US3900414A - Electrophotographic developer - Google Patents

Electrophotographic developer Download PDF

Info

Publication number
US3900414A
US3900414A US437945A US43794574A US3900414A US 3900414 A US3900414 A US 3900414A US 437945 A US437945 A US 437945A US 43794574 A US43794574 A US 43794574A US 3900414 A US3900414 A US 3900414A
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
particles
toner
weight
butyrate
carrier
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US437945A
Inventor
Elinor J Tanck
Lauren L Hulse
Paul P Kelly
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Memorex Corp
Original Assignee
Memorex Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from US00293082A external-priority patent/US3806458A/en
Application filed by Memorex Corp filed Critical Memorex Corp
Priority to US437945A priority Critical patent/US3900414A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3900414A publication Critical patent/US3900414A/en
Assigned to MEMOREX DIC CORPORATION, A CORP. OF CA. reassignment MEMOREX DIC CORPORATION, A CORP. OF CA. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: MEMOREX CORPORATION
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G9/00—Developers
    • G03G9/08—Developers with toner particles
    • G03G9/10—Developers with toner particles characterised by carrier particles
    • G03G9/113—Developers with toner particles characterised by carrier particles having coatings applied thereto
    • G03G9/1132—Macromolecular components of coatings
    • G03G9/1133—Macromolecular components of coatings obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G9/00—Developers
    • G03G9/08—Developers with toner particles
    • G03G9/10—Developers with toner particles characterised by carrier particles
    • G03G9/113—Developers with toner particles characterised by carrier particles having coatings applied thereto
    • G03G9/1132—Macromolecular components of coatings
    • G03G9/1135—Macromolecular components of coatings obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S430/00—Radiation imagery chemistry: process, composition, or product thereof
    • Y10S430/001—Electric or magnetic imagery, e.g., xerography, electrography, magnetography, etc. Process, composition, or product
    • Y10S430/105—Polymer in developer

Definitions

  • a developer mixture for developing electrostatic images made up of relatively large carrier particles having toner particles electrostatically bonded to them, the carrier particles are small metal particles coated with an acrylic resin having a glass transition temperature at least 50C and below 100C, with a cellulose acetate butyrate resin containing 10 35% by weight acetate, 10 40% by weight butyrate and containing less than 60% by weight acetate plus butyrate, or with mixtures of such acrylic resins and such cellulose acetate-butyrate resins.
  • the essential steps in the operating cycle of a xerographic reproducing machine include imposing a uniform electrostatic charge on a photoconductive surface, exposing the surface to a light pattern which selectively dissipates the charge on the radiated areas of the surface, cascading a developer composition consisting of carrier particles coated with finely divided toner particles electrostatically bonded to the carrier particles over the photoconductive surface to deposit toner particles on the still charged areas of the photoconductive surface, electrostatically transferring the toner particles to an image surface and fusing the toner particles on that surface, cleaning the photoconductive surface to remove residual toner particles; the cycle is then repeated.
  • the carrier particles coated with electrostatically bonded toner particles constitute the electrophotographic developer.
  • the carrier particles are large relative to the toner particles, 20060O micron mean diameter for example is a satisfactory carrier particle size range.
  • Toner particles are usually in the -50 micron mean diameter range.
  • the triboelectric properties of carrier and toner are such that the toner is electrostatically bonded to the carrier but the strength of the bond is such that when toner coated carrier contacts the charged areas of the photoconductive surface the toner particles are attracted away from the carrier particles and adhere to the photoconductive surface.
  • the carrier particles must be highly resistant to chipping, flaking, fragmentation, toner impaction and deterioration of the coating in order to permit very long machine runs without the need to shut down and replace the entire developer charge.
  • the present invention provides a developer mixture for developing electrostatic images comprising relatively large carrier particles having relatively small toner particles electrostatically bonded to them, the carrier particles of the developer mixture being small metal particles coated with an acrylic resin having a glass transition temperature at least 50C and below 100C, with a cellulose acetate butyrate resin containing 10 35% by weight acetate, 10 40% by weight butyrate and containing less than 60% by weight acetate plus butyrate, or with mixtures of such acrylic resins and such cellulose acetate butyrate resins.
  • the toner particles of said mixture are preferably small particles of a resin produced by co-polymerizing 2 parts by weight of n-butyl methacrylate, 1.8 2.2 parts by weight styrene and 0.8 1.2 parts by weight methyl methacrylate, said resin having finely divided carbon black or other colorant dispersed in it in amount sufficient to give the dispersion a colorant content in the range 2 by weight.
  • carbon black it is used in amount sufficient to give the toner composition a carbon black content in the range 10 20% by weight. While the above described toner composition is preferred it is found that the carrier particles of this invention will handle commercial toners efficiently and effectively.
  • EXAMPLE 1 Sixty-Seven grams of a copolymer of parts by weight methyl methacrylate and 30 parts by weight ethyl acrylate having a glass transition temperature 60C and 11.8 grams of a cellulose acetate butyrate having an acetyl content 13.5% and a butyryl content 37% were dissolved in 750 cc. of methyl ethyl ketone. Eight and three-tenths grams of a red monazo dye were dissolved in this solution. The solution was heated to 60C. Thirty pounds of 450 micron steel shot were heated to 70C and placed in a vibrating tub. The solution was poured over the shot.
  • the tub was vibrated and the shot was stirred in an air stream until the methyl ethyl ketone had evaporated.
  • the shot was then spread on trays and held at C for 18 hours to cure the resin coating. After curing the shot was separated by screening; a portion which passes through a 30 mesh screen is well suited for use in either the 2400 or 3600 models of xerox copiers.
  • the carrier particles were then placed in a twin-shell blender and a quantity of toner sufficient to give the carrier-toner mixture a toner content of 0.48% was added and the mixture was blended to distribute the toner evenly on the carrier surface.
  • the toner coated carrier particles were then transferred to the developer housing of a Xerox 3600 copier. The copier was run until 500,000 copies of a sample text had been made; this required a minimum of hours machine operation. Toner was added during the run to maintain developer quality.
  • the toner used in the example was prepared by copolymerizing 2 parts by weight of n-butyl methacrylate, 2 parts styrene and 1 part methyl methacrylate and dispersing carbon black in the co-polymer in amount sufficient to give the toner a carbon black content of 15% by weight.
  • the co-polymer was jet pulverized to produce particles having average diameter about 15 microns. Preparation of the toner is fully described in copending application Ser. No. 194,696 filed Nov. 1, 1971, now US. Pat. No. 3,753,909.
  • Example 2 The procedure of Example 1 was followed. The quantities of material used in making the carrier particles were 1. 450 micron steel shot 30 lbs.
  • toner coating amounted to 0.37% by weight of the coated carrier.
  • the toner coated carrier was charged to the developer housing of a Xerox 2400 model copier. Fivehundred thousand copies of a text were run off. This required a minimum of 200 hours of machine operation. At the end of the run 4l% of the carrier coating had been worn off. 7
  • EXAMPLE 3 Seventy-eight and eight-tenths of a cellulose acetate butyrate having an acetyl content of 29.5% and a butyryl content of 17% were dissolved in 750 cc. of methyl ethyl ketone. Eight and three-tenths grams of the red dye lntraplast Red B a monazo dye were dissolved in the solution. Thirty pounds of 450 micron steel shot were coated with this solution following the procedure of Example 1.
  • the cured carrier particles were coated with toner as in Example 1 and the coated particles were charged to a developer housing and circulated to simulate a run of 500,000 copies. After this circulation copies were made and quality was excellent. During circulation 22% of the coating was worn from the carrier particles.
  • the carrier particles produced in Examples 1, 2 and 3 were examined under a microscope.
  • the coating was smooth and uniform.
  • the red dye facilitated examination.
  • Resins suitable for coating the carrier particles are available commercially. Suitable acrylic resins are Acryloid 8-44 and Acryloid B-66 manufactured by Rohm and Haas. Suitable cellulose acetate butyrate resins are the Half Second Butyrate and EAB-l7l-2 types manufactured by Eastman.
  • steel shot is the preferred carrier particle base
  • other metal particles having densities in the range 6-9 such as copper, cobalt, chromium and nickel can be used.
  • Carrier particles for xerographic toner consisting essentially of 200-600 micron mean diameter particles of steel shot thinly coated with a mixture of a copolymer of methyl methacrylate and ethyl acrylate having a glass transition temperature at least 50C. and below C., and a cellulose acetate butyrate resin containing less than 60% by weight acetate plus butyrate.

Landscapes

  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Developing Agents For Electrophotography (AREA)

Abstract

A developer mixture for developing electrostatic images made up of relatively large carrier particles having toner particles electrostatically bonded to them, the carrier particles are small metal particles coated with an acrylic resin having a glass transition temperature at least 50*C and below 100*C, with a cellulose acetate butyrate resin containing 10 - 35% by weight acetate, 10 - 40% by weight butyrate and containing less than 60% by weight acetate plus butyrate, or with mixtures of such acrylic resins and such cellulose acetate-butyrate resins.

Description

United States Patent [1 1 Tanck et al.
[ 1 Aug. 19, 1975 ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC DEVELOPER [62] Division of Ser. No. 293,082, Sept. 28, 1972, Pat.
[52] US. Cl. 252/62.l P; 106/290 [51] Int. Cl G03g 9/02 [58] Field of Search 252/621 P; 117/100 M [56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,533,835 10/1970 Hagenbach et al. 252/621 3,632,512 l/l972 Miller 252/62,]
Primary ExaminerMaynard R. Wilbur Assistant ExaminerRichard E. Berger 57 ABSTRACT A developer mixture for developing electrostatic images made up of relatively large carrier particles having toner particles electrostatically bonded to them, the carrier particles are small metal particles coated with an acrylic resin having a glass transition temperature at least 50C and below 100C, witha cellulose acetate butyrate resin containing 10 35% by weight acetate, 10 40% by weight butyrate and containing less than 60% by weight acetate plus butyrate, or with mixtures of such acrylic resins and such cellulose acetate-butyrate resins.
1 Claim, N0 Drawings ELECTROPHOTOGHIC DEVELOPER This is a division of application Ser. No. 293,082, filed Sept. 28, 1972, now U.S. Pat. No. 3,806,458.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The essential steps in the operating cycle of a xerographic reproducing machine include imposing a uniform electrostatic charge on a photoconductive surface, exposing the surface to a light pattern which selectively dissipates the charge on the radiated areas of the surface, cascading a developer composition consisting of carrier particles coated with finely divided toner particles electrostatically bonded to the carrier particles over the photoconductive surface to deposit toner particles on the still charged areas of the photoconductive surface, electrostatically transferring the toner particles to an image surface and fusing the toner particles on that surface, cleaning the photoconductive surface to remove residual toner particles; the cycle is then repeated.
The carrier particles coated with electrostatically bonded toner particles constitute the electrophotographic developer. The carrier particles are large relative to the toner particles, 20060O micron mean diameter for example is a satisfactory carrier particle size range. Toner particles are usually in the -50 micron mean diameter range.
The triboelectric properties of carrier and toner are such that the toner is electrostatically bonded to the carrier but the strength of the bond is such that when toner coated carrier contacts the charged areas of the photoconductive surface the toner particles are attracted away from the carrier particles and adhere to the photoconductive surface.
In the past both coated and uncoated carrier particles have been used. The carrier particles must be highly resistant to chipping, flaking, fragmentation, toner impaction and deterioration of the coating in order to permit very long machine runs without the need to shut down and replace the entire developer charge.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides a developer mixture for developing electrostatic images comprising relatively large carrier particles having relatively small toner particles electrostatically bonded to them, the carrier particles of the developer mixture being small metal particles coated with an acrylic resin having a glass transition temperature at least 50C and below 100C, with a cellulose acetate butyrate resin containing 10 35% by weight acetate, 10 40% by weight butyrate and containing less than 60% by weight acetate plus butyrate, or with mixtures of such acrylic resins and such cellulose acetate butyrate resins. The toner particles of said mixture are preferably small particles of a resin produced by co-polymerizing 2 parts by weight of n-butyl methacrylate, 1.8 2.2 parts by weight styrene and 0.8 1.2 parts by weight methyl methacrylate, said resin having finely divided carbon black or other colorant dispersed in it in amount sufficient to give the dispersion a colorant content in the range 2 by weight. When carbon black is employed, it is used in amount sufficient to give the toner composition a carbon black content in the range 10 20% by weight. While the above described toner composition is preferred it is found that the carrier particles of this invention will handle commercial toners efficiently and effectively.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The following examples provide a detailed description of the preparation and effectiveness of the electrophotographic developers of this invention.
EXAMPLE 1 Sixty-Seven grams of a copolymer of parts by weight methyl methacrylate and 30 parts by weight ethyl acrylate having a glass transition temperature 60C and 11.8 grams of a cellulose acetate butyrate having an acetyl content 13.5% and a butyryl content 37% were dissolved in 750 cc. of methyl ethyl ketone. Eight and three-tenths grams of a red monazo dye were dissolved in this solution. The solution was heated to 60C. Thirty pounds of 450 micron steel shot were heated to 70C and placed in a vibrating tub. The solution was poured over the shot. The tub was vibrated and the shot was stirred in an air stream until the methyl ethyl ketone had evaporated. The shot was then spread on trays and held at C for 18 hours to cure the resin coating. After curing the shot was separated by screening; a portion which passes through a 30 mesh screen is well suited for use in either the 2400 or 3600 models of xerox copiers.
The carrier particles were then placed in a twin-shell blender and a quantity of toner sufficient to give the carrier-toner mixture a toner content of 0.48% was added and the mixture was blended to distribute the toner evenly on the carrier surface. The toner coated carrier particles were then transferred to the developer housing of a Xerox 3600 copier. The copier was run until 500,000 copies of a sample text had been made; this required a minimum of hours machine operation. Toner was added during the run to maintain developer quality.
At the end of the run 31% of the coating had been worn away from the carrier surface and there had been very little residual toner build up on the carrier particles.
The toner used in the example was prepared by copolymerizing 2 parts by weight of n-butyl methacrylate, 2 parts styrene and 1 part methyl methacrylate and dispersing carbon black in the co-polymer in amount sufficient to give the toner a carbon black content of 15% by weight. The co-polymer was jet pulverized to produce particles having average diameter about 15 microns. Preparation of the toner is fully described in copending application Ser. No. 194,696 filed Nov. 1, 1971, now US. Pat. No. 3,753,909.
EXAMPLE 2 The procedure of Example 1 was followed. The quantities of material used in making the carrier particles were 1. 450 micron steel shot 30 lbs.
2. 78.8g of a copolymer of 40 parts methyl methacrylate and 60 parts n-butyl methacrylate having a glass transition temperature 50C and 8.3g of a red monazo dye, Solvent Red 7 dissolved in 750 cc. of methyl ethyl ketone.
After curing, the carrier was coated with toner. The
toner coating amounted to 0.37% by weight of the coated carrier.
The toner coated carrier was charged to the developer housing of a Xerox 2400 model copier. Fivehundred thousand copies of a text were run off. This required a minimum of 200 hours of machine operation. At the end of the run 4l% of the carrier coating had been worn off. 7
EXAMPLE 3 Seventy-eight and eight-tenths of a cellulose acetate butyrate having an acetyl content of 29.5% and a butyryl content of 17% were dissolved in 750 cc. of methyl ethyl ketone. Eight and three-tenths grams of the red dye lntraplast Red B a monazo dye were dissolved in the solution. Thirty pounds of 450 micron steel shot were coated with this solution following the procedure of Example 1.
The cured carrier particles were coated with toner as in Example 1 and the coated particles were charged to a developer housing and circulated to simulate a run of 500,000 copies. After this circulation copies were made and quality was excellent. During circulation 22% of the coating was worn from the carrier particles.
The carrier particles produced in Examples 1, 2 and 3 were examined under a microscope. The coating was smooth and uniform. The red dye facilitated examination.
In the runs of Examples l-3 copy was very clean. Op-
tical density measurement of copy background after 500,000 in Examples 1 and 2 and after 502,000 in Example 3 were 0.005 or lower. Copy quality was measured with the Welch Densichron. During testing, copy line density was maintained at 0.9 10 Line density was measured on a Kidder Optical Character Tester Model 081.
Resins suitable for coating the carrier particles are available commercially. Suitable acrylic resins are Acryloid 8-44 and Acryloid B-66 manufactured by Rohm and Haas. Suitable cellulose acetate butyrate resins are the Half Second Butyrate and EAB-l7l-2 types manufactured by Eastman.
While steel shot is the preferred carrier particle base, other metal particles having densities in the range 6-9 such as copper, cobalt, chromium and nickel can be used.
We claim:
1. Carrier particles for xerographic toner consisting essentially of 200-600 micron mean diameter particles of steel shot thinly coated with a mixture of a copolymer of methyl methacrylate and ethyl acrylate having a glass transition temperature at least 50C. and below C., and a cellulose acetate butyrate resin containing less than 60% by weight acetate plus butyrate.

Claims (1)

1. CARRIER PARTICLES FOR XEROGRAPHIC TONER CONSISTING ESSENTIALLY OF 200-600 MICRON MEAN DIAMETER PARTICLES OF STEEL SHOT THINLY COATED WITH A MIXTURE OF A COPOLYMER OF METHYL METHACRYLATE AND ETHYL ACYLATE HAVING A GLASS TRANSITION TEMPERATURE AT LEAST 50*C. AND BELOW 100*C., AND A CELLULOSE ACETATE BUTYRATE RESIN CONTAINING LESS THAN 60% BY WEIGHT ACETATE PLUS BUTYLATE.
US437945A 1972-09-28 1974-01-30 Electrophotographic developer Expired - Lifetime US3900414A (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US437945A US3900414A (en) 1972-09-28 1974-01-30 Electrophotographic developer

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US00293082A US3806458A (en) 1972-09-28 1972-09-28 Electrophotographic mixture comprising toner particles and coated carrier particles
US437945A US3900414A (en) 1972-09-28 1974-01-30 Electrophotographic developer

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US3900414A true US3900414A (en) 1975-08-19

Family

ID=26967744

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US437945A Expired - Lifetime US3900414A (en) 1972-09-28 1974-01-30 Electrophotographic developer

Country Status (1)

Country Link
US (1) US3900414A (en)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4407922A (en) * 1982-01-11 1983-10-04 Xerox Corporation Pressure sensitive toner compositions

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3533835A (en) * 1966-10-11 1970-10-13 Xerox Corp Electrostatographic developer mixture
US3632512A (en) * 1969-02-17 1972-01-04 Eastman Kodak Co Method of preparing magnetically responsive carrier particles

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3533835A (en) * 1966-10-11 1970-10-13 Xerox Corp Electrostatographic developer mixture
US3632512A (en) * 1969-02-17 1972-01-04 Eastman Kodak Co Method of preparing magnetically responsive carrier particles

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4407922A (en) * 1982-01-11 1983-10-04 Xerox Corporation Pressure sensitive toner compositions

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US3533835A (en) Electrostatographic developer mixture
US4264697A (en) Imaging system
US4139483A (en) Electrostatographic toner composition containing surfactant
US4125667A (en) High surface area ferromagnetic carrier materials
US3723114A (en) Thermosetting electrostatographic developer of a carrier and preploymer of diallyl phthalate, isophthalate and mixtures
US3591503A (en) Electrostatographic developer
US4525447A (en) Image forming method using three component developer
US3806458A (en) Electrophotographic mixture comprising toner particles and coated carrier particles
US3900414A (en) Electrophotographic developer
US4198477A (en) Method of using electrostatographic toner composition with surfactant
US3730707A (en) Method of developing latent images
US4134760A (en) Tribo modified toner materials via acylation
US3916064A (en) Developer material
US4070186A (en) Tribo modified toner materials via silylation and electrostatographic imaging process
JPH0216916B2 (en)
JPH01297657A (en) Electrostatic charge image developer
JPS62127751A (en) Production of toner for electrostatic image development
JPH0222945B2 (en)
JPS62168162A (en) Electrophotographic method
JPH05232739A (en) Toner for development of electrostatic charge image
JPH02181757A (en) Magnetic toner
JPH04186250A (en) Electronic printing toner
GB1373151A (en) Toner powder particularly for use in electrophotographic copying processes
JPH0664361B2 (en) Developer for electrostatic image development
JPH08278666A (en) Electrophotographic carrier

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
AS Assignment

Owner name: MEMOREX DIC CORPORATION, 1200 MEMOREX DR., SANTA C

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:MEMOREX CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:003833/0592

Effective date: 19810219