US3891813A - EHV circuit breaker utilizing gallium cathode ignitrons for synchronous closing - Google Patents

EHV circuit breaker utilizing gallium cathode ignitrons for synchronous closing Download PDF

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Publication number
US3891813A
US3891813A US357437A US35743773A US3891813A US 3891813 A US3891813 A US 3891813A US 357437 A US357437 A US 357437A US 35743773 A US35743773 A US 35743773A US 3891813 A US3891813 A US 3891813A
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Prior art keywords
cathode
gallium
closing
circuit breaker
voltage
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US357437A
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English (en)
Inventor
Kue H Yoon
Robert E Friedrich
Andreas M Sletten
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ABB Inc USA
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Westinghouse Electric Corp
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Priority to US357437A priority Critical patent/US3891813A/en
Priority to CA196,976A priority patent/CA1013458A/en
Priority to JP49048902A priority patent/JPS5015073A/ja
Priority to CH607674A priority patent/CH580865A5/xx
Priority to FR7415380A priority patent/FR2228289A1/fr
Priority to DE2421412A priority patent/DE2421412A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3891813A publication Critical patent/US3891813A/en
Priority to JP1978108502U priority patent/JPS5424272Y2/ja
Assigned to ABB POWER T&D COMPANY, INC., A DE CORP. reassignment ABB POWER T&D COMPANY, INC., A DE CORP. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC CORPORATION, A CORP. OF PA.
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H33/00—High-tension or heavy-current switches with arc-extinguishing or arc-preventing means
    • H01H33/02—Details
    • H01H33/59—Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the switch and not otherwise provided for, e.g. for ensuring operation of the switch at a predetermined point in the AC cycle
    • H01H33/593—Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the switch and not otherwise provided for, e.g. for ensuring operation of the switch at a predetermined point in the AC cycle for ensuring operation of the switch at a predetermined point of the AC cycle

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT 1521 us. c1 across 200/144 AP; 200/144 B; 200/148 1; A gallium cathode high voltags ignilron for 51991119 317/1 1 A nous closing of EHV circuit breakers, is provided, to 1511 1111.131. 1.
  • HOlh 33/16 control Switching Surge overvolwges- Due to the f 158] Field of Search 200/144 AP, 144 B, 143 1; triggering time f e g i m h de igni ron.
  • the most direct method to control the switching surge level is by closing the circuit breaker synchronously at the instant when the voltage across the contacts is substantially zero or a minimum.
  • the synchronous closing can be achieved with or without preinsertion of resistance.
  • the closing of an EHV or UHV power circuit breaker involves the motion of heavy masses and ultra-high speed contact movement.
  • synchronous closing of the main power contacts is not possible.
  • a study was carried out to examine the switching surge voltage levels taking the random variation of breaker closing into consideration. It
  • the standard deviation for the closing without resistance must be limited to about 13 (0.602 milliseconds). It was also determined in order to obtain a switching surge level of 1.5 per unit or less percent of the time, with a maximum level of 1.65 per unit utilizing pre-insertion of a 450 ohm resistance, the standard deviation should be limited to ap' proximately 30 (1.39 milliseconds).
  • an EHV or UHV circuit breaker including a high voltage gallium acathode ignitron for synchronous closing of the circuit breaker, to limit the switching surge voltage, without insertion of resistance before closing the main circuit breaker contacts.
  • the gallium cathode ignitron is connected in parallel with the contacts of the high voltage circuit breaker. The gallium cathode ignitron is triggered and closes the circuit breaker circuit at a voltage minimum or zero just preceding closing of the main breaker contacts. Thus, when the main contacts close, the circuit has already been closed synchronously and no switching surges are produced.
  • the cathode of the ignitron can be pure gallium, gallium mixed with some other material to lower the freezing point, or gallium absorbed in a sieve of some refractory material.
  • the gallium cathode ignitron can be made to conduct high currents and to withstand extremely high voltages.
  • Gallium has a high boiling point, a low melting point and low vapor pressure; thus, the liquid gallium can be used as a cathode and cathode erosion problems can be eliminated.
  • the gallium cathode ignitron also has a very rapid ignition time. The initiation of full current conduction can be made in terms of a few microseconds.
  • the gallium cathode ignitron described in the present application can have a gallium pool cathode, a triggering electrode, a molybdenum anode, all disposed in an evacuated housing having a high vacuum below 2 X I Torr.
  • ignitrons with liquid gallium cathodes
  • solid cathodes in the ignitrons since the number of operations by the ignitrons will be small and thus erosion of the cathode limited.
  • An experimental model has been built showing withstand boltage between anode and cathode of greater than [20,000 volts.
  • the gallium pool in the gallium cathode ignitron need not be in the liquid state in order for the device to operate successfully. For repeated operations with high current, however, it is desirable that the cathode be liquified occasionally to reform a smooth cathode surface and to return condensed cathode material from walls and anode to the cathode region.
  • the gallium cathode ignitron can be applied to synchronous closing of high voltage circuit breakers with or without the pre-insertion resistance. However, because of the fast triggering time of the gallium ignitron, the l,5/l.65 per unit switching surge ratio conditions can be satisfied even without the pre-insertion resistance. Thus, using the gallium cathode ignitron, the necessity for the pre-insertion of resistance before main circuit breaker contact closing can be eliminated.
  • two gallium cathode ignitrons are put inside the high voltage breaker housing.
  • Each ignitron has its own triggering circuit so that the synchronous closing can be achieved at either polarity of the terminal voltage, but the ignitron under opposite polarity would definitely not fire.
  • a sensing and control circuit can determine the polarity as well as the voltage zero to select the right triggering circuit.
  • One of the ignitrons is fired at the voltage zero preceding the closing of the main contact, by not more than A cycle. For instance, the closing of the main contact can be aimed at the middle of a half-cycle of the terminal voltage wave. The main contacts can be aimed to close at between 6 and 6% cycles. Thus a fairly large deviation for the main contact closing of the power circuit breaker can be tolerated.
  • An alternate operation using both ignitrons would be to continually trigger both ignitrons from any voltage zero prior to main contact closing. If two ignitrons are used and triggered so as to give conduction in both directions from the time of a given voltage zero across the mechanical contacts, then the mechanical contacts can be closed randomly without any need for mechanical synchronization. Such a mode of operation could result in a cheaper mechanical drive system for the breaker.
  • the gallium cathode can be activated consistently within 2 microseconds after triggering.
  • the triggering circuit can be resistancecapacitor (R-C) or inductive coupling circuits combined with trigatrons, thyratrons, or ignitrons, which are commercially available, and can be made to trigger within a fraction of a microsecond.
  • a single gallium ignitron can be used for synchronously closing the circuit breaker provided the main contact is aimed to close during that half of the voltage wave for which the ignitron can conduct. If only one ignitron is used, the sensing and control circuit can be designed to operate at only one polarity and V2 of the triggering circuit can be eliminated. For multi-break circuit breakers, the configuration described above can be multiplied accordingly.
  • gallium cathode ignitrons rather than place the gallium cathode ignitrons inside of the circuit breaker they can be disposed external thereto.
  • the gallium ignitrons should normally be mounted inside of the high voltage gas SF, circuit breaker, to take advantage of the high dielectric strength of the SF environment. However, with improved construction of ignitrons, they can be located external to the circuit breaker if it is more convenient.
  • the gallium cathode ignitron is fired at the instant in time when the bus voltage equals the voltage existing on the open line, so that the voltage across the high voltage circuit breaker is approximately zero.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an electrical system using a circuit breaker having a gallium cathode ignitron for synchronous closing;
  • FIG. 2 is a graphic representation of a closing sequence for a high voltage circuit breaker utilizing the teachings of the present invention
  • FIG. 3 is a side sectional view of a gallium cathode ignitron
  • FIG. 4 is a side view, partially in section, of a high voltage circuit breaker having internally mounted gallium cathode ignitrons;
  • FIG. 5 is a side view of a portion of a high voltage circuit breaker having externally mounted gallium cathode ignitrons.
  • FIG. 1 there is shown a schematic diagram of an electrical system having a high voltage circuit breaker 10 utilizing the teachings of the present invention.
  • an alternating current generator 12 supplies a bank of step-up transformers 14, the output of which is connected to a high voltage circuit breaker 10.
  • the output of the high voltage circuit breaker l0 feeds a transmission line and load whose electric parameters are represented schematically by capacitance 15, in-
  • a gallium ignitron 20 is disposed within the housing of the high voltage circuit breaker 10.
  • a bus boltage V is present on the bus side, the terminal being fed by, the voltagesource 12,. of the high voltage breaker 10.
  • a line voltage V ' is measured on the line side, the terminal feeding the transmission line, of the high voltage breaker 10.
  • a potential sensing device 19 and a control device 18 are connected to monitor the bus voltage V Potentialsensing device 19 feeds a voltage proportional to the bus voltage to control device l8.
  • Control device 18 which can be similar to the timed closing device described in IEEE Paper 71 TP 571 -PWR, entitled EHV Breaker Rated for Control of Closing Voltage Switching Surges to 1.5 Per Unit.” has a low burden. If available existing potential devices, such as potential transformers or capacitive bushing taps. can supply the reference voltage to control device 18.
  • control device 18 When pushbutton 22 is depressed, indicating that the high voltage breaker is to be closed, control device 18 energizes the circuit breaker closing coil 24 at the proper time for the main contacts to close after a predetermined number of cycles.
  • the main contacts 26 of circuit breaker. 10 will close within a given cycle period, several cycles after the closing coil is energized. If the main contacts 26 are aimed to close at the peak of a given /5 cycle there can be a plus or minus onequarter cycle l .4 millisecond) deviation and the main breaker contacts 26 will still close in the desired A cycle.
  • the requirement of closing of the main contacts within 4 milliseconds of a voltage zero can easilybeaccomplishecd by controlling the time with respect to voltage zero at which theclosing coil 24 is energized.
  • cathode ignitron 20 is connected in parallel withthe main contacts 26 so that the circuit completed by high voltage breaker 10 can be closed very near a voltage zero, by proper triggering of the gallium cathode ignitron 20.
  • FIG. 2 there is shown a graphic representation of a closing sequence.
  • pushbutton 22 is actuated indieating to control device 18 that it is desired to close the circuit breaker 10.
  • Device 18 senses the first voltage zero 30 after pushbutton 22 is actuated at time 28.
  • a predetermined time A I later control device l8'energizes the closing coil 24.
  • the time delay A r beforeenergizing the closing coil is determined so that the main breaker contacts 26 will close in the desired cycle following a predetermined time, indicated by arrow 32, after the first voltage zero 30.
  • the main contacts 26 are aimed to close at the peak 34 of half-cycle 3,3. Closing of the main contacts 26 at any point within the halfcycle 33 is satisfactory, thus by aiming.
  • a triggering pulse 36 is supplied to the gallium cathode igniignitron 20.
  • the main contacts 26 close during the half cycles 33 when the gallium cathode ignitron 20 is conducting.
  • the only voltage across contacts 26 during final closing is the small voltage drop across the conducting gallium ignitron 20.
  • the voltage drop across the gallium cathode ignitron 20 during conduction will be in the order of 20 volts.
  • the gallium ignitr on 20 starts conducting rapidly so that the circuit through the high voltage circuit breaker 10 is closed at essentially a voltage zero.
  • FIG. 3 there is shown a side view partially in section of a gallium cathode ignitron 20.
  • Conventional ignitrons uses a mercury pool as cathode and since mercury has a high vapor pressure, the withstand voltages are limited to about 20 KV for repetitive operation. Higher operating voltages are achieved in mercury arc tubes where grids are introduced to maintain a more even field distribution but their size and cost increase rapidly with increasing voltage.
  • the current capability of mercury tubes which is severly limited by the vapor pressure requires forced cooling for higher power limits.
  • Gallium has a very low vapor pressure at room temperature with a vapor pressuretemperature profile almost identical to that of silver.
  • gallium ignitron 30 or rectifier in the ultra-high vacuum breakdown regions and a small gap should be sufficient to withstand high voltages.
  • gallium is a liquid at room temperature (melting point 298C) but supercools for a very long period of time under vacuum.
  • a gallium cathode ignitron 20 can handle currents of several thousand amps with no apparent difficulty. Pressure within the gallium ignitron 20 can be lowered to and remains below 2 X l0" Torr, and shows no tendency .to increase even after heavy current pulses.
  • a .quartz beaker 40 is used to contain the gallium cathode pool 42.
  • the anode I 46 is formed from molybdenum and is connected to a reentrant type glass bushing 48.
  • the glass bushing 48 is supported from a stainless steel flange 50 which is connected to a stainless steel top cap 52.
  • the quartz beaker 40 is suspended from the top cap 52 and con- .tains approximately 300 grams of gallium, which forms a cathode pool 42.
  • a glass envelope S4 is joined to stainless steel flange 56 in a vacuum tight relationship.
  • Stainless stell flange 56 is attached to top cap 52 using a gold gasket for a vacuum tight seal.
  • glass envelope 54 surrounds the quartz beaker 40.
  • the trigger electrode 58 passes through an opening 60 in top cap 52.
  • Trigger electrode 58 is constructed from molybdenum.
  • Trigger electrode 58 is supported by ceramic bushing 62 which is joined to the top cap 52 in a vacuum type relationship.
  • the bottom portion 64 of the trigger electrode 58 is a tungsten rod ground to a fine point 66, at one end, and maintained at a height which is approximately I millimeter above the gallium pool 42.
  • FIG. 4 there is shown a high volt age circuit breaker 10 having two gallium ignitrons disposed therein.
  • a potential device 19 feeds a voltage proportional to the bus voltage to the control device 18.
  • Device 18 has a low burden; thus the potential device 19 can be capacitive or inductive low power potential source to supply the reference voltage.
  • the signal required by device 18 could also be obtained from an existing potential device which the user may already have in service.
  • the circuit breaker 10 shown in FIG. 4 represents one pole of a three-phase alternating current circuit breaker.
  • the circuit is made through con ducting studs 72 which pass through the bushings 74 and terminate on stationary contacts 76.
  • a rotating bridging contact 78 makes contact with stationary contacts 76 and completes an electrical circuit between contacts 76.
  • Operating rod 80 is mechanically linked to rotatable contact 78 and is used to rotate contact 78 between a first position in engagement with contacts 76 and a second positionn separated from contacts 76 to thereby interrupt the circuit through circuit breaker 10.
  • Contact 78 is moved to the closed position by energizing closing coil 24 which moves operating rod 80 so as to close the circuit breaker 10.
  • the potential sensing device 19 and control device 18 senses the first voltage zero after circuit closing is indicated and at the proper time energizes closing coil 24 so that the main contacts 76 and 78 closes in a known half-cycle at a predeter mined future time.
  • a triggering signal 36 is sent to the proper gallium ignitron 20 and completes the circuit through breaker 10.
  • the gallium ignitron 20 conducts during the half cycle in which the main moving contact 78 engages stationary contacts 76 to mechanically complete the circuit.
  • the gallium ignitron 20 ceases conduction.
  • the gallium ignitrons are disposed within the housing 82 of the high voltage circuit breaker 10. If the breaker 10 is of the SF variety, the gallium ignitrons 20 being disposed within the housing 82 can take advantage of the SF, environment and its high dielectric strength.
  • Triggering electrode lead 84 passes through a bushing 86 in housing 82 and connects to the trigger electrode 58.
  • Potential device 19 is connected to the source or bus side of the high voltage circuit breaker 10. When there is a trapped charge voltage on the line which fluctuates because of the oscillation with the compensating inductors, a fast synchronization is mandatory. In the case of a fluctuating trapped charge voltage on the line, an additional potential sensing device 88 is required. The signals from line potential device 88 and from bus potential device 19 are transmitted to control device 18 so that the triggering pulse 36 to the appropriate gallium cathode ignitron 20 can be transmitted near a zero terminal voltage, across circuit breaker contacts 76 and 78.
  • Control device 18 compares the signals from potential device I9 and potential device 88 and sends a signal to the proper gallium ignitron 20 so that it begins to conduct at or near the point where the instantaneous bus voltage equals the voltage on the line, at this point the voltage across the open breaker contacts is essentially zero. Thus, the circuit is completed at a voltage zero in the one-half cycle before the closing of the main contacts 76 and 78.
  • Control device 18 through potential sensing device monitors the line voltage V, under all conditions of do. trapped charge and a.c. oscillations, for shunt reactor compensated lines, and fires the gallium ignitron 20, which rapidly conducts within two microseconds of receipt of the signal, in the one-half cycle preceding contact 76 and 78 closing.
  • FIG. 5 shows a portion of a circuit breaker 10, as shown in FIG. 4, but with gallium ignitrons mounted external to the circuit breaker 10. Operation of the gallium ignitron 20 and the related components is as described above.
  • the gallium ignitrons 20 as described above were put inside the circuit breaker I0 to utilize the high dielectric strength of the SP However, with improved construction of gallium ignitrons 20 they can be used external to the breaker, if this is more convenient. By using the gallium ignitrons external to the breakers, it is not necessary to bring in the triggering leads 84 through the interrupter housing 82 and the gallium ignitrons can be applied to existing high voltage breaker designs without any modification of the circuit breaker 10.
  • the gallium cathode ignitron 20 can be applied to the synchronous closing of EHV or UHV breakers to control the switching surge voltage.
  • the switching surge voltage can be controlled without pre-insertion of closing resistors.
  • a high voltage synchronous closing circuit breaker for use on an alternating current circuit above I00 KV, comprising:
  • main contact means disposed in said housing and being movable between an open and a closed position
  • synchronous closing means connected in parallel with said main contact means for synchronously closing at substantially the voltage zero just prior to main contact closing and thereby completing an electrical circuit around said main contacts;
  • said synchronous closing means comprising a gallium cathode ignitron means having an anode, a cathode and a trigger disposed within a sealed housing; said anode directly connected to one side of said main contact means and said cathode directly connected to the other side of said main contact means;
  • gallium cathode ignitron means constructed to have greater than a mo KV withstand level thereacross;
  • trigger actuating means connected to said trigger to trigger said gallium cathode ignitron within 100 microseconds of a voltage zero.
  • a high voltage synchronous circuit closing circuit breaker as claimed in claim 1 including: multiple gallium cathode ignitrons connected in parallel with said main contact means, at least one of said multiple gallium cathodes being connected in a positive polarity connection and at least one of said multiple gallium cathode ignitrons connected in a negative polarity connection, so as to be capable of completing a circuit of either polarity across said main contact means.
  • a high voltage alternating current synchronous closing circuit interrupter for use on EHV circuits above 69 KV, comprising:
  • main contact means disposed in said housing, movable between an open and a closed position
  • a plurality of synchronous closing means for synchronously closing at a voltage zero prior to main contact closing and thereby completing an electrical circuit around said main contacts disposed within said housing and being surrounded by said insulation gas;
  • each of said plurality of synchronous closing means comprises a gallium cathode ignitron having an anode, a cathode, and a trigger disposed within an evacuated housing; and,
  • each of said gallium cathode ignitrons constructed to have a withstand voltage level above 69 KV and a trigger time of less than 20 microseconds.
  • a high voltage alternating current synchronous closing circuit interrupter as claimed in claim 8, wherein:
  • each of said plurality of synchronous closing means comprises an ignitron having a cathode
  • said cathode comprises gallium.
  • a high voltage alternating current synchronous closing circuit interrupter as claimed in claim 8, wherein:
  • said insulating gas comprises sulfur hexafluoride.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Keying Circuit Devices (AREA)
  • Supply And Distribution Of Alternating Current (AREA)
  • Driving Mechanisms And Operating Circuits Of Arc-Extinguishing High-Tension Switches (AREA)
US357437A 1973-05-04 1973-05-04 EHV circuit breaker utilizing gallium cathode ignitrons for synchronous closing Expired - Lifetime US3891813A (en)

Priority Applications (7)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US357437A US3891813A (en) 1973-05-04 1973-05-04 EHV circuit breaker utilizing gallium cathode ignitrons for synchronous closing
CA196,976A CA1013458A (en) 1973-05-04 1974-04-08 Erv circuit breaker utilizing gallium cathode ignitrons for synchronous closing
JP49048902A JPS5015073A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1973-05-04 1974-05-02
FR7415380A FR2228289A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1973-05-04 1974-05-03
CH607674A CH580865A5 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1973-05-04 1974-05-03
DE2421412A DE2421412A1 (de) 1973-05-04 1974-05-03 Synchron schliessender hochspannungsstromkreisunterbrecher fuer wechselstrombetrieb
JP1978108502U JPS5424272Y2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1973-05-04 1978-08-09

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US357437A US3891813A (en) 1973-05-04 1973-05-04 EHV circuit breaker utilizing gallium cathode ignitrons for synchronous closing

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US3891813A true US3891813A (en) 1975-06-24

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US357437A Expired - Lifetime US3891813A (en) 1973-05-04 1973-05-04 EHV circuit breaker utilizing gallium cathode ignitrons for synchronous closing

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US (1) US3891813A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
JP (2) JPS5015073A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
CA (1) CA1013458A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
CH (1) CH580865A5 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (1) DE2421412A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR (1) FR2228289A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4001643A (en) * 1975-05-29 1977-01-04 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Interior Method and apparatus for a power circuit breaker controller
US4831487A (en) * 1984-11-12 1989-05-16 Bbc Brown, Boveri & Co., Ltd. Reactor switch arc-back limiting circuit
WO2003107369A1 (de) * 2002-06-17 2003-12-24 Abb Research Ltd Stromschalteinrichtung
WO2004082340A1 (en) 2003-03-10 2004-09-23 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Method and device for the generation of a plasma through electric discharge in a discharge space
DE10005375B4 (de) * 2000-02-07 2005-03-17 Reinhard Ehnle Heizen mit Mikrowelle, Takt und Boilersystem
US8710726B1 (en) 2012-06-14 2014-04-29 The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration Reduced plating ignitron

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2665396A (en) * 1951-11-02 1954-01-05 Mcgraw Electric Co Circuit breaker
US3299377A (en) * 1965-02-17 1967-01-17 Westinghouse Electric Corp Synchronous operating mechanisms for controlling circuit breakers
US3500009A (en) * 1967-02-24 1970-03-10 Gen Electric High voltage circuit breaker with means for preinserting resistors during closing
US3592986A (en) * 1969-12-31 1971-07-13 Westinghouse Electric Corp Multicontact vacuum-type high-voltage circuit breaker utilizing a liquid metal and drawing a plurality of series arc
US3646295A (en) * 1970-02-19 1972-02-29 Westinghouse Electric Corp Synchronous circuit interrupter

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2665396A (en) * 1951-11-02 1954-01-05 Mcgraw Electric Co Circuit breaker
US3299377A (en) * 1965-02-17 1967-01-17 Westinghouse Electric Corp Synchronous operating mechanisms for controlling circuit breakers
US3500009A (en) * 1967-02-24 1970-03-10 Gen Electric High voltage circuit breaker with means for preinserting resistors during closing
US3592986A (en) * 1969-12-31 1971-07-13 Westinghouse Electric Corp Multicontact vacuum-type high-voltage circuit breaker utilizing a liquid metal and drawing a plurality of series arc
US3646295A (en) * 1970-02-19 1972-02-29 Westinghouse Electric Corp Synchronous circuit interrupter

Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4001643A (en) * 1975-05-29 1977-01-04 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Interior Method and apparatus for a power circuit breaker controller
US4831487A (en) * 1984-11-12 1989-05-16 Bbc Brown, Boveri & Co., Ltd. Reactor switch arc-back limiting circuit
DE10005375B4 (de) * 2000-02-07 2005-03-17 Reinhard Ehnle Heizen mit Mikrowelle, Takt und Boilersystem
WO2003107369A1 (de) * 2002-06-17 2003-12-24 Abb Research Ltd Stromschalteinrichtung
EP1376633A1 (de) * 2002-06-17 2004-01-02 Abb Research Ltd. Stromschalteinrichtung
WO2004082340A1 (en) 2003-03-10 2004-09-23 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Method and device for the generation of a plasma through electric discharge in a discharge space
US20070001571A1 (en) * 2003-03-10 2007-01-04 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Groenewoudseweg 1 Method and device for the generation of a plasma through electric discharge in a discharge space
US7518300B2 (en) 2003-03-10 2009-04-14 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Method and device for the generation of a plasma through electric discharge in a discharge space
KR101083085B1 (ko) 2003-03-10 2011-11-16 코닌클리즈케 필립스 일렉트로닉스 엔.브이. 방전 공간에서 전기 방전을 통하여 플라스마를 발생시키기위한 방법 및 장치
US8710726B1 (en) 2012-06-14 2014-04-29 The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration Reduced plating ignitron

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE2421412A1 (de) 1974-11-21
JPS5424272Y2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1979-08-17
FR2228289A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1974-11-29
CA1013458A (en) 1977-07-05
CH580865A5 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1976-10-15
JPS5447068U (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1979-04-02
JPS5015073A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1975-02-17

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Owner name: ABB POWER T&D COMPANY, INC., A DE CORP., PENNSYLV

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Effective date: 19891229