US3906229A - High energy spatially coded image detecting systems - Google Patents

High energy spatially coded image detecting systems Download PDF

Info

Publication number
US3906229A
US3906229A US369377A US36937773A US3906229A US 3906229 A US3906229 A US 3906229A US 369377 A US369377 A US 369377A US 36937773 A US36937773 A US 36937773A US 3906229 A US3906229 A US 3906229A
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
accordance
particles
pattern
radiation
image
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US369377A
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Gordon D Demeester
Harrison H Barrett
David T Wilson
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Raytheon Co
Original Assignee
Raytheon Co
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Raytheon Co filed Critical Raytheon Co
Priority to US369377A priority Critical patent/US3906229A/en
Priority to NL7407118A priority patent/NL7407118A/xx
Priority to CA201,007A priority patent/CA999983A/en
Priority to GB2383874A priority patent/GB1473189A/en
Priority to FR7419074A priority patent/FR2233655B1/fr
Priority to DE19742427199 priority patent/DE2427199A1/de
Priority to IT51405/74A priority patent/IT1016105B/it
Priority to JP49064866A priority patent/JPS5034283A/ja
Priority to CH788974A priority patent/CH588710A5/xx
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3906229A publication Critical patent/US3906229A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03B—APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR TAKING PHOTOGRAPHS OR FOR PROJECTING OR VIEWING THEM; APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS EMPLOYING ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ACCESSORIES THEREFOR
    • G03B42/00—Obtaining records using waves other than optical waves; Visualisation of such records by using optical means
    • G03B42/02—Obtaining records using waves other than optical waves; Visualisation of such records by using optical means using X-rays
    • G03B42/026—Obtaining records using waves other than optical waves; Visualisation of such records by using optical means using X-rays for obtaining three-dimensional pictures
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
    • A61B6/42—Arrangements for detecting radiation specially adapted for radiation diagnosis
    • A61B6/4208—Arrangements for detecting radiation specially adapted for radiation diagnosis characterised by using a particular type of detector
    • A61B6/4258—Arrangements for detecting radiation specially adapted for radiation diagnosis characterised by using a particular type of detector for detecting non x-ray radiation, e.g. gamma radiation
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01T—MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
    • G01T1/00—Measuring X-radiation, gamma radiation, corpuscular radiation, or cosmic radiation
    • G01T1/29—Measurement performed on radiation beams, e.g. position or section of the beam; Measurement of spatial distribution of radiation
    • G01T1/2914—Measurement of spatial distribution of radiation
    • G01T1/2921—Static instruments for imaging the distribution of radioactivity in one or two dimensions; Radio-isotope cameras
    • G01T1/295—Static instruments for imaging the distribution of radioactivity in one or two dimensions; Radio-isotope cameras using coded aperture devices, e.g. Fresnel zone plates
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03B—APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR TAKING PHOTOGRAPHS OR FOR PROJECTING OR VIEWING THEM; APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS EMPLOYING ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ACCESSORIES THEREFOR
    • G03B15/00—Special procedures for taking photographs; Apparatus therefor

Definitions

  • DEVELOPMENT 46 DEVELOPE AND BLEACH HIGH ENERGY SPATIALLY CODED IMAGE DETECTING SYSTEMS BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
  • Apparatus for determining the location and condition of structures and/or organs in living bodies by detecting high speed particles emanating from regions of the body which have selectively absorbed radioactive compounds requires substantial exposure of the body to potentially harmful radiation and, hence, apparatus which reduces the dosage required to obtain an image of the structure or organ of.
  • sufficient definition and intensity to permit accurate diagnosis of the condition and location of the structure or organ is of paramount importance.
  • Such definition is also a function of the length of time during which the body can as a practical matter be retained in an immobile position since movement of the body will cause substantial reduction in definition of the reconstructed image.
  • This invention provides for a spatially coded pattern from a source of high energy radiation such as, for example, living tissue which has assimilated a radioactive pharmaceutical which is spatially coded, for example, by passing through a plurality of apertured mask zone plates positioned at spaced locations between the living tissue object and a detector.
  • a source of high energy radiation such as, for example, living tissue
  • a radioactive pharmaceutical which is spatially coded, for example, by passing through a plurality of apertured mask zone plates positioned at spaced locations between the living tissue object and a detector.
  • zone plate means a structure through which radiation passes in selected regions to produce'a beam of radiation having different amplitude levels in different regions of the cross section of the radiation beam passing through the zone plate.
  • a Fresnel zone plate means a zone plate in which the cross-sectional pattern has a predominant component comprising at least a portion of the Fresnel zone pattern.
  • the apertures in the masks which are defined as those regions of the mask substantially transparent to high energy level radiation," have widths many times the wavelength of the radiation to be detected so that radiation passing through the apertures is substantially undiffracted and the resulting shadowgraph detected by the detector constitutes a spatially coded shadowgraph pattern from which an image of the object may be derived.
  • radiation energyv level means the energy level of individual packets of photons of radiant energy, said level being directly related to the inverse of its wavelength by Planck's constant.
  • high energy level radiation means radiation having an energy level higher than the energy level of radiation in the visible spectrum. The upper limit of the visible spectrum is hereby defined as having a 1000 Angstrom free space wavelength.
  • the shadowgraph produced by the spatially coded pattern has its spatial frequency components improved over a wide range of spatial components so that large objects, for example the entire lung cavity of the patient, can be detected in great detail. More specifically, such a system having improved match of the spatial frequency components of the object to the spatial frequencies detecting and image production system comprises two zone plates which are off-center sections of a Fresnel zone pattern. One zone plate is positioned adtecting surface which may hereinafter be referred to as the shadowgraph plane.
  • the aperture sizes and locations of the two zone plates are preferably such that staight lines extend from a point substantially at the center of the shadowgraph plane through all corresponding locations of the zone plates.
  • the zone plate positioned substantially equidistant between the detecting surface and the object zone plate has the apertures thereof identical to the apertures of the object zone plate except that the apertures in the equidistant zone plate are one-half the size of the apertures in the object zone plate.
  • the efficiency of the detecting process is preferably increased by converting the radiation from high energy level radiation to radiation within the visible spectrum which is then detected by any desired means such as,
  • a recording film for example, a recording film.
  • This invention further comtemplates the use ofa coding system in an image reproduction system in which the shadowgraph recorded on the film is reduced in size one to two orders of magnitude by a photo reduction process.
  • the shadow spacings will diffract radiation in the visible spectrum from a monochromatic source passing therethrough.
  • the equidistant zone plate projects shadowgraph line pair spacings of less than a millimeter on the film and reduction in size by photo-optical techniques on the order of 20 to 1 produces line pairs in the red regions of the visible spectrum so that monochromatic light from a conventional laser source having a wavelength in the red portion of the spectrum may be effectively diffracted.
  • diffraction efficiency may be further increased by bleaching the film to produce a phase hologram-like transparency which diffracts substantially all of the monochromatic light passing therethrough.
  • This invention further discloses that the discontinuities of the shadowgraph at the edges of the recording media which may appear in the reconstructed image are preferably removed by using a rectilinear shape to define the outer edge of the shadowgraph detecting surface while using curved perimeters to define the outer limitations of the apertured masks such that the edges of the detecting surface appear as crossed straight lines in the reconstructed image spaced from the image of the object and may be removed by appropriate iris masks in' the optical reconstruction system.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of the invention in which a shadowgraph is recorded on a film as a spaally coded amplitude pattern which is reproduced in :duced size on a film which is then bleached to con- :rt the amplitude hologram to a phase hologram from hich images of the object may be reproduced;
  • FIG. 2 is a transverse sectional view through the high iergy particle detecting system of FIG. 1 illustrating 1e apertures in the object mask;
  • FIG. 3 is a transverse sectional view of the detecting 'stem of FIG. 1 taken through line 3-3 of FIG. 1 lowing the apertured system of the equidistant mask; id
  • FIG. 4 is a transverse sectional view of the detecting ructure of FIG. 1 looking toward the detecting film id illustrating the rectilinear outline of the detecting lm.
  • FIGS. 1 and 2 there is shown a )urce of radiation 20 which is illustrated herein, by ay of example only, as the chest of a living person. ortions of the chest area have been rendered radioacve by administering any of the well-known radioactive harmaceuticals to the person.
  • sected body elements such as the liver, lung regions or lood vessels have an affinity for selected radioactive harmaceuticals.
  • Such an affinity varies, for example, ependent on the type of disease and the region afcted by the disease.
  • mask 22 Jnsisting Positioned adjacent to radiation source 20 is mask 22 Jnsisting, as illustrated in greater detail in FIG. 2, of plurality of curved bars 24 of material opaque to the idiation separated by spaces 26 equal in width to the idth of the bars.
  • the total open rea of the mask 22 is made approximately equal to the ital opaque area of the mask and may be referred to a Fresnel zone pattern.
  • the material of the bars 24 chosen such that the radiation from the source 20 hich hits bars 24 will be absorbed but those portions fthe radiation which are directed to the spaces 26 beveen the bars 24 will pass through.
  • mask 22 may be placed at various dismces from the source 20, it is preferably positioned as ose as convenient to the source 20 which is the object eing detected. Hence, mask 22 may be referred to as re object mask.
  • Mask 22 may be made, for example, y depositing a layer of lead on an aluminium plate and lachining off portions of the lead to expose portions fthe aluminum. Aluminum will transmit substantially l the high energy radiation impinging thereon and, ance, such exposed aluminum regions constitute radizion aperture 26.
  • the thickness of re lead layer and the choice of the support plate may a made of any desired dimensions and spacing and, in :neral, are a function of the radioactive isotope being ed.
  • a thickness of re lead layer and the choice of the support plate may be made of any desired dimensions and spacing and, in :neral, are a function of the radioactive isotope being ed.
  • )od resolution may be obtained with widths and spaclgs on the order of one-tenth of a millimeter to one :ntimeter.
  • the quality of the final image detected varies as a mction of the length of exposure of the detector sysm to the patient, preferably such exposure being in IC range of from one to twenty minutes and recording and 10 counts of high energy radiation particles. owever, since the number of counts detected in accordancewith this invention is several orders of magnitude larger than the counts detected in the pinhole or collimating absorption lens system, greater definition may be achieved.
  • the pattern formed by the bars 24 defining the apertures is a fragmented portion of a Fresnel pattern.
  • the bars 24 extend in arcuate form to the edges of the circular ring defining the perimeter of mask 22. As illustrated herein, for purposes of clarity, only a few bars and spaces are shown, and adequate results may be achieved with such a system. However, applications have found that masks with more than fifty bars and apertures are preferably used to produce high definition images from the shadowgraph formed, as illustrated herein, directly on a film from a crystal scintillation layer.
  • the width of the narrowest spacing 26 is several orders of magnitude greater than the wavelength of the radiation. For example, if the width of the narrowest aperture is on the order of one millimeter, any radiation beyond the visible range will have a wavelength many orders of magnitude less than a millimeter and, hence, any diffraction effects of mask 22 on such radiation will be substantially undetectable.
  • the pattern of bars 24 and spaces 26 forms an off-center section of a Fresnel zone pattern. More specifically, the diameter of mask 22, as shown in FIG. 2, is approximately equal to the distance from the center of the Fresnel zone pattern to the center of the mask 22. Such an offset offsets the image during the reconstruction process and is preferably great enough to separate the multiple images produced as well as to separate detecting surface edge artifacts from the desired image.
  • Mask 22 which may be referred to as the object mask, is supported in a housing 30 which spaces the element 22 a predetermined distance S from a second spatial coding mask 32.
  • Mask 32 which may be referred to as the intermediate or equidistant mask, is formed in a similar manner to that of mask 22 and has a pattern which is the off-center section of a Fresnel zone pattern as illustrated in FIG. 3.
  • the patterns of the masks 22 and 32 are by way of example only, and any desired patterns or portions of patterns which are symmetrical about axes substantially parallel to the average direction of motion of the radiation through the masks could be used. While, as illustrated herein, masks 22 and 23 are planar, they may if desired, be made as portions of spherical surfaces or cylindrical surfaces or other geometric shapes.
  • mask 32 is an off-center section of a Fresnel zone pattern identical to that of zone plate mask 22 but scaled to substantially one-half the size of zone plate 22, with the remainder of the space between the support housing 30 being filled with the portion of the aluminum backing plate covered with lead which absorbs substantially all gamma radiamined point on the holographic image plane is intersected by a plurality of straight lines passing through different mask apertures of masks 22 and 32, respectively, as illustrated, for example, by point 28.
  • housing 30 is formed from a circular cross section to a rectangular cross section in the region where it supports the detecting system 36. It has been found that if a circular section is used for the detecting shadowgraph region, a reconstruction by optical means produces a series of circular patterns which, to some extent, interfere with or degrade the image. By the use of a rectilinear pattern, as indicated in FIG. 4, the reconstruction contains straight-line artifacts indicative of the straight-line borders of the periphery of the shadowgraph, and these intersect to form a cross with positive and negative images appearing in opposite quadrants of the cross so that by the use of an iris only one desired image may be selected and the remaining data, including the artifacts, eliminated.
  • the size and spacing of the masks 22 and 32 and the size of the rectilinear detector plane may be selected from a wide range of possible configurations. For work with human bodies, the following size has been found useful:
  • Diameter of mask 22 25 to cm.
  • the number of bars 24 which can, as a practical matter, be formed in masks 22 and 32 depends upon the thickness and material of the masking medium.
  • Detector system 36 is illustrated herein as being substantially planar but, if desired, may have a spherical, cylindrical or other geometric surface shape. As illustrated herein by way of example only, detector system 36 comprises a layer of film 38 sandwiched between two thin layers 40 of crystal material such as cesium iodide or calcium tungstate which produces scintillations of light when struck by gamma radiation. A backing support plate 42, preferably of light reflecting metal, is used to support the layers of crystal 40 and the film 38 positioned therebetween.
  • crystal material such as cesium iodide or calcium tungstate
  • the front surface of the crystal 40 on the opposite side of film 38 from the support plate 42 may also have a thin layer of light reflecting material such as an aluminum or silver surface coated thereon and, if desired, the entire package of support plate 42, film 38 and crystals 40 may be assembled as a unitary package or cassette.
  • gamma rays from object 20 pass through masks 22 and 32 as well as through crystal 40. Some of the gamma rays will produce scintillations of light in one or the other of the crystal layers 40 having an intensity strength enough to partially expose the elemental areas of the film adjacent the regions of the crystals producing the light scintillation.
  • the crystal layers 40 are made only a few millimeters thick so that definition in the pattern recorded on the film 38 is maintained in the millimeter range.
  • the film 38 is preferably in a cassette, it is shown herein as a portion of a roll of film 44 drawn through the crystals 40 to illustrate the process steps involved.
  • the film 38 is developed in accordance with conventional practice by passing through a developer bath 46. Any desired degree of development can be used. Preferably, however, the film is developed sufficiently to provide maximum contrast between light and dark areas. However, different degrees of development may be used to accentuate different total intensities of the detected shadowgraph.
  • a reducing system 48 which may be of a conventional type in which a light source 50 emanating from a ground glass screen 52 passes through film 38 and is focused on a film 58 through a lens 54 on the opposite side of film 38 from the light source 50.
  • the focal length of lens 54 is chosen such that the light rays converge as passing therethrough and the shadow of film 38 is projected in reduced form on film 58 to expose film 58 and reproduce a negative of the pattern developed on film 38 in reduced form on film 58.
  • the pattern on film 58 is reduced sufficiently so that the projection of the spacing of bars 24 in the pattern recorded on film 38 will be sufficiently close to produce a substantial degree of refraction of a visible light beam passing therethrough. This has been found to produce a substantial improvement in image reproduction, both from the standpoint of image distortion and image clarity or intensity.
  • Film 58 may, if desired, also be in the form of a cassette but is shown herein in the form of a roll of film to illustrate the subsequent steps of the process.
  • Film 58 is passed through a conventional develop and bleach step illustrated at 60.
  • the film 58 is of any desired conventional type which is developed to produce substantially the same or a greater degree of contrast as the original developed film 38 and is then bleached with any conventional film bleach to convert all of the light absorbing regions to a compound having a thickness and/or index of refraction different from the other regions of the film.
  • bleaching in addition to enhancement of light transmission, is used as part of the conversion process from a shadowgraph pattern produced by noncoherent radiation into a refracting lens suitable for coherent light image reproduction in which size reduction of the image is used to further enhance the quality and clarity of the reproduced image.
  • the film 58 is then used to reproduce an image of the object 20 by a coherent light reproduction system 62.
  • System 62 may be of any desired type and, as illustrated herein, comprises a source of coherent light 64 such as a helium neon laser whose output is focused by a lens 66 through a pinhole iris 68 to remove spatial noise.
  • a source of coherent light 64 such as a helium neon laser whose output is focused by a lens 66 through a pinhole iris 68 to remove spatial noise.
  • Light projected through the pinhole 68 passes through a converging lens 70 and then through the developed and bleached film 58 which diffracts the informational content of the picture away from the center line of the ll'lOlE and lens system 70 by a distance r.
  • any desired detection system such as a ground glass een 74.
  • the distance of screen 74 may be varied ,h respect to the film 58 to produce from the pattern :orded on film 38 various slices corresponding to 'ious distances of object from the detector system [he aperture size d and its offset r from the iris 72 functions of the diameter of the zone plate masks and 32 and the distance which the center of the zone tte patterns are offset from the center of the Fresnel 1e pattern.
  • the pattern size d in the iris 72 is prefibly substantially equal to the offset distance r,. from center of the system.
  • the iris 72 is positioned substanlly in the plane where the pinhole liht from iris 68 MM be focused by the lens 70 in the absence of film which may be referred to as the Fourier plane. Hower, other locations of the iris 72 may be used and/or ier means of separating the desired image from arti- :ts and/or undesired images.
  • the image produced on screen 74 may be viewed diztly and/or several pictures taken for various distces of screen 74 from the Fourier plane by means of :amera 76.
  • a television pickup camera 1y be used to view the reproduced image and/or to )re images in a computer memory from which if deed, simultaneous three-dimensional views of the ob- :t 20 may be reproduced.
  • individual scintilions of light from the crystals 40 will not completely pose an elemental area of the film.
  • overlapping tterns produced by adjacent point sources will subtntially all be recorded with optimum intensity and a nimum occurrence of the conditions where elemenareas of film are completely exposed so that addilnal scintillations of light occurring after such comate exposure go undetected.
  • the film 38 may be sufficiently thick for a given exsure time for such complete recording without satution to occur since the portions of the film which are are completely exposed simply remain transparent to ht in the reduction process. It should be noted that ose portions which are still transparent pass the most ht so that the reduced film 58 is a negative of the iginal film 38 causing a greater darkening of the neg- .ve 58.
  • the fineness of the bar spacing of the finest bar of zone plate mask 32 may be made substantially as fine as it is practical to fabricate such structures while still projecting patterns on the detecting surface which are within the spatial frequency pass band of the detecting system.
  • a high definition image of an object may be derived using high energy level incoherent radiation from a living tissue source, and the image constructed using coherent light in the image-forming process will be readily visible to the naked eye.
  • the radiation emitted by the object passes in succession through a periodic half-tone screen and an off-axis section of a Fresnel zone plate.
  • Both the half-tone screen and the zone plate are constructed so that the bars or zones are alternately transparent and opaque to the radiation.
  • Such a system produces a coded shadowgraph strictly by geometric shadowing.
  • the zone plate and half-tone screen are sufficiently coarse that no appreciable diffraction occurs.
  • a strong Moire fringe pattern is formed on the shadowgraph or image plane.
  • This finge pattern although formed by shadowing rather than diffraction, is closely analogous to a hologram.
  • the original three-dimensional radiation source can be reconstructed by illuminating a transparency derived from the shadowgraph with coherent light.
  • the formation of the Moire fringe pattern can be better understood by considering the radiation paths. Assume that the spacing from the half-tone screen to the zone plate is equal to the spacing from the zone plate to the image plate, and that the spatial frequency in the center of the zone plate is just twice the frequency of the half-tone screen. Then there will be a point in the image plane for which the transparent zones in the center of the zone plate project onto the transparent bars of the half-tone. The radiation transmitted to this point through the center of the zone plate will be a maximum. At a nearby point for which the center transparent zones project onto opaque bars, the transmission will be a minimum. In general, a fringe pattern will be formed with both the amplitude and phase of the fringes depending on the source distribution.
  • one of the highest fringe contrasts has been obtained when the half-tone screen was a zone plate exactly twice as large as the other zone plate.
  • the fringe amplitude is now proportional to the Fourier transform of the source multiplied by a quadratic phase factor and is closely analogous to a Fraunhofer hologram.
  • the two-zone-plate system has several practical advantages.
  • the strongest fringes occur in the center of the hologram. Therefore, if either the resolution or the sensitivity of the image detector falls off at the edge of its field, comparatively little information is lost.
  • various spatial filtering operations can easily be performed by masking the hologram plane. For example, low frequency suppression can be accomplished by masking off the center of the hologram. Also, since the finges are macroscopic, a hologram could be examined visually and those regions where the fring contrast is low can be masked off. This operation is a rough approximation to matched filtering and can enhance the signalto-noise ratio in the reconstruction.
  • the zone plate rings and half-tone or bar pattern have a thickness comparable to their spacings, only those gamma rays passing fairly near normal are effective is generating an exposure on the film, die to vignetting and also to HR losses because diagonal rays must go farther and are weaker.
  • the straight bar pattern is replaced by another zone plate on a scale such that spatial frequency match conditions are satisfied.
  • any distortion produced in the system which is reduced by reduction in size of the film may also be reduced by other means such as correcting lenses.
  • a variety of other spatial coding patterns other than Fresnel zone patterns may be used, and the reconstruction may be accomplished by computer using appropriate transform programs.
  • this invention may be used to form images of the shadows of organs having substances which absorb gamma radiation emanating from a source external to the living organism.
  • a spatially coded pattern of high energy radiation level particles emitted from said radioactive material by selectively absorbing said high energy particles in a plurality of regions spaced along the average direction of motion of said particles through said regions by means comprising a plurality of zone plates each of which has a zone pattern of selective absorption of said particles which is substantially symmetrical about an axis substantially parallel to said average direction of motion of said particles through said zone plates.
  • step of deriving an image comprises:
  • step of deriving said image comprises:
  • step of deriving said image comprises:
  • step of deriving said image comprises:
  • step of deriving said image comprises:
  • step of forming said spatially coded pattern comprises:
  • the centers of said Fresnel zone patterns lie substantially in a line intersecting the detector plane.
  • said spatially detecting step comprises converting the energy level of said particles radiating from said organ to radiation of a lower intensity than the intensity of said high energy particles.

Landscapes

  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
  • Medical Informatics (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Surgery (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Radiology & Medical Imaging (AREA)
  • Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
  • Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
  • Biophysics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
  • Apparatus For Radiation Diagnosis (AREA)
  • Measurement Of Radiation (AREA)
  • Nuclear Medicine (AREA)
US369377A 1973-06-12 1973-06-12 High energy spatially coded image detecting systems Expired - Lifetime US3906229A (en)

Priority Applications (9)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US369377A US3906229A (en) 1973-06-12 1973-06-12 High energy spatially coded image detecting systems
NL7407118A NL7407118A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1973-06-12 1974-05-28
CA201,007A CA999983A (en) 1973-06-12 1974-05-28 High energy spatially coded image detecting systems
GB2383874A GB1473189A (en) 1973-06-12 1974-05-29 High energy spatially coded image detecting systems
FR7419074A FR2233655B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1973-06-12 1974-05-31
DE19742427199 DE2427199A1 (de) 1973-06-12 1974-06-05 Abbildungssystem, insbesondere fuer bildstrahlung hoher energie und verfahren zum erzeugen der abbildung einer bildstrahlung in einem solchen abbildungssystem
IT51405/74A IT1016105B (it) 1973-06-12 1974-06-05 Sistema e procedimento per l esame di immagini spazialmente codificate ad esempio per lo studio di tessuti viventi che hanno assorbito prepara ti radioattivi
JP49064866A JPS5034283A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1973-06-12 1974-06-07
CH788974A CH588710A5 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1973-06-12 1974-06-10

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US369377A US3906229A (en) 1973-06-12 1973-06-12 High energy spatially coded image detecting systems

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US3906229A true US3906229A (en) 1975-09-16

Family

ID=23455216

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US369377A Expired - Lifetime US3906229A (en) 1973-06-12 1973-06-12 High energy spatially coded image detecting systems

Country Status (9)

Country Link
US (1) US3906229A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
JP (1) JPS5034283A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
CA (1) CA999983A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
CH (1) CH588710A5 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (1) DE2427199A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR (1) FR2233655B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB1473189A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
IT (1) IT1016105B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
NL (1) NL7407118A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (35)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8526575B1 (en) * 2009-08-12 2013-09-03 Xradia, Inc. Compound X-ray lens having multiple aligned zone plates
US20170294288A1 (en) * 2015-01-21 2017-10-12 Arcam Ab Method and device for characterizing an electron beam
US10058921B2 (en) 2014-04-02 2018-08-28 Arcam Ab Apparatus, method, and computer program product for fusing a workpiece
US10071424B2 (en) 2014-03-07 2018-09-11 Arcam Ab Computer program products configured for additive manufacturing of three-dimensional articles
US10099289B2 (en) 2013-12-16 2018-10-16 Arcam Ab Additive manufacturing of three-dimensional articles
US10130993B2 (en) 2013-12-18 2018-11-20 Arcam Ab Additive manufacturing of three-dimensional articles
US10144063B2 (en) 2011-12-28 2018-12-04 Arcam Ab Method and apparatus for detecting defects in freeform fabrication
US10189086B2 (en) 2011-12-28 2019-01-29 Arcam Ab Method and apparatus for manufacturing porous three-dimensional articles
US10369662B2 (en) 2009-07-15 2019-08-06 Arcam Ab Method and apparatus for producing three-dimensional objects
US10406599B2 (en) 2012-12-17 2019-09-10 Arcam Ab Additive manufacturing method and apparatus
US10434572B2 (en) 2013-12-19 2019-10-08 Arcam Ab Method for additive manufacturing
US10525531B2 (en) 2015-11-17 2020-01-07 Arcam Ab Additive manufacturing of three-dimensional articles
US10525547B2 (en) 2016-06-01 2020-01-07 Arcam Ab Additive manufacturing of three-dimensional articles
US10529070B2 (en) 2017-11-10 2020-01-07 Arcam Ab Method and apparatus for detecting electron beam source filament wear
US10549348B2 (en) 2016-05-24 2020-02-04 Arcam Ab Method for additive manufacturing
US10583483B2 (en) 2015-10-15 2020-03-10 Arcam Ab Method and apparatus for producing a three-dimensional article
US10610930B2 (en) 2015-11-18 2020-04-07 Arcam Ab Additive manufacturing of three-dimensional articles
US10786865B2 (en) 2014-12-15 2020-09-29 Arcam Ab Method for additive manufacturing
US10792757B2 (en) 2016-10-25 2020-10-06 Arcam Ab Method and apparatus for additive manufacturing
US10800101B2 (en) 2018-02-27 2020-10-13 Arcam Ab Compact build tank for an additive manufacturing apparatus
US10807187B2 (en) 2015-09-24 2020-10-20 Arcam Ab X-ray calibration standard object
US10814392B2 (en) 2013-09-20 2020-10-27 Arcam Ab Apparatus for additive manufacturing
US10821721B2 (en) 2017-11-27 2020-11-03 Arcam Ab Method for analysing a build layer
US10987752B2 (en) 2016-12-21 2021-04-27 Arcam Ab Additive manufacturing of three-dimensional articles
US11014161B2 (en) 2015-04-21 2021-05-25 Arcam Ab Method for additive manufacturing
US11059123B2 (en) 2017-04-28 2021-07-13 Arcam Ab Additive manufacturing of three-dimensional articles
US11072117B2 (en) 2017-11-27 2021-07-27 Arcam Ab Platform device
US11185926B2 (en) 2017-09-29 2021-11-30 Arcam Ab Method and apparatus for additive manufacturing
US11247274B2 (en) 2016-03-11 2022-02-15 Arcam Ab Method and apparatus for forming a three-dimensional article
US11267051B2 (en) 2018-02-27 2022-03-08 Arcam Ab Build tank for an additive manufacturing apparatus
US11292062B2 (en) 2017-05-30 2022-04-05 Arcam Ab Method and device for producing three-dimensional objects
US11325191B2 (en) 2016-05-24 2022-05-10 Arcam Ab Method for additive manufacturing
US11400519B2 (en) 2018-03-29 2022-08-02 Arcam Ab Method and device for distributing powder material
US11517975B2 (en) 2017-12-22 2022-12-06 Arcam Ab Enhanced electron beam generation
US12350754B2 (en) 2017-12-22 2025-07-08 Arcam Ab Electron beam source and the use of the same

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1381521A (en) * 1921-06-14 Cell-diaphragsi fob x-ray apparatus
US3263079A (en) * 1962-11-26 1966-07-26 Block Engineering Method for forming an image of an invisible radiation pattern and apparatus for copying the image
US3669528A (en) * 1971-07-08 1972-06-13 Hughes Aircraft Co Device for producing identifiable sine and cosine(fourier)transforms of input signals by means of noncoherent optics
US3752555A (en) * 1970-07-24 1973-08-14 Philips Corp Apparatus for making multiple point holograms
US3801785A (en) * 1972-11-01 1974-04-02 Raytheon Co Spatially modulated imaging system

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1381521A (en) * 1921-06-14 Cell-diaphragsi fob x-ray apparatus
US3263079A (en) * 1962-11-26 1966-07-26 Block Engineering Method for forming an image of an invisible radiation pattern and apparatus for copying the image
US3752555A (en) * 1970-07-24 1973-08-14 Philips Corp Apparatus for making multiple point holograms
US3669528A (en) * 1971-07-08 1972-06-13 Hughes Aircraft Co Device for producing identifiable sine and cosine(fourier)transforms of input signals by means of noncoherent optics
US3801785A (en) * 1972-11-01 1974-04-02 Raytheon Co Spatially modulated imaging system

Cited By (53)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US10369662B2 (en) 2009-07-15 2019-08-06 Arcam Ab Method and apparatus for producing three-dimensional objects
US8526575B1 (en) * 2009-08-12 2013-09-03 Xradia, Inc. Compound X-ray lens having multiple aligned zone plates
US8737565B1 (en) 2009-08-12 2014-05-27 Carl Zeiss X-ray Microscopy, Inc. Compound x-ray lens having multiple aligned zone plates
US10189086B2 (en) 2011-12-28 2019-01-29 Arcam Ab Method and apparatus for manufacturing porous three-dimensional articles
US10144063B2 (en) 2011-12-28 2018-12-04 Arcam Ab Method and apparatus for detecting defects in freeform fabrication
US11141790B2 (en) 2011-12-28 2021-10-12 Arcam Ab Method and apparatus for manufacturing porous three-dimensional articles
US11161177B2 (en) 2011-12-28 2021-11-02 Arcam Ab Method and apparatus for detecting defects in freeform fabrication
US10406599B2 (en) 2012-12-17 2019-09-10 Arcam Ab Additive manufacturing method and apparatus
US10814393B2 (en) 2013-09-20 2020-10-27 Arcam Ab Apparatus for additive manufacturing
US10814392B2 (en) 2013-09-20 2020-10-27 Arcam Ab Apparatus for additive manufacturing
US10099289B2 (en) 2013-12-16 2018-10-16 Arcam Ab Additive manufacturing of three-dimensional articles
US10130993B2 (en) 2013-12-18 2018-11-20 Arcam Ab Additive manufacturing of three-dimensional articles
US10974448B2 (en) 2013-12-18 2021-04-13 Arcam Ab Additive manufacturing of three-dimensional articles
US11517964B2 (en) 2013-12-19 2022-12-06 Arcam Ab Method for additive manufacturing
US10434572B2 (en) 2013-12-19 2019-10-08 Arcam Ab Method for additive manufacturing
US10071424B2 (en) 2014-03-07 2018-09-11 Arcam Ab Computer program products configured for additive manufacturing of three-dimensional articles
US10821517B2 (en) 2014-04-02 2020-11-03 Arcam Ab Apparatus, method, and computer program product for fusing a workpiece
US10071423B2 (en) 2014-04-02 2018-09-11 Arcam Ab Apparatus, method, and computer program product for fusing a workpiece
US11084098B2 (en) 2014-04-02 2021-08-10 Arcam Ab Apparatus for fusing a workpiece
US10058921B2 (en) 2014-04-02 2018-08-28 Arcam Ab Apparatus, method, and computer program product for fusing a workpiece
US12036730B2 (en) 2014-12-15 2024-07-16 Arcam Ab Method for additive manufacturing
US10786865B2 (en) 2014-12-15 2020-09-29 Arcam Ab Method for additive manufacturing
US10586683B2 (en) * 2015-01-21 2020-03-10 Arcam Ab Method and device for characterizing an electron beam
US20170294288A1 (en) * 2015-01-21 2017-10-12 Arcam Ab Method and device for characterizing an electron beam
US11014161B2 (en) 2015-04-21 2021-05-25 Arcam Ab Method for additive manufacturing
US12036731B2 (en) 2015-04-21 2024-07-16 Arcam Ab Method for additive manufacturing
US11806800B2 (en) 2015-09-24 2023-11-07 Arcam Ab X-ray calibration standard object
US10807187B2 (en) 2015-09-24 2020-10-20 Arcam Ab X-ray calibration standard object
US11571748B2 (en) 2015-10-15 2023-02-07 Arcam Ab Method and apparatus for producing a three-dimensional article
US10583483B2 (en) 2015-10-15 2020-03-10 Arcam Ab Method and apparatus for producing a three-dimensional article
US10525531B2 (en) 2015-11-17 2020-01-07 Arcam Ab Additive manufacturing of three-dimensional articles
US11623282B2 (en) 2015-11-18 2023-04-11 Arcam Ab Additive manufacturing of three-dimensional articles
US10610930B2 (en) 2015-11-18 2020-04-07 Arcam Ab Additive manufacturing of three-dimensional articles
US11247274B2 (en) 2016-03-11 2022-02-15 Arcam Ab Method and apparatus for forming a three-dimensional article
US10549348B2 (en) 2016-05-24 2020-02-04 Arcam Ab Method for additive manufacturing
US11325191B2 (en) 2016-05-24 2022-05-10 Arcam Ab Method for additive manufacturing
US10525547B2 (en) 2016-06-01 2020-01-07 Arcam Ab Additive manufacturing of three-dimensional articles
US10792757B2 (en) 2016-10-25 2020-10-06 Arcam Ab Method and apparatus for additive manufacturing
US10987752B2 (en) 2016-12-21 2021-04-27 Arcam Ab Additive manufacturing of three-dimensional articles
US11059123B2 (en) 2017-04-28 2021-07-13 Arcam Ab Additive manufacturing of three-dimensional articles
US11292062B2 (en) 2017-05-30 2022-04-05 Arcam Ab Method and device for producing three-dimensional objects
US11185926B2 (en) 2017-09-29 2021-11-30 Arcam Ab Method and apparatus for additive manufacturing
US11993008B2 (en) 2017-09-29 2024-05-28 Arcam Ab Method and apparatus for additive manufacturing
US10529070B2 (en) 2017-11-10 2020-01-07 Arcam Ab Method and apparatus for detecting electron beam source filament wear
US10821721B2 (en) 2017-11-27 2020-11-03 Arcam Ab Method for analysing a build layer
US11072117B2 (en) 2017-11-27 2021-07-27 Arcam Ab Platform device
US11517975B2 (en) 2017-12-22 2022-12-06 Arcam Ab Enhanced electron beam generation
US12350754B2 (en) 2017-12-22 2025-07-08 Arcam Ab Electron beam source and the use of the same
US11458682B2 (en) 2018-02-27 2022-10-04 Arcam Ab Compact build tank for an additive manufacturing apparatus
US11267051B2 (en) 2018-02-27 2022-03-08 Arcam Ab Build tank for an additive manufacturing apparatus
US10800101B2 (en) 2018-02-27 2020-10-13 Arcam Ab Compact build tank for an additive manufacturing apparatus
US11400519B2 (en) 2018-03-29 2022-08-02 Arcam Ab Method and device for distributing powder material
US11724316B2 (en) 2018-03-29 2023-08-15 Arcam Ab Method and device for distributing powder material

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE2427199C3 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1979-06-07
DE2427199B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1978-10-05
CH588710A5 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1977-06-15
DE2427199A1 (de) 1975-01-09
JPS5034283A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1975-04-02
CA999983A (en) 1976-11-16
NL7407118A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1974-12-16
IT1016105B (it) 1977-05-30
FR2233655B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1977-06-17
FR2233655A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1975-01-10
GB1473189A (en) 1977-05-11

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US3906229A (en) High energy spatially coded image detecting systems
Barrett Fresnel zone plate imaging in nuclear medicine
CA1036715A (en) Radiographic imaging system for high energy radiation
EP0117175B1 (en) Three-dimensional and tomographic imaging device for x-ray and gamma-ray emitting objects
US4017730A (en) Radiographic imaging system for high energy radiation
US3801785A (en) Spatially modulated imaging system
US4228420A (en) Mosaic of coded aperture arrays
US3831031A (en) Zone plate imaging system
US3840747A (en) Gamma ray imaging system
Forno White-light speckle photography for measuring deformation, strain, and shape
US3882310A (en) Spatially modulated imaging system
US3873834A (en) Method of producing three-dimensional images from a series of individual images in different perspectives
US3619021A (en) Method of making a diffusing layer
US3700895A (en) Scatterhole camera and method for using same including the step of convoluting the image
Barrett et al. Fresnel zone plate imaging in radiology and nuclear medicine
US3560740A (en) Depth-perception radiography
US3825757A (en) Nuclear imaging system
US4146295A (en) Holographic device for obtaining a coded image of an object emitting X-rays or gamma-rays
Simpson et al. Coded-aperture imaging
Tipton et al. Coded aperture imaging using on-axis Fresnel zone plates and extended gamma-ray sources
US3940619A (en) Method for producing three-dimensional real image using radiographic perspective views of an object
US4023036A (en) Apparatus and method for transverse tomography
Chang et al. Coded aperture imaging of gamma-rays using multiple pinhole arrays and multiwire proportional chamber detector
Brunol et al. Micro coded aperture imaging applied to laser plasma diagnosis
US3665186A (en) Half tone radiography method and apparatus