in the range of 0.5% to 1.5% by weight. This fact has been determined by the following experiments.
The experiments have been carried out using a standard neutral medium comprising 5 gs. peptone, 5 gs. yeast extract, 20 gs. starch, 1 g k HPO 0.2 g MgSO -7- H 0, 15 gs. agar and 1 liter of water and modified media containing various salts and carbonates in amount shown in the Table 7.
Media having pH value of have been prepared by adding sodium hydroxide to the neutral medium.
Each of the media is innoculated with the strain of Bacillus sp. No. 17-1 and cultured with shaking at a temperature of 37C.
Growth of the microorganism has been observed by taking the culture broth after 18 hours into a cuvette of 1 cm and measuring the absorbance of light at 660 mu.
The yield of cyclodextrin has been determined by measuring the activity of the culture broth after 3 days cultivation under the condition described in later.
These results have been shown in the Table 7.
From the results shown in the table, it is noted that the presence of a suitable amount of the carbonate in the medium is indispensable to produce the subject enzyme to be used in the present invention.
The cultivation of the microorganism described above can be carried out by means of conventional aerobic shaking culture or air bubbling culture. It is preferable to culture for 24 96 hours at a temperature between 30C and 37C.
The resulting enzyme can be isolated from the culture broth by any conventional method. For example, when the cultivation is finished, the microorganism is removed from the culture broth and then after neutralization of the broth with acetic acid or the like or without any neutralization, the broth is treated with an organic solvent such as methanol or ammonium sulphate to precipitate enzyme and then the precipitated enzyme is separated from the liquid and dehydrated, thereby to obtain crude powdery enzyme. The resulted crude enzyme can be used for production of the cyclodextrin of the present invention as it is.
Purified enzyme can be obtained from the above crude enzyme as follows: The crude powdery enzyme is dissolved in water and the resulting solution is dialyzed against water overnight. The solution is passed through a column of diethyl aminoethyl cellulose (DEAE Cellulose) equilibratedwith 0.01 M Tris HCl buffer solution of pH 9.0. Thus the enzyme in the solution is completely adsorbed in the cellulose. The adsorbed enzyme is eluted by changing the concentration of NaCl in the buffer solution from 0.01M to 0.5M.
The active fractions are collected and concentrated. Then the concentrated solution is purified by gelfiltration chromatography using Sephadex G75 and Sephadex G-lOO (Sephadex" is a resistered trade name) and the resulted cake is freez-dried, thereby to obtain a purified enzyme powder.
The activity of the resulting enzyme is determined as follows.
0.05 ml of the enzyme solution with a suitable concentration is mixed with 0.5 ml of 1% soluble starch solutionin 0.1M glycine buffer (pH 10.5).
The resulting mixture is subjected to a temperature of 40C for 2 hours, after reaction has been completed the solution is neutralized with acetic acid and further heated at 100C for minutes.
The resulting solution is mixed with 50p.g of gluco amylase, the solution is subjected to a temperature of 40C for one hour to decompose the residual starch and the amount of glucose produced in the solution is determined by means of the dinitrosalicylic acid method.
The same process is repeated except using water instead of the enzyme solution.
The difference of the determined amount of glucose shows the amount of produced cyclodextrin.
One unit of the enzyme was defined as that amount of enzyme producing 1 mg of the cyclodextrin under the method described above.
The activity of the enzyme can be assayed by the iodine method as follows:
The enzyme solution (0.01 ml), which has been suit-- ably diluted so as to reduce the absorbance at 700 mg by from 10% to is mixed with 0.2 ml of 0.2% potato starch aqueous solution and 0.2 ml of 0.1M acetic acid buffer solution having pH value of 4.5, then the resulted mixture is heated at 40C for 10 minutes. After reaction, the resulted solution is mixed with 0.3 ml of 0.2M hydrochloric acid and then 3 ml of 0.005% iodine sulution. The absorbance at 700 my. of the sample is measured.
The physicochemical properties of the enzymes produced from Bacillus sp. No. 38-2 (ATCC 21783), Bacillus sp. No. 135 (ATCC 21595), Bacillus sp. No. 169 (ATCC 21594), Bacillus sp. No. 13 (ATCC 31006) and Bacillus sp. No. 17-1 (ATCC 31007) will be explained in detail.
1. Enzyme produced from Bacillus sp. No. 38-2 (ATCC 21783) 1. Substrate Specificity:
the enzyme produced by cultivation of the above identified microorganism under the specific conditions described above is active to starch, and reduces the starch-iodine reaction. However, reducing power can not be detected. Then the enzyme is determined to be a liquefying amylase.
2. Optimum pH:
The optimum pH of the enzyme has been determined by measuring activity of the enzyme at various pH values by means of the method described above.
Each pH value has been achieved by use of the following buffers respectively.
pH Buffer solution 4 5 Acetate 5 8.5 Tris-maleate 9 11 Sodium hydroxide 11 12 Sodium carbonate and Sodium hydroxide The sample of the enzyme has with Sephadex G-25.
The results obtained are shown in FIG. 2 in which the activity at each pH value is shown as relative activity calculated on the assumption that the activity at pH 9.0 is 100. As clearly shown in the drawing, the optimum been previously desalted pH values of the enzymeare found at pH 4.5 pH 7 and pH 9, thus the optimum pH range is very broad.
3. Stable pH:
The enzyme solution (0.01 ml) desalted with Sephadex is mixed with 0.1 ml of various kinds of buffer solutions containing l,u mole of CaCl as a stabilizer.
The resulting mixture is heated at 60C for 30 minutes and then 0.2 ml of a buffer solution of pH 9.0 and 0.2 ml of a substrate are added to the mixture, thus the residual activity has been determined. The results are shown in the following Table 8.
Table 8 pH Buffer Solution Residual Activity(%) 4 Acetic acid 0 6 Tris maleate 100 I0 Na CO NaHCO Table 9 Temperature Time Residual Activity minutes 50 l 5 100 50 30 100 55 l 5 60 l 5 l0 5. Inhibition by Temperature:
The same enzyme solution of pH 8 as shown in (3) is prepared and 5 m M of Ca is added to the solution.
The solution is heated for 30 minutes varying the temperature as shown in the following table. The residual activities are determined and results obtained are shown in the following Table.
Table 10 Temperature Residual Activity. pH 4 pH 9 CaCl (M) is added to the-culture broth of Bacillus sp. No. 38-2 (ATCC 21783) to adjust the pH value to and produced precipitates are removed by centrifuge. /2 acetone is added to the culture broth to form precipitates.
The resulting precipitates are collected and dissolved in water. After dialysis overnight, the solution is concentrated with polyethylene-glycol.
After gel-filtration chromatography with Sephadex G-IOO, active fractions are collected.
The enzyme has been adsorbed on DEAE cellulose column equilibrated with 10 m M of Tris-HCl buffer solution containing 1 m M CaCl at pH 8.5 and then the adsorbed enzyme is eluted varying the concentration of CaCl from 5 m M to 50 m M. Usually about 40 m M is used.
The active fractions are collected and purified by gelfiltration using Sephadex G-75, to obtain the final product.
Two curves showing the relation between the enzyme activity and the pH value which have been measured before and after purification are essentially the same.
7. Homogeneity of the Enzyme: I
The homogeneity of this enzyme has been proved by the following observations:
i. Ultra centrifugal analysis gave a single peak of sedimentation constant at approximately 4.
ii. A single peak of the activity was observed by gelfiltration chromatography. 1
iii. Disc electrophoretic analysis at pH 8.3 shows rrionodisperse.
iv. The ratio of the enzyme activity at pH values 4 and 9 does not change, even in the partially denatured enzyme by heating.
The comparison of the physicochemical properties of enzyme disclosed above and that of the known saccharifying and liquefying amylases produced from Bacillus subtilis (Ref: Advances in Applied Microbiology, 7, p. 293, 1965) is shown in the following Table ll.
By paper chromatography of the products, a small amount of a series of oligosaccharides such as maltose, maltotriose, maltotetraose etc. were observed. From the facts these enzymes have been determined to be liquefying amylases.
2. Optimum pH:
The optimum pH of the enzymes produced from Bacillus sp. No. 135 and No. 169 have been determined by measuring activities at various pH values as described above.
The enzyme used has been previously desalted with Sephadex 6-25. The other conditions have been disclosed above.
Each pH value used has been achieved by use of the following buffers respectively.
The results are shown in FIG. 3, in which the activity at each pH value is shown as relative activity calculated on the assumption that the activity at pH 10.5 is 100.
As clearly shown in the drawing, both optimum pH values of the enzymes from Bacillus sp. No. 135 and No. 169 are found at 10.5.
3. Stable pH:
The pH range in which the activity of .the enzymes can be maintained in stable has been studied.
The enzyme (0.01 ml) which has been desalted with Sephadex is mixed with 0.1 ml of various kinds of buffer solutions containing 1.0 1. mole of CaCl2 as a stabilizer.
The resulted mixture is heated at C for 15 minutes and then 0.2 ml of a buffer solution having pH 10.5 and 0.2 ml of a substrate are added, thus the residual activity has been observed respectively.
The results of the test are shown in the following Table 12.
Table 11 Thermal Stable Optimum Stabilization Hydrolysis Enzyme Type stability pH range pH by Ca of starch Amylase Liquefying 90C 4.8-10.8 5.4-6.0 35% from Saccharify- B. subtilis ing 5570C 4.0-7.8 4.8-5.2 Amylase 4.5 from Liquefying 60-70C 5 10 7.0 15% B.sp.No.38-2 (in the pre- 9.0
- sence of Ca) Note:
* stable unstable ll. Bacillus sp. No. (ATCC 21595) and Bacillus sp. Table 12 No. 169 (ATCC 21594): Residual 1. Substrate Specificity: pH Buffer Activity,
The enzymes produced by cultivation of the above 4 Acetic acid 0 identified two microorganisms under the specific conmaleate ditions described above are active to starch and reduce s 7 51 the starch-iodine reaction. However the increase of re- 10 a ar a 47 11 Na CO .Na0l-l 10 ducing activity is little.
Table 13 Amount of Ca Residual Activity,
O I 0.15 1. mole 0 0.25 p. mole 10 0.5 p. mole 25 1.0 u mole 54 L p. mole 40 From the above examination, we found that no increase of activation by addition of Ca could be observed, whereas the thermal stability had been improved.
Judging the physicochemical properties of the enzymes from Bacillus sp. No. 135 and 169, these enzymes have characteristic by the fact that they have the optimum pH 10.5.
Thus we confirmed that these enzymes are novel amylases.
III. Bacillus sp. No. 13:
1. Substrate Specificity:
The enzyme produced by cultivation of the above identified microorganism under the specific conditions described above is active to starch and reduces the starch-iodine reaction. However the enzymme does not increase reducing power at pH 10.5 and it produces cyclodextrin. Thus the enzyme has been determined to be a cyclodextrin-glycosyl-transferase and also to be a liquefying amylase. The amylase reduces starch-iodine reaction and increases the reducing power at pH 4.5.
2. Optimum pH:
The optimum pH of the enzyme has been determined by measuring activities and yield of cyclodextrin at various pH values by means of the above described method.
Each pH value has been achieved by use of the following buffers respectively.
pH Buffer 4 5 Acetate 5 8.5 Tris maleate 9 l l Glycine-NaOH ll 12 NaHCO -NaOH The sample of the anzyme has been previously de-' salted with Sephadex G-25.
The results obtained are shown in FIG. 4, in which 60 and from the curve b it is noted that the optimum pH value for production of amylase lies at 4.5.
3. Stable pH:
The pH range in which the activity of the enzyme can be maintained in stable has been studied.
The enzyme solution(0.0l ml) desalted with Sephadex is mixed with 0.1 ml of a buffer solution listed in the following table and the mixture is heated at 50C for minutes. Then 0.2 ml of buffer solution of pH 10.0 and 0.2 ml of substrate are added to the heated solution. Thus the residual activities at various pH values are observed. The results obtained are shown in the following Table. l
Table 14 pH Buffer Residual Activity. 7:
4 Acetate 0 5 l0 6 6O 7 Tris maleate 65 8 80 10 N'a CO,.l laHCO 60 l l Na C0 1O 4. Thermal Stability (Conditions for Inactivation):
The th'ermal stability of the enzyme has been studied.
The same enzyme solution of pH 7 as shown in the above paragraph (3) is prepared. The inactivation of the solution has been observed by keeping the solution at various temperature for 10 minutes respectively.
The results obtained are shown in the following Table 15.
Table I5 Temperature Time Residual Activity C minutes 7:
5. Inhibition, Activation and Stabilization: In same enzyme solution of pH 7 as disclosed in (3) is prepared.
Various amount of Ca is added to the solution and the increase of the activity has been studied. Any increase has not been observed.
Then the thermal stability of same solution has been studied by heating the solution comtaining 5 mM Ca at different temperature for 20 minutes and measuring the residual activity of the solution. The results obtained are shown in the following Table 16.
Table 16 Temperature. C
6. Purification of the Enzyme:
CaCl (5M) is added to a culture broth of the microorganism to form precipitates and which are removed from the liquid by centrifuge. A half volume of acetone is added to the filtrate to form precipitates.
The resulting precipitates are collected and dissolved in water. After dialysis overnight the solution is concentrated with polyethylene glycol.
After gel-filtration chromatography with Sephadex G-100, active factions are collected. The enzyme is adsorbed on DEAE cellulose column equilibrated with m M of tris-HCl buffer solution of pH 9.0 containing 10 m M CaCl and then the adsorbed enzyme is eluted by varying the concentration of NaCl from zero to 0.5 M. Usually the enzyme can be eluted at the concentration of about 0.1 M.
Active fractions are collected, the collected solution is gel-filtrated with Sephadex G-75 to obtain the final product.
Two curves showing the relation between the enzyme activity and the pH value which have been measured before and after purification are substantially same.
7. Range of Working Temperature:
The activity of the enzyme has been measured at various temperatures and we found that the optimum working temperature of the enzyme is in the range of from 45C to 50C.
8.'Molecular Weight of the Enzyme:
The molecular weight of the enzyme is determined by means of Gel-filtration method and found being about 60,000.
9. lsoelectric Point:
The isoelectric point of the enzyme has been examined by means of the electrophoresis using filter paper and found that it is about 4.5.
10. Elementary Analysis:
C: 47.8%, H: 7.2%, S: 0.6%,
N: 15.4%, Ash: 0.9%.
IV. Bacillus sp. No. 17-1 (ATCC 31007):
1. Substrate Specificity:
The enzyme produced by cultivation of the above identified microorganism under the specific conditions described above is active to starch and reduces the starch-iodine reaction. However no increase of reducing power can be observed. Almost all of the final products of the enzyme is found to be cyclodextrin.
2. Optimum pH:
The optimum pH of the enzyme has been determined by measuring activity of the enzyme at various pH values by means of the above described method.
Each pH value listed has been achieved by use of the following buffers respectively:
Buffer 4, 5 Acetate 6, 7, 8 Phosphate 9, l0 Borate l0, l1 l2 GlycineNaOHNaCl The sample of the enzyme has been previously desalted with Sephadex G-25.
The results obtained are shown in FIG. 5, in which the curve a shows yield of cyclodextrin at various pH values and the curve I; shows relative activities of the amylase at various pH values.
From the curve a, it is noted that the optimum pH value for production of cyclodextrin lies between 10 16 and 10.5 and from the curve b it is noted that the optimum pH value for production of amylase lies at 4.5.
3. Stable pH:
The pH range in which the activity of the enzyme can be maintained in stable has been studied.
The enzyme solution (0.01 ml) desalted with Sephadex is mixed with 0.1 ml of a buffer solution listed in the following table and the mixture is heated at 55C for 10 minutes. Then 0.2 ml a buffer solution of pH 10.5 and 0.2 ml of substrate are added to the heated solution. Thus the residual activities at various pH values are observed. The results obtained are shown in the following Table 17.
4. Thermal Stability (Conditions for Inactivation):
About 20 30% of the activity of the enzyme has been lost by heating at 55C for 10 minutes at pH 10 and almost all of activity has been lost by heating at 60C for 10 minutes.
5. Inhibition, Activation and Stabilization:
We examined the influence of addition of Ca on increase of the enzyme activity. No increase of the activity can be found, but the thermal stability has been improved by addition of Ca.
Thus an enzyme solution having pH 10 is prepared and the solution is heated at 55C for 20 minutes, and the residual activity has been examined by varying the amount of Ca in the solution.
The results are shown in the following Table 18.
Table 18 Amount of added Ca. umole Residual Activity,
6. Purification:
Purification of the enzyme can be carried out by the same method described in the purification of the enzyme from Bacillus sp. No. 13 (ATCC 31006).
7. Range of Working Temperature:
The enzyme activity has been measured at various temperatures and we found that the optimum working temperature of the enzyme lies in the range of 50C to 55C.
8. Molecular Weight:
The molecular weight by gel-filtration method has been found to be about 50,000 to 60,000.
9. Isoelectric Point:
The isoelectric point of the enzyme has been examined by means of the ampholine electro-focusing method and we found that it is at pH 4.5.
10. Elementary Analysis:
C: 48.0%, H: 7.3%, S: 0.65%,
N: 15.7%, ash: 1.01%.
Summing physcochemical properties of amylases produced from Bacillus sp. No. 38-2 (ATCC 21783), Bacillus sp. No. 135 (ATCC 21595), Bacillus sp. No. 169 (ATCC 21594), Bacillus sp. No. 13 (ATCC 31006) and Bacillus sp. No. 17-1 (ATCC 31007), these amylases are characteristic in that they have the optimum pH value for producing cyclodextrin in the range of from 9 to 10.5, particularly from to 10.5. Further we found that these amylase are characteristic in that the ratio of relative activities at pH 4.5 and pH 10 are specific as shown in the Table 19.
Table 19 optimum PH of Ratio of amylase activities From these characteristics, we have determinedthat these amylases are novel ones.
The invention of the present application relates to a process for producing cyclodextrin characterized by use of a specific alkaline amylase under a specific pl-l condition.
The alkaline amylase to be used must be selected from amylases having an optimum pH value within the range of from 7 to 10.5, preferably from 8 to 10.5, more preferably from 10 to 10.5.
The preferable amylase is a cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase having the optimum pH value of from 8 to 10.
The alkaline amylase to be used is preferably selected from amylases produced by cultivation of a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Bacillus sp. No. 38-2 (ATCC 21783), Bacillus sp. No. 135 (ATCC 21595), Bacillus sp. No. 169 (ATCC 21594), Bacillus sp. No. 13 (ATCC 31006) and Bacillus sp. No. 17-1 (ATCC 31007).
The pH condition to be used according to the present invention shall be within the range of pH 6 to 10.5, particularly within the range of pH 9.0 to 10.5.
According to the present invention, any kinds of starch may be used, and a preferred starch is potatostarch.
The process of the present invention can be carried out as follows:
Starch is thoroughly liquefied, preferably by NaOH. After adjusting the pH value of the starch solution to 6.0 10.5, preferably to 9.0 10.5, the alkaline amylase disclosed above is added to the solution and the solution is maintained at the optimum working temperature for sufficient time to produce cyclodextrin. The optimum working temperature depends on the kind of the alkaline amylase used as described above. The production of cyclodextrin is usually accomplished in twelve hours.
We have confirmed that the cyclodextrin obtained according to the process of the present invention has the same physicochemical properties as that of the known cyclodextrin.
The physical and chemical properties of the cyclodextrin of the present invention are as follows:
1. Elementary Analysis:
C: 44.4%, H: 6.1%, O: 49.5%.
2. Molecular Weight:
Crude product 1200 i a-dextrin fraction: 970
B-dextrin fraction: 1.140
'y-dextrin fraction: 1.300
3. Melting Point:
200C (as acetylated) 4. Optical Rotation [a] D a-dextrin fraction:
B-dextrin fraction:
'y-dextrin fraction:
5. Ultraviolet Absorption Spectrum:
No characteristic 6. Infre-red Absorption Spectrum:
Almost same as that of commercially available a-dextrin.
7. Color Reaction:
oz-dextrin fraction: Give blue color by iodine Bq-dextrin fractions: hardly iodine reaction, give yellowish brown or reddish brown color.
8. Crystallography:
a-dextrin fraction: Hexagon or blade.
B-dextrin fraction: Parallelogram.
'y-dextrin fraction: Quadrilateral.
9. Acidity:
Neutral.
10. Color:
White.
11. Reducing Power:
No reducing power:
Glucose, maltose and malt-triose are produced by Taka-a-amylase. But no effect by an enzyme which decomposes poly or oligosuccharides from the chain termini.
As disclosed above, the cyclodextrin produced according to the process of the present invention contains (1,13 and 'y dextrin fractions.
The enzymes to be used according to the present invention have better thermal stability higher by 15C to 20C than that of the known cyclodextrin producing enzyme. Therefore the process of the present invention is extremely useful and effective.
The cyclodextrin produced by the process of the present invention has various uses. Particularly it is useful for manufacture of sweeteners, such as millet jelly, because the cyclodextrin glucosyltransferase has transferase activity.
For instance, a novel and useful sweetener can be produced as follows:
10 gs. dextrin or starch is mixed with 3 gs. sucrose and the mixture is dissolved in water. 100 ml of the enzyme solution containing cyclodextrin-glucosyltransferase is added to the solution and the solution is allowed to stand at a temperature of 37C overnight.
Unreacted dextrin is removed with trichloroethylene, the solution is concentrated to obtain 10 gs. of a syrup like millet jelly. We found that the product comprises minor sucrose and major compound of sucrose and glucose and has sufficient sweetness for use as a sweetener.
The invention will be explained the following examples, but we do not intend to restrict the invention by them.
EXAMPLE 1 gs. of potato starch is mixed in 100 mls of 1N NaOH solution and the resulting mixture is stored in a refrigerator over-night to thoroughly liquefy the starch.
100 mg of the alkaline amylase which has been produced by cultivation of Bacillus sp. No. 38-2 (ATCC 21783) is added to the starch solution which has been adjusted to pH 9.0. After standing the solution at 34C overnight, any insoluble substance is removed and the product is precipitated by addition of trichloroethylene.
The collected precipitates are thoroughly washed and trichloroethylene is removed by heating.
By recrystallization from aqueous propyl alcohol containing 60% of alcohol, 8 gs. of cyclodextrin is recovered as white crystal.
EXAMPLE 2 The same process explained in Example 1 is repeated except that the alkaline amylase from Bacillus sp. No. 135 (ATCC 21595) is used instead of the alkaline amylase from Bacillus sp. No. 38-2.
5 gs. of cyclodextrin has been obtained as white crystal.
EXAMPLE 3 The process explained in the Example 1 is repeated except that the alkaline amylase from Bacillus sp. 169 (ATCC 21594) is used as the alkaline amylase.
4.5 gs. white crystalline cyclodextrin has been obtained.
EXAMPLE 4 l0 gs. of potato starch is mixed in 100 ml of 1 N NaOH solution and the resulted mixture is stored in a refrigelator overnight, to thoroughly liquefy the starch.
mg of the crude enzyme powder which has been produced by cultivation of Bacillus sp. No. 13 (ATCC 31006) is added to the solution which has been adjusted to pH 10.0. After standing the solution at 34C over night, any insoluble substances are removed and the product is precipitated by addition of trichloroethylene.
The collected precipitates are washed thoroughly and trichloroethylene is removed by heating.
By recrystallization from aqueous propylalcohol containing 60% of ethanol, 7.5 gs. of white crystalline cyclodextrin has been obtained.
EXAMPLE 5 The process described in Example 4 is repeated except that substituting the a crude enzyme powder produced by cultivation of Bacillus sp. No. 17-1 (ATCC 31007) is used as the alkaline amylase.
7.7 gs. of white crystalline cyclodextrin has been obtained.
We claim:
1. A process for producing cyclodextrin which comprises subjecting starch to the activty of a cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase produced by cultivation of a microorganism selected from the group consisting of Bacillus sp. No. 38-2 (ATCC 21783), Bacillus sp. No. (ATCC 21595), Bacillus sp. No. 169 (ATCC 21594), Bacillus sp. No. 13 (ATCC 31006) and Bacillus sp. No. 17-1 (ATCC 31007), at a pH of 6.0 10.5 and recovering said cyclodextrin.
2. A process according to claim 1, wherein the reaction is carried out at a pH between 8 and 10.5.
3. A process according to claim 2 wherein the reaction is carried out at a pH between 8 and 10.
4. A process according to claim 1, wherein said cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase has an optimum pH for producing cyclodextrin of between 8 and 10.

Claims (4)

1. A PROCESS FOR PRODUCIING CYCLODEXTRIN WHICH COMPRISES SUBJECTING STRACH TO THE ACTIVTY OF A CYCLODEXTRIN GLYCOSYLTRANSFERASE PRODUCED BY CULTIVATION OF A MICROORGANISM SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTNG OF BACILLUS SP. NO. 83-2 (ATCC 21783), BACILLUS SP. NO. 135 (ATCC 21595), BACILLUS SP. NO. 169 ATCC 21594), BACILLUS SP. NO. 13 (ATCC 31006) AND BACILLUS SP. NO. 17-1 (ATCC 31007), AT A PH OF 6.0 - 10.5 AND RECOVERING SAID CYCLODEXTRIN.
2. A process according to claim 1, wherein the reaction is carried out at a pH between 8 and 10.5.
3. A process according to claim 2, wherein the reaction is carried out at a pH between 8 and 10.
4. A process according to claim 1, wherein said cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase has an optimum pH for producing cyclodextrin of between 8 and 10.
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Cited By (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4135977A (en) * 1974-06-20 1979-01-23 Rikagaku Kenkyusho Process for production of cyclodextrin
US4254227A (en) * 1978-03-09 1981-03-03 Kabushiki Kaisha Hayashibara Seibutsu Kagaku Kenkyujo Processes for producing syrups of syrup solids containing fructose-terminated oligosaccharides
US4303787A (en) * 1979-06-01 1981-12-01 Rikagaku Kenkyusho Process for recovering cyclodextrins
US4317881A (en) * 1979-04-07 1982-03-02 Sanraku-Ocean Co., Ltd. Process for producing cyclodextrins
US4454161A (en) * 1981-02-07 1984-06-12 Kabushiki Kaisha Hayashibara Seibutsu Kagaku Kenkyujo Process for the production of branching enzyme, and a method for improving the qualities of food products therewith
US4477568A (en) * 1981-09-24 1984-10-16 Proefstation voor Aardappelverweking-TNO en Cooperatieve Verkoop en Produktievereniging van Aardappelmeel en Derivaten AVERE B.A. Process for the manufacture of cyclodextrin
US4537763A (en) * 1981-06-20 1985-08-27 Kabushiki Kaisha Hayashibara Seibutsu Kagaku Kenkyujo Products sweetened with α-glycosyl glycyrrhizin
US4649058A (en) * 1984-06-15 1987-03-10 Pfeifer & Langen Gluco-oligosaccharide mixture and a process for its manufacture
US4865976A (en) * 1986-09-10 1989-09-12 Uop Method of cyclodextrin manufacture using an immobilized cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase
US5501968A (en) * 1987-10-15 1996-03-26 Novo Nordisk A/S Thermostable cyclodextrin glycosyl transferase and processes using it
US20050019475A1 (en) * 2003-07-25 2005-01-27 Plank David W. Reduced trans fat product

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3812011A (en) * 1971-09-30 1974-05-21 Hayashibara Biochem Lab Method of converting starch to beta-cyclodextrin
US3826715A (en) * 1971-04-19 1974-07-30 Rikagaku Kenkyusho Novel amylase and process for preparing the same

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3826715A (en) * 1971-04-19 1974-07-30 Rikagaku Kenkyusho Novel amylase and process for preparing the same
US3812011A (en) * 1971-09-30 1974-05-21 Hayashibara Biochem Lab Method of converting starch to beta-cyclodextrin

Cited By (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4135977A (en) * 1974-06-20 1979-01-23 Rikagaku Kenkyusho Process for production of cyclodextrin
US4254227A (en) * 1978-03-09 1981-03-03 Kabushiki Kaisha Hayashibara Seibutsu Kagaku Kenkyujo Processes for producing syrups of syrup solids containing fructose-terminated oligosaccharides
US4317881A (en) * 1979-04-07 1982-03-02 Sanraku-Ocean Co., Ltd. Process for producing cyclodextrins
US4303787A (en) * 1979-06-01 1981-12-01 Rikagaku Kenkyusho Process for recovering cyclodextrins
US4454161A (en) * 1981-02-07 1984-06-12 Kabushiki Kaisha Hayashibara Seibutsu Kagaku Kenkyujo Process for the production of branching enzyme, and a method for improving the qualities of food products therewith
US4537763A (en) * 1981-06-20 1985-08-27 Kabushiki Kaisha Hayashibara Seibutsu Kagaku Kenkyujo Products sweetened with α-glycosyl glycyrrhizin
US4477568A (en) * 1981-09-24 1984-10-16 Proefstation voor Aardappelverweking-TNO en Cooperatieve Verkoop en Produktievereniging van Aardappelmeel en Derivaten AVERE B.A. Process for the manufacture of cyclodextrin
US4649058A (en) * 1984-06-15 1987-03-10 Pfeifer & Langen Gluco-oligosaccharide mixture and a process for its manufacture
US4865976A (en) * 1986-09-10 1989-09-12 Uop Method of cyclodextrin manufacture using an immobilized cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase
US5501968A (en) * 1987-10-15 1996-03-26 Novo Nordisk A/S Thermostable cyclodextrin glycosyl transferase and processes using it
US20050019475A1 (en) * 2003-07-25 2005-01-27 Plank David W. Reduced trans fat product
US20050233054A1 (en) * 2003-07-25 2005-10-20 Plank David W Method of reducing trans fat levels in food products and food intermediates and products and intermediates produced thereby
US7105195B2 (en) * 2003-07-25 2006-09-12 General Mills, Inc. Reduced trans fat product
US7547459B2 (en) 2003-07-25 2009-06-16 General Mills, Inc. Reduced trans fat product

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