US3911688A - Pipe apparatus for the collection of petroleum from deep water wells - Google Patents

Pipe apparatus for the collection of petroleum from deep water wells Download PDF

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Publication number
US3911688A
US3911688A US395837A US39583773A US3911688A US 3911688 A US3911688 A US 3911688A US 395837 A US395837 A US 395837A US 39583773 A US39583773 A US 39583773A US 3911688 A US3911688 A US 3911688A
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
bundle
float
tubes
wellhead
floats
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Expired - Lifetime
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US395837A
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English (en)
Inventor
Isaac Behar
Maurice Genini
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Technip Energies France SAS
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Coflexip SA
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Filing date
Publication date
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Publication of US3911688A publication Critical patent/US3911688A/en
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
    • B63B—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING 
    • B63B22/00—Buoys
    • B63B22/02—Buoys specially adapted for mooring a vessel
    • B63B22/021—Buoys specially adapted for mooring a vessel and for transferring fluids, e.g. liquids
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B19/00—Handling rods, casings, tubes or the like outside the borehole, e.g. in the derrick; Apparatus for feeding the rods or cables
    • E21B19/22—Handling reeled pipe or rod units, e.g. flexible drilling pipes
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
    • E21B43/01—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells specially adapted for obtaining from underwater installations
    • E21B43/0107—Connecting of flow lines to offshore structures
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16L1/00—Laying or reclaiming pipes; Repairing or joining pipes on or under water
    • F16L1/12—Laying or reclaiming pipes on or under water
    • F16L1/14—Laying or reclaiming pipes on or under water between the surface and the bottom
    • F16L1/15—Laying or reclaiming pipes on or under water between the surface and the bottom vertically
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16L1/00—Laying or reclaiming pipes; Repairing or joining pipes on or under water
    • F16L1/12—Laying or reclaiming pipes on or under water
    • F16L1/20—Accessories therefor, e.g. floats or weights
    • F16L1/202—Accessories therefor, e.g. floats or weights fixed on or to vessels
    • F16L1/203—Accessories therefor, e.g. floats or weights fixed on or to vessels the pipes being wound spirally prior to laying

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a new pipe system for the collection of petroleum from wells situated in deep waters and to a process for setting up such a pipe system.
  • the present invention relates to a new type of pipe system for transporting petroleum between the well head situated on the sea bed, for example at a depth of 500 meters, and the surface of the sea, where it has to undergo initial treatment and storage so that it may be transported to the refineries.
  • the invention requires, in part and preferably wholly, flexible tubes of known kind.
  • Such flexible tubes are generally constituted by a steel sheath which ensures mechanical strength while allowing deformation, and at least one sealing sheath.
  • the present invention has for its object the novel industrial product consisting of a pipe system for the collection of petroleum issuing from wells in deep water, characterised in that it comprises a lower length of pipe which is situated between the zone of the well head and a level lying below the zone of the surface waves, and which is partly and preferably wholly constituted by a bundle of flexible tubes maintained under tension in positions separated from one another by at least one float situated at the upper part of this length of pipe and preferably by several other floats distributed along the weight of the length of pipe and an upper length of pipe joining up with the upper part of the lower length of pipe, constituted by independent flexible tubes, which bind the upper ends of the flexible tubes constituting the bundles to different points, on the surface of the water, to which the petroleum is to be delivered.
  • the floats used to produce the bundles of flexible tubes should have sufficient buoyancy to ensure tension in the flexible tubes, which are thus kept in a vertical position.
  • flexible systems of another kind e.g., systems for carrying electricity or compressed fluid, for example for controlling mechanisims in the well head or in the well itself.
  • the lower end of the pipe system is provided with a connector, for example of known type, which may be automatically coupled with a corresponding connector fixed to the well head. Different tubes or bundles of flexible tubes are brought into this connector.
  • the flexible pipes or pipe systems may be advantageously fixed to the floats by collars or like attachment means.
  • the flexible pipes or pipe systems are each provided with a coupling connector at the end thereof which is situated at the level of the float above the bundle.
  • the bundle of tubes or the pipe systems is made by placing the pipes or pipe systems on the periphery of the floats, which have a circular or polygonal cross-section, such that the flexible pipes or systems are disposed along the generators of a cylinder.
  • This arrangement has the advantage of allowing relatively simple fixing of the flexible pipes or pipe system to the floats. It also has the advantage of offering reduced resistance to sea currents which may occur at depth.
  • connection of upper and lower pipes and/or pipe systems made equally be carried out across the upper float.
  • the flexible pipes and pipe systems constituting the upper pipe section in such a way that they have of themselves sufficient buoyancy to enable them to come spontaneously to the surface and there to spread out horizontally up to the terminal point.
  • the float for connecting independent flexible pipes on the lower bundle may be situated at a depth of about 20-60 M.
  • connection point has a depth sufflciently great to eliminate the effect of the surface swell but sufficiently small to allow a connection which is easy with the aid of divers.
  • the flexible pipes or pipe systems of the lower bundle may be made by butting together pipes or pipe system e.g. with conventional connectors.
  • the floats which assure the maintenance in a vertical position of the bundle which constitutes the lower length of the pipe system according to the invention are for example distributed every 50 meters of height, without this figure constituting a necessary value.
  • the float may have a buoyancy sufficient to put under tension by upward traction the sections of flexible pipes and pipe systems which they support.
  • the floats should be ballasted so that they can be immersed, and, if required, have adjustable buoyancy.
  • the present invention has equally as an object a process for setting up the pipe system which has just been described.
  • This process being essentially characterized by the fact that with the aid ofa barge, situated over the well, the connector with the well head is immersed after having brought under the control of the connector the ends of the flexible pipes which are to form the bundle, the said flexible pipes being rolled up on reels situated as convenient on the barge and each passing in to a traction and retention device which may be constituted by caterpillar tracks and which allows control of their displacements, that the lower connector is immersed and advanced at the same speed as the flexible pipes; that at the height corresponding to the position of the first float, the flexible pipes are brought under control of the first float which is thereafter immersed; that this operation is repeated with successive floats up to the immersion of a float of the upper part of the bundle which comprises the connectors for the flexible pipes of the upper length that this bundle thus obtained is immersed while proceeding with the automatic coupling of the connector disposed on the lower part of the bunle with the base comprising the well head
  • Fixing of the flexible pipes to the different floats can be effected by any appropriate means, for example with the aid of half-collars which engage on corresponding half-collars integral with the float and placed at its periphery.
  • connection to the base which comprises the wellhead is effected automatically, using for example a known device.
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematic elevation view of the pipe system according to the invention
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic perspective view showing how different flexible pipes are connected to a float to form the bundle
  • FIGS. 3 and 4 are elevation and plan views ofa barge which sets up the bundle of flexible pipes according to the invention.
  • FIG. 1 The structure of the pipe system according to the invention has been shown very schematically in FIG. 1.
  • seabed I can be seen, together with base 2 comprising the wellhead.
  • the lower part of the bundle is furnished with a counter-base 3 for automatic coupling to the base 2.
  • the lower length of piping of the pipe system according to the embodiment shown is constituted by a bundle of flexible pipes which extends between the base 2 and the upper float 4.
  • the float 4 can for example be immersed at a depth of some tens of meters.
  • a float can, for example, be placed at every meters.
  • FIG. 2 An embodiment of the floats and the fixing of the flexible pipes to the floats is shown schematically in FIG. 2.
  • the float 6 has the form of a cylindrical volume with a vertical axis and furnished with a plate 14 at its upper part.
  • the periphery of the plate 14 is furnished with semicircular recesses 15 to receive the flexible pipes.
  • the flexible pipes such as 10,11 and 12 are held in the recesses of the plate 14 by half-collars 16 fixed to the plate by bolts 17.
  • the flexible pipes are brought into the upper part of the float, but of course this disposition is in no way obligatory and the flexible pipes could be fixed likewise to the middle or to the lower part of the float. In other respects, the flexible pipes could be fixed to the floats by any appropriate means.
  • FIGS. 3 and 4 it is schematically shown how it is possible to fix the bundle with the aid of a barge 18 of which one end has been shown in longitudinal section in FIG. 3 and in partial plan view in FIG. 4.
  • the barge 18 comprises. at its end or at its middle a cut-out part or well 19, to enable the flexible pipes to be immersed.
  • the different tubes or flexible pipings which are to constitute the bundle are wound on reels 20,21,22, 23 and 24, as can be seen in. FIGS. 3 and 4.
  • the other side of the barge not shown in FIG. 4 of course likewise comprises analogous reels.
  • FIGS. 3 and 4 the flexible pipes 7,8,9 and which unwind from the reels and which each pass over a drive device with caterpillar tracks 25 enabling their progress to be controlled.
  • the float 6 and also the half-collars 16 which enable the flexible pipes to be fixed on the float have been shown schematically in FIGS. 3 and 4.
  • the float 6 is supported by a crane 27 which enables the different floats to be displaced and introduced into the well when they are to be secured to the flexible pipes.
  • the lower connection 3 is first placed in the well 19, supporting it by means of the crane 27.
  • connection 3 To the connection 3 are secured the ends of the different flexible pipes 7,8,9,l0, 11, etc., then the connection is progressively immersed while the caterpillar tracks 25 ensure the controlled displacement of the flexible pipes.
  • connection of the independent upper flexible pipes is effected by conventional means with the aid of undersea divers.
  • the pipe system according to the invention has the advantage of particularly simple placement which can be effected from a conventional barge.
  • the vertical bundle is constituted by flexible pipings enables transverse currents to be withstood more easily, even if these currents are oriented in different directions at different depths.
  • the lower part of the pipe system can be constructed in part from at least one rigid tube and in part from a bundle of tubes or flexible pipings such as has been described.
  • Piping apparatus for the collection of oil derived from a wellhead in deep water comprising:
  • each of the tubes of said second bundle being connected to a tube of said first bundle, and means maintaining the upper end of said upper bundle of tubes near the water surface.
  • Piping apparatus in which the floats have a buoyancy sufflcient to exert a vertical upward traction on the tubes of the first bundle after the latter has been fixed to the wellhead.
  • Piping apparatus in which the floats are provided with ballasting means capable of imparting an adjustable buoyancy to said floats.
  • Piping apparatus in which the flexible tubes of the upper bundle have sufflcient buoyancy along their length to tend to ascend to the surface of the water.
  • Method of installing in deep water piping apparatus for the collection of oil derived from a wellhead in deep water comprising:
  • a float adapted to be immersed in said water below the zone affected by the surface swell
  • an upper second bundle of flexible tubes adapted to be located between said float and the surface of the water, each of the tubes of said second bundle being connected to a tube of siad first bundle, and carried by a boat in which said tubes are wound on reels, which method comprises the steps of l. attaching said lower bundle of tubes to means for connecting said lower bundle to a wellhead,

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Ocean & Marine Engineering (AREA)
  • Revetment (AREA)
  • Bridges Or Land Bridges (AREA)
  • Supports For Pipes And Cables (AREA)
  • Cleaning Or Clearing Of The Surface Of Open Water (AREA)
US395837A 1972-09-13 1973-09-10 Pipe apparatus for the collection of petroleum from deep water wells Expired - Lifetime US3911688A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR7232438A FR2199053B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1972-09-13 1972-09-13

Publications (1)

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US3911688A true US3911688A (en) 1975-10-14

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US395837A Expired - Lifetime US3911688A (en) 1972-09-13 1973-09-10 Pipe apparatus for the collection of petroleum from deep water wells

Country Status (7)

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US (1) US3911688A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
JP (1) JPS5342003B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR (1) FR2199053B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB1436739A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
IT (1) IT998588B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
NL (1) NL182424C (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
SU (1) SU659103A3 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (18)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4019213A (en) * 1972-11-09 1977-04-26 Coflexip Piping apparatus for a floating or semi-submersible platform
US4078584A (en) * 1975-09-19 1978-03-14 Coflexip Pipe system for collecting petroleum from off-shore wells located at great depths
US4182584A (en) * 1978-07-10 1980-01-08 Mobil Oil Corporation Marine production riser system and method of installing same
US4279544A (en) * 1977-01-11 1981-07-21 Compagnie Francaise Des Petroles Helical apparatus for coupling submerged pipes
US4388022A (en) * 1980-12-29 1983-06-14 Mobil Oil Corporation Flexible flowline bundle for compliant riser
US4423984A (en) 1980-12-29 1984-01-03 Mobil Oil Corporation Marine compliant riser system
US4553573A (en) * 1983-10-20 1985-11-19 Pepsico Inc. Bulk syrup delivery system
US4639228A (en) * 1984-12-24 1987-01-27 Mobil Oil Corporation Rotating multi-path fluid manifold
US4657439A (en) * 1985-12-18 1987-04-14 Shell Offshore Inc. Buoyant member riser tensioner method and apparatus
US4702636A (en) * 1984-01-06 1987-10-27 Exxon Production Research Company System for connecting two members together
US6196322B1 (en) * 1996-03-12 2001-03-06 Terje Magnussen Underwater installation and method for building of an underwater installation
US20060157235A1 (en) * 2004-10-07 2006-07-20 Oceanworks International, Inc. Termination for segmented steel tube bundle
US20070079969A1 (en) * 2005-10-06 2007-04-12 Ocean Works International, Inc. Segmented steel tube bundle termination assembly
US20090103985A1 (en) * 2005-08-25 2009-04-23 Saipem S.A. Installation comprising at least two bottom-surface connections for at least two undersea pipes resting on the sea bottom
CN102514692A (zh) * 2011-12-24 2012-06-27 大连理工大学 一种极深水海洋油气田工程开发系统
CN103244080A (zh) * 2013-05-28 2013-08-14 江苏科技大学 一种超深水浮筒式海洋油气开发系统
US20130230358A1 (en) * 2012-03-05 2013-09-05 Cameron International Corporation Offshore System with Subsea Riser
US20130277061A1 (en) * 2010-11-17 2013-10-24 Ange Luppi Tower for exploiting fluid in an expanse of water and associated installation method

Families Citing this family (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4098333A (en) * 1977-02-24 1978-07-04 Compagnie Francaise Des Petroles Marine production riser system
US4142584A (en) * 1977-07-20 1979-03-06 Compagnie Francaise Des Petroles Termination means for a plurality of riser pipes at a floating platform
US4367055A (en) * 1980-12-29 1983-01-04 Mobil Oil Corporation Subsea flowline connection yoke assembly and installation method
AU539759B2 (en) * 1980-12-29 1984-10-11 Mobil Oil Corp. Marine riser system
AU7226081A (en) * 1981-06-02 1982-12-07 Kongsberg Engineering A/S Method and system for loading a tanker with crude or gas froma submarine terminal
US4687376A (en) * 1984-08-31 1987-08-18 Santa Fe International Corporation Multi-reel operational lines laying vessel
FR2573173B1 (fr) * 1984-11-12 1987-01-16 Coflexip Dispositif de transfert de fluide entre une structure fixe et une structure mobile en rotation utilisant au moins une conduite flexible
GB9219785D0 (en) * 1992-09-18 1992-10-28 Subsea Offshore Ltd Buoyant drum method for laying flexible flowlines
FR2792990B1 (fr) * 1999-04-30 2001-06-08 Coflexip Navire de pose de conduite rigides a grandes profondeurs

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US3189098A (en) * 1961-12-29 1965-06-15 Shell Oil Co Marine conductor pipe assembly
US3280908A (en) * 1962-05-21 1966-10-25 Fmc Corp Apparatus for underwater drilling and well completion
US3315741A (en) * 1957-04-15 1967-04-25 Chevron Res Method and apparatus for drilling offishore wells
US3359741A (en) * 1966-03-11 1967-12-26 Arthur J Nelson Deep water support system
US3372409A (en) * 1965-06-09 1968-03-12 Mobil Oil Corp Apparatus for transporting fluids from a marine bottom to a floating vessel
US3525388A (en) * 1968-01-31 1970-08-25 Pike Corp Of America Subsea drilling apparatus
US3557396A (en) * 1968-11-13 1971-01-26 Mobil Oil Corp Floating storage system with buoymounted separator
US3590407A (en) * 1968-11-13 1971-07-06 Mobil Oil Corp Swivel tanker floating storage system
US3602174A (en) * 1969-06-27 1971-08-31 North American Rockwell Transfer riser system for deep suboceanic oilfields
US3708811A (en) * 1971-01-06 1973-01-09 Exxon Research Engineering Co Single anchor leg single point mooring system

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GB874178A (en) * 1957-04-15 1961-08-02 California Research Corp Apparatus for drilling offshore wells
US3643736A (en) * 1968-06-27 1972-02-22 Mobil Oil Corp Subsea production station

Patent Citations (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3315741A (en) * 1957-04-15 1967-04-25 Chevron Res Method and apparatus for drilling offishore wells
US3189098A (en) * 1961-12-29 1965-06-15 Shell Oil Co Marine conductor pipe assembly
US3280908A (en) * 1962-05-21 1966-10-25 Fmc Corp Apparatus for underwater drilling and well completion
US3372409A (en) * 1965-06-09 1968-03-12 Mobil Oil Corp Apparatus for transporting fluids from a marine bottom to a floating vessel
US3359741A (en) * 1966-03-11 1967-12-26 Arthur J Nelson Deep water support system
US3525388A (en) * 1968-01-31 1970-08-25 Pike Corp Of America Subsea drilling apparatus
US3557396A (en) * 1968-11-13 1971-01-26 Mobil Oil Corp Floating storage system with buoymounted separator
US3590407A (en) * 1968-11-13 1971-07-06 Mobil Oil Corp Swivel tanker floating storage system
US3602174A (en) * 1969-06-27 1971-08-31 North American Rockwell Transfer riser system for deep suboceanic oilfields
US3708811A (en) * 1971-01-06 1973-01-09 Exxon Research Engineering Co Single anchor leg single point mooring system

Cited By (23)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4019213A (en) * 1972-11-09 1977-04-26 Coflexip Piping apparatus for a floating or semi-submersible platform
US4078584A (en) * 1975-09-19 1978-03-14 Coflexip Pipe system for collecting petroleum from off-shore wells located at great depths
US4279544A (en) * 1977-01-11 1981-07-21 Compagnie Francaise Des Petroles Helical apparatus for coupling submerged pipes
US4182584A (en) * 1978-07-10 1980-01-08 Mobil Oil Corporation Marine production riser system and method of installing same
FR2439290A1 (fr) * 1978-07-10 1980-05-16 Mobil Oil Corp Colonne montante de production petroliere marine et procede pour son installation
US4388022A (en) * 1980-12-29 1983-06-14 Mobil Oil Corporation Flexible flowline bundle for compliant riser
US4423984A (en) 1980-12-29 1984-01-03 Mobil Oil Corporation Marine compliant riser system
US4553573A (en) * 1983-10-20 1985-11-19 Pepsico Inc. Bulk syrup delivery system
US4702636A (en) * 1984-01-06 1987-10-27 Exxon Production Research Company System for connecting two members together
US4639228A (en) * 1984-12-24 1987-01-27 Mobil Oil Corporation Rotating multi-path fluid manifold
US4657439A (en) * 1985-12-18 1987-04-14 Shell Offshore Inc. Buoyant member riser tensioner method and apparatus
US6196322B1 (en) * 1996-03-12 2001-03-06 Terje Magnussen Underwater installation and method for building of an underwater installation
US20060157235A1 (en) * 2004-10-07 2006-07-20 Oceanworks International, Inc. Termination for segmented steel tube bundle
US20090103985A1 (en) * 2005-08-25 2009-04-23 Saipem S.A. Installation comprising at least two bottom-surface connections for at least two undersea pipes resting on the sea bottom
US7946790B2 (en) * 2005-08-26 2011-05-24 Saipem S.A. Installation comprising at least two bottom-surface connections for at least two undersea pipes resting on the sea bottom
US20070079969A1 (en) * 2005-10-06 2007-04-12 Ocean Works International, Inc. Segmented steel tube bundle termination assembly
US20130277061A1 (en) * 2010-11-17 2013-10-24 Ange Luppi Tower for exploiting fluid in an expanse of water and associated installation method
US9322222B2 (en) * 2010-11-17 2016-04-26 Technip France Tower for exploiting fluid in an expanse of water and associated installation method
CN102514692A (zh) * 2011-12-24 2012-06-27 大连理工大学 一种极深水海洋油气田工程开发系统
CN102514692B (zh) * 2011-12-24 2014-06-25 大连理工大学 一种极深水海洋油气田工程开发系统
US20130230358A1 (en) * 2012-03-05 2013-09-05 Cameron International Corporation Offshore System with Subsea Riser
CN103244080A (zh) * 2013-05-28 2013-08-14 江苏科技大学 一种超深水浮筒式海洋油气开发系统
CN103244080B (zh) * 2013-05-28 2016-04-27 江苏科技大学 一种超深水浮筒式海洋油气开发系统

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR2199053B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1975-06-13
NL7312528A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1974-03-15
FR2199053A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1974-04-05
IT998588B (it) 1976-02-20
JPS5342003B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1978-11-08
SU659103A3 (ru) 1979-04-25
NL182424C (nl) 1988-03-01
NL182424B (nl) 1987-10-01
JPS4991903A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1974-09-03
GB1436739A (en) 1976-05-26

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