US3886054A - Alkaline bright zinc plating - Google Patents

Alkaline bright zinc plating Download PDF

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Publication number
US3886054A
US3886054A US400427A US40042773A US3886054A US 3886054 A US3886054 A US 3886054A US 400427 A US400427 A US 400427A US 40042773 A US40042773 A US 40042773A US 3886054 A US3886054 A US 3886054A
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electroplating bath
bath
aldehyde
electroplating
heterocyclic compound
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US400427A
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English (en)
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Joseph R Duchene
Christopher Philip J De
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Richardson Chemical Co
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Richardson Chemical Co
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Priority to US400427A priority Critical patent/US3886054A/en
Priority to CA209,475A priority patent/CA1042382A/en
Priority to GB4124074A priority patent/GB1430556A/en
Priority to DE19742445359 priority patent/DE2445359A1/de
Priority to FR7432054A priority patent/FR2244839B1/fr
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D3/00—Electroplating: Baths therefor
    • C25D3/02—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions
    • C25D3/22—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions of zinc

Definitions

  • This invention relates to zinc electroplating and more particularly to alkaline bright zinc electroplating conducted in an aqueous bath free from cyanides.
  • Zinc electroplating has conventionally been conducted in a plating bath employing alkali metal cyanide salts such as sodium cyanide as a complexing agent to achieve the desired plating operation and to produce bright, smooth grained zinc deposits.
  • alkali metal cyanide salts such as sodium cyanide
  • other plating methods have been sought which avoid and do not require the use of these cyanide salts.
  • alkaline bath systems which also utilize polyamines although generally of more complex nature, and usually in polymeric form and/or interracted with other compounds such as aldehydes andheterocyclic compounds, for example, a reaction product or a polyfheril”: condensate of an alkylene polyamine and a epihalohydrin. While certain of these have been somewhat successful they generally suffer from one or more deficiencies in that the deposits obtained do not have the degree of brightness or luster desired or a smooth, fine-grained surface necessary for most commercial application. Moreover, certain of these systems generally are not capable of producing fine-grained, mirror-like deposits over a broad current density range and more specifically at the low current density range of from to to 40 amperes per square foot.
  • an objective of this invention is to provide an alkaline, bright zinc plating bath which does not require or utilize cyanide salts. Another object is to provide such a bath employing a quarternized polymeric condensate of an alkylene polyamine and a l,3- dihalo-Z-propanol capable of producing a smooth, finegrained deposit. A further object is to employ such polymeric condensate with brightening agents to achieve bright, mirror-like deposits. A still further object is to provide such a bath with the addition of certain mercapto substituted herterocyclic compounds capable of producing the bright, fine-grained Zinc deposit over a broad current density range. Still another object is to provide a method of zinc electroplating employing such improved bath and capable of effectively operating in a commercially desirable manner completely free of any cyanides.
  • the electroplating of zinc in an aqueous alkaline bath is effected in accordance with this invention by adding a quarternized polymeric condensate of an alkylene polyamine and a l,3-dihalo-2-propanol to such bath so as to obtain smooth, fine-grained deposits.
  • these polymeric condensates are produced by reacting the alkylene polyamine and dihalopropanol in a con densation reaction to produce a substantially uncrosslinked, aqueous soluble polymeric condensate.
  • the polymeric condensate is employed as a quarternary salt which involves a further reaction of the polymeric condensate with a suitable quarternizing agent.
  • the dihalopropanols which may be interracted with the alkylene polyamines include 1,3-dibromo-2- propanol; 1,3-diiodo-2-propanol or 1,3-dichloro-2- propanol with the 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol being particularly preferred in most instances.
  • the alkylene polyamines which may be reacted with the dihalopropanol have at least one tertiary amino group such as dimethylaminopropylamine (N,N- dimethylpropylenediamine), diethylaminopropylamine (N,N-diethylpropylenediamine), N-aminopropylmorpholine, dimthylaminoethylamine, diethylaminoethylamine, N-aminopropyldiethanolamine, or N- methyliminobispropylamine.
  • tertiary amino group such as dimethylaminopropylamine (N,N- dimethylpropylenediamine), diethylaminopropylamine (N,N-diethylpropylenediamine), N-aminopropylmorpholine, dimthylaminoethylamine, diethylaminoethylamine, N-aminopropyldiethanol
  • alkylene polyamines containing at least one tertiary amino group and at least one secondary amino group may also be employed such as N,N-dimethyl-N'- methylpropylenediamine; N,N-dimethyl-Nmethyl ethylenediamine; or N,N-diethyl-N'- ethylethylenediamine.
  • Df the various alkylene polyamines which may be condensed with the dihalopropanol either alone or in admixture, the lower alkylene polyamines.
  • the .alkylene bridge contains from 2 to 5 carbon atoms and where the tertiary amino group is substituted with alkyl groups of from l to about 5 carbon atoms, are pre ferred particularly when the dihalopropanol is l,3- dichloro-2propanol with a particularly preferred alkylene polyamine being dimethylaminopropylamine.
  • the alkylene polyamine should be condensed with the dihalopropanol in a mol ratio of from about 0.5 to 1.75 mols of the amine per one mol of the dihalopropanol.
  • a more limited range is preferred, however, and when employing the preferred 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol the mol ratio of the polyamine to 1,3-dichloro-2- propanol advantages ranges from about 0.8 to about l.5 mols of polyamine to one mol of dichloropropanol.
  • the condensation is effected according to conventional procedures over a period of about l to 3 hours with the temperature being maintained between to 40C.
  • the polymeric condensate employed in accordance with this invention to effect the grain refinement of the deposit is utilized as a quarternary salt.
  • This quarternization may be effected according to conventional procedures and suitable quarternized agents for the polymeric condensates are the lower alkyl halides such as methyl-chloride, -bromide, or -iodide, ethyl-chloride, -bromide or -iodide, or alpha chloroglycerol, diloweralkyl sulfates such as dimethyl-, diethyldipropylor dibutyl-sulfates; lower alkyl esters of aryl sulfonates such as methyl toluene sulfonate and methyl benzene sulfonate', alkyhalo esters such as ethyl-chloroacetate', alkylene halohydrins such as ethylenechlorohydrin or alkylene oxides
  • a preferred embodiment of this invention is to employ brightening agents together with the polymeric condensate so as to produce both smooth grained and bright deposits.
  • These brighteners include those materials conventionally employed in zinc plating and typically contain a carbonyl group of aldehyde functionality which generally may be represented by the formula wherein R and R are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl of l to about 10 carbon atoms, aryl and heterocyclic oxygen and sulfur containing radicals and include, for example, mhydroxy benzaldehyde, p-hydroxy benzaldehyde, piperonal.
  • o-hydroxy benzaldehyde (salicylaldehyde), vanillin, veratraldehyde, benzaldehyde, B-methoxy propionaldehyde, furfural, glyceraldehyde and anisaldehyde, thiophene-Z-aldehyde.
  • the aryl aldehydes and particularly the benzaldehydes such as anisic aldehyde (pmethoxybenzaldehyde) or vanillin (p-hydroxy-mmethoxybenzaldehyde) or various combinations thereof are preferred.
  • These aldehydes brighteners may be employed in the bath of this invention as addition products with such materials as sodium bisulfite to increase their alkaline solubility if desired.
  • certain mercapto substituted heterocyclic compounds may be and are preferably employed in combination with the polymeric condensate and brightener so as to achieve the bright, fine-grained deposit over a broad current density range and particularly at the lower current density ranges conventionally employed in most commercial plating operations and generally below about 40 or more usually about 20 down to O amperes per square foot.
  • mercapto substituted heterocyclic compounds employable with the polymeric condensates and brighteners in accordance with this invention may generally be described as ortho mercapto substituted pyridines or pyrimidines, that is where the mercapto substituent is positioned on the 2 ring carbon atom.
  • ortho mercapto substituted pyridines or pyrimidines may be represented by the following general formula:
  • X is selected from the group consisting of N TI 4 wherein R is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, mercapto and acyl and wherein R R and R are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, mercapto, acyl, amino, alkyl, carboxy and carbamoyl.
  • Examples of mercapto substituted heterocyclic compounds which may be employed either individually or in admixture according to this invention includes pyridines, that is where X of the formula is CR and pyrimidines, that is, where the X is nitrogen. These compounds may be substituted as indicated in the formula and where any of the various R substituents is alkyl or acyl such substituents can contain from 1 to about 5 and more preferably from 1 to 3 carbon atoms such as methyl, ethyl, or propyl or where acyl such groups as formyl, acetyl or propionyl. Typical examples of these compounds include pyridines such as Z-mercaptopyridine;
  • 2-mercapto-4-hydroxypyridine 2,4-dimercaptopyridine; 2-mercapto-4,S-dihydroxypyridine; 2-mercapto-4-aminopyridine; 2,6-dimercapto-3-acetylpyridine; 2-mercapto-5-methylpyridine; 2-mercapto-5-aminopyridine; 2-mercapto-S-hydroxypyridine; 2-mercapto-6-hydroxypyridine; 2-mercapto-6-carbamoylypyridine; 2,6-dimercapto-3-carboxypyridine; or 2-mercapto-5,6-diethylpyridine; and pyrimidines such as 2-mercaptopyrimidine; 2,6-dimercaptopyrimidine; 2-mercapto-4-aminopyrimidine; 2-mercapto-4,6-dihydroxypyrimidine; 2-mercapto-4-ethylpyrimidine; 2-mercapto-4-hydroxy-6-methylpyrimidine; 2-mercapto-6-acetylpyrimidine; 2-mercap
  • one of the preferred compounds according to this invention is 2-thiouracil and such compound can exist as 2-mercapto-4-hydroxypyrimidine or 2-thio-4- oxopyrimidine or as an intermediate tautomer as 2-thioxo-4-hydroxypyrimidine and 2,4-dithiouracil can exist as 2,4-dimercaptopyrimidine or 2,4- dithiopyrimidine. All of these tautomeric compounds are accordingly embraced within the compounds which may be used in accordance with this invention as represented by the above formula.
  • the preferred compounds are pyridines or pyrimidines of the formula where the mercapto group is substituted in the 2 ring position and generally also with a hydroxy group in one of the 4 or 6 position.
  • the pyrimidines are especially preferred and examples of compounds having particular utility in the bath of this invention are 2-thiouracil and Z-mercapto 4,6- dihydroxypyrimidines.
  • the electroplating bath of this invention may be prepared and operated in accordance with the general procedures conventionally employed for alkaline bright zinc plating.
  • the bath is prepared as an aqueous solution and rendered alkaline by the addition of a suitable alkaline material such as alkali metal hydroxide or carbonate for example sodium or potassium hydroxide.
  • a suitable alkaline material such as alkali metal hydroxide or carbonate for example sodium or potassium hydroxide.
  • the quantity of alkaline material added should be capable of dissolving the zinc compound employed as the source of the zinc ion in the bath and generally should be in excess of that required to create the desired alkali metal zincate such as sodium zincate as well as to maintain the pH of the solution alkaline and generally above 7 and preferably above 14.
  • the source of the zinc ion in the bath can be varied and generally any of the zinc compounds; conventionally employed in alkaline bright zinc baths may be utilized. Typically such compounds include zinc salts or oxides such as zinc sulfate, zinc acetate or zinc oxide with the zinc sulfate generally being preferred.
  • the amount of zinc in the bath can be varied depending upon the desired results and operating condition but generally is maintained within the range of from about 3 to about 15 grams per liter.
  • the quantity of the quarternized polymeric condensate utilized in the bath will in general be a function of the particular brightener and mercapto substituted compound employed as well as the particular polymeric condensate utilized.
  • the quantity of the condensate in the bath should range from about 0.25 to about 5 grams per liter with a more limited range of from about 0.3 to about 0.75 grams per liter being preferred especially when used in combination with the preferred mercapto compounds.
  • the quantity of the mercapto substituted compound employed in the bath in similar fashion is also interrelated to the specific polymeric condensate and aldehyde brightener employed as well as the particular mercapto substituted compound or combination of compounds utilized. Generally, however, the mercapto compound is maintained in the bath within the range of from about 0.01 to about 0.2 grams per liter with a more limited range being preferred of from about 0.025 to about 0.075 grams per liter particularly when employing such preferred mercapto compounds such as 2-thiouracil or 2-mercapto-4,6- dihydroxypyrimidine.
  • the brighteners used in combination with the quarternized polymeric condensate typically will be present in the bath within the ranges conventionally utilized for alkaline zinc plating baths. Typically this will range from about 0.1 to about 5 grams per liter with a more limited range from about 0.2 to about 0.5 grams per liter being more advantageously employed particularly when employing the preferred benzaldehyde-type brighteners.
  • the electroplating of zinc conducted in accordance with the method of this invention is effected in conventional fashion basically by passing a direct current from a zinc anode through the aqueous alkaline, noncyanide bath of this invention containing essentially the polymeric condensate, brightener and mercapto substituted compound to the desired cathode article which is to be electroplated with the zinc.
  • This method may be conducted at temperatures from about 60 to about 100F.
  • the current densities employed may range from above 0 to about 200 amperes per square foot with a more limited range of from about 0.5 to about amperes per square foot being satisfactory for most plating operations.
  • the plating bath of this invention may contain further additives of the type conventionally employed in alkaline zinc electroplating baths and includes such materials as polyvinyl alcohols, gelatine, polyether alcohols, polyesters, glue and peptone. Of these various materials polyvinyl alcohol or its various derivatives are especially preferred and appear to greatly enhance the mirror-like deposits of the platings produced in accordance with this invention. When so employed, these polyvinyl alcohols should be utilized in the bath within a range of from about 0.02 to about 0.2 grams per liter.
  • Ouarternized polymeric condensates of the type employablc in the electroplating bath of this invention may be prepared as follows:
  • EXAMPLE II A series of aqueous alkaline. non-cyanide zinc electroplating baths were prepared to zinc plate Hull test panels. The plating was conducted in a standard Hull cell (267 ml) with the Hull cell panel in each test connected as the cathode of the bath. The plating was conducted at an operating current of 1 ampere represetning a current density range on the test panel varying from a high range of from about 40 to about 60 am peres per square foot (a.s.f.) and a low range of from about 0.2 to about 0.5 (a.s.f.). The plating time was about 10 minutes with the bath being maintained at a temperature of about 70F. The bath in each run had the components and concentrations as shown in Table l with the results summarized in Table 11.
  • the addition of the polymeric condensate of this invention produced a grain refinement of the zinc deposit and the further addition of the mercapto substituted compound extended the brightening effect of the brightener over the entire current density range.
  • a bright zinc, cyanide-free electroplating bath comprising an aqueous alkaline solution containing a source of zinc ions, and from about 0.25 to about 5 grams per liter of a quarternized polymeric condensate of an alkylene polyamine having at least one tertiary amino group and a 1,3-dihalo-2-propanol where the mol ratio of the polyamine to the dihalo-propanol ranges from about 5.0:1 to 1.75:1, respectively.
  • the electroplating bath of claim 1 wherein the bath contains from about 0.1 to about 5 grams per liter of an aldehyde brightener.
  • X is selected from the group consisting of N and C-R where R is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, mercapto and acyl; R R and R are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, mercapto, acyl. amino, alkyl, carboxy and carbamoyl.
  • heterocyclic compound is 2-mercapto-4-amino-6- hydroiiypyrimidine.
  • heterocyclic compound is 2-thiouracil and the aldehyde is a mixture of anisic aldehyde and vanillin.
  • heterocyclic compound is 2-mercapto-4,6- dihydroxypyrimidine and the aldehyde is a mixture of anisic aldehyde and vanillin.
  • the electroplating bath of claim 2 wherein the brightener is an aldehyde having the formula wherein R and R are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl and heterocyclic oxygen and sulfur containing radicals.
  • the electroplating bath of claim 1 wherein the bath contains from about 0.01 to about 0.2 grams per liter of a heterocyclic compound selected from the group consisting of a 2-mercapto substituted pyridine or pyrimidine.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Electroplating And Plating Baths Therefor (AREA)
US400427A 1973-09-24 1973-09-24 Alkaline bright zinc plating Expired - Lifetime US3886054A (en)

Priority Applications (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US400427A US3886054A (en) 1973-09-24 1973-09-24 Alkaline bright zinc plating
CA209,475A CA1042382A (en) 1973-09-24 1974-09-18 Alkaline bright zinc plating
GB4124074A GB1430556A (en) 1973-09-24 1974-09-23 Alkaline bright zinc electro plating
DE19742445359 DE2445359A1 (de) 1973-09-24 1974-09-23 Cyanidfreies, glaenzende zinkueberzuege erzeugendes galvanisierungsbad
FR7432054A FR2244839B1 (enExample) 1973-09-24 1974-09-23

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GB (1) GB1430556A (enExample)

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4007098A (en) * 1975-09-04 1977-02-08 Columbia Chemical Corporation Baths and additives for the electrodeposition of bright zinc
DE2643898A1 (de) * 1975-09-29 1977-03-31 Du Pont Glanzbildner fuer galvanische zinkbaeder und seine verwendung
US4071418A (en) * 1975-04-15 1978-01-31 W. Canning & Company, Ltd. Electrodeposition of zinc and additives therefor
US4135992A (en) * 1976-12-24 1979-01-23 Basf Aktiengesellschaft Zinc electroplating bath
WO2016001317A1 (en) 2014-07-04 2016-01-07 Basf Se Additive for alkaline zinc plating
WO2016207203A1 (en) 2015-06-25 2016-12-29 Basf Se Additive for alkaline zinc plating

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2428685A1 (fr) * 1978-06-16 1980-01-11 Fresnel Jean Solution electrolytique pour l'obtention de depots metalliques brillants et objets obtenus

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3317412A (en) * 1961-07-06 1967-05-02 Schering Ag Method for obtaining a bright zinc coating by electrodeposition and the bath used therefor
US3655534A (en) * 1970-02-24 1972-04-11 Enthone Alkaline bright zinc electroplating
US3672971A (en) * 1969-07-15 1972-06-27 Riedel & Co Fa Bright-zinc plating bath
US3803008A (en) * 1971-02-18 1974-04-09 Hull R & Co Inc Composition of baths and additives for electrodeposition of bright zinc from aqueous,alkaline,electroplating baths
US3823076A (en) * 1972-05-23 1974-07-09 Du Pont Zinc electroplating additive

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3317412A (en) * 1961-07-06 1967-05-02 Schering Ag Method for obtaining a bright zinc coating by electrodeposition and the bath used therefor
US3672971A (en) * 1969-07-15 1972-06-27 Riedel & Co Fa Bright-zinc plating bath
US3655534A (en) * 1970-02-24 1972-04-11 Enthone Alkaline bright zinc electroplating
US3803008A (en) * 1971-02-18 1974-04-09 Hull R & Co Inc Composition of baths and additives for electrodeposition of bright zinc from aqueous,alkaline,electroplating baths
US3823076A (en) * 1972-05-23 1974-07-09 Du Pont Zinc electroplating additive

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4071418A (en) * 1975-04-15 1978-01-31 W. Canning & Company, Ltd. Electrodeposition of zinc and additives therefor
US4071419A (en) * 1975-04-15 1978-01-31 W. Canning & Company, Ltd. Electrodeposition of zinc and additive therefore
US4007098A (en) * 1975-09-04 1977-02-08 Columbia Chemical Corporation Baths and additives for the electrodeposition of bright zinc
DE2643898A1 (de) * 1975-09-29 1977-03-31 Du Pont Glanzbildner fuer galvanische zinkbaeder und seine verwendung
US4135992A (en) * 1976-12-24 1979-01-23 Basf Aktiengesellschaft Zinc electroplating bath
WO2016001317A1 (en) 2014-07-04 2016-01-07 Basf Se Additive for alkaline zinc plating
US10731267B2 (en) 2014-07-04 2020-08-04 Basf Se Additive for alkaline zinc plating
WO2016207203A1 (en) 2015-06-25 2016-12-29 Basf Se Additive for alkaline zinc plating
US10718060B2 (en) 2015-06-25 2020-07-21 Basf Se Additive for alkaline zinc plating

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DE2445359A1 (de) 1975-04-30
GB1430556A (en) 1976-03-31
FR2244839B1 (enExample) 1979-02-16
FR2244839A1 (enExample) 1975-04-18
CA1042382A (en) 1978-11-14

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