US3882877A - Filter for tobacco smoke - Google Patents

Filter for tobacco smoke Download PDF

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Publication number
US3882877A
US3882877A US352868A US35286873A US3882877A US 3882877 A US3882877 A US 3882877A US 352868 A US352868 A US 352868A US 35286873 A US35286873 A US 35286873A US 3882877 A US3882877 A US 3882877A
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United States
Prior art keywords
filter
fibers
pair
tobacco smoke
elements
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US352868A
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English (en)
Inventor
Warren A Brackmann
Daniel Diianni
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Rothmans Benson and Hedges Inc
Original Assignee
Rothmans Of Pall Mall
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Rothmans Of Pall Mall filed Critical Rothmans Of Pall Mall
Priority to US05/544,292 priority Critical patent/US4059121A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3882877A publication Critical patent/US3882877A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
    • A24D—CIGARS; CIGARETTES; TOBACCO SMOKE FILTERS; MOUTHPIECES FOR CIGARS OR CIGARETTES; MANUFACTURE OF TOBACCO SMOKE FILTERS OR MOUTHPIECES
    • A24D3/00—Tobacco smoke filters, e.g. filter-tips, filtering inserts; Filters specially adapted for simulated smoking devices; Mouthpieces for cigars or cigarettes
    • A24D3/06—Use of materials for tobacco smoke filters
    • A24D3/08—Use of materials for tobacco smoke filters of organic materials as carrier or major constituent
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
    • A24D—CIGARS; CIGARETTES; TOBACCO SMOKE FILTERS; MOUTHPIECES FOR CIGARS OR CIGARETTES; MANUFACTURE OF TOBACCO SMOKE FILTERS OR MOUTHPIECES
    • A24D3/00—Tobacco smoke filters, e.g. filter-tips, filtering inserts; Filters specially adapted for simulated smoking devices; Mouthpieces for cigars or cigarettes
    • A24D3/04—Tobacco smoke filters characterised by their shape or structure

Definitions

  • a tobacco smoke filter particularly for use in cigarettes, consists wholly of or includes elements consisting wholly of non-crimped fibers of thermoplastic polymeric non-adsorbent materials having a diameter less than 5 microns.
  • a filter of this type reduces tar and nicotine levels in the smoke to low values while at the same time the filter has satisfactory draw properties and the smoke has enhanced taste.
  • Tobacco smoke essentially consists of a dispersion of solid and liquid particles in air, and this dispersion will be referred to as an aerosol in this specification.
  • the aerosol is extremely stable due to the small size of the particles concerned and hence gravity has a negligible effect compared with the effect of convection currents and Brownian movement.
  • Tobacco smoke is thought to contain constituents injurious to health and many suggestions have been made of filters to at least partially remove constituents of the smoke prior to entry into the smokers mouth.
  • Tar and nicotine values of tobacco smoke entering the smokers mouth are considered by Government bodies to be a significant indication of the effectiveness of a filter to remove injurious components of tobacco smoke. While it is possible to achieve very low levels of tar and nicotine values in tobacco smoke, frequently this is at the expense of taste and smoker satisfaction. For example, the filter may not allow adequate quantities of smoke to pass through the filter and hence the draw of the cigarette may not be satisfactory to the consumer.
  • a filter for tobacco smoke which reduces tar and nicotine levels in the smoke to low values while at the same time providing a filter having satisfactory draw properties and enhanced taste properties. Further, the invention is concerned with methods of making the filter material.
  • the present invention is concerned with filters consisting wholly of or including elements consisting wholly of non-crimped fibers of thermoplastic natural or synthetic polymeric, non-absorbent material, the fibers having a diameter less than 5 microns.
  • Crimping of the filamentary material for tobacco smoke filters usually is considered necessary in order to displace portions of the individual filaments at angles to the axis of the filter tow so that, in the filter, these displaced portions of the filaments will be disposed across the flow path of the tobacco smoke for intercepting the particles to be filtered from the smoke.
  • the crimping and crimp-deregistering operations are particularly critical to the production of high quality filters from cellulose acetate filaments and have been thought to be necessary for polyolefins fibers, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,966,157 referred to above. However, such operations add materially to the cost of production, and unless they are carried outwith care, products lacking in uniformity are apt to result. It has been found that the filters of the present invention wherein microfine fibers are used do not require the crimping of the individual fibers to provide effectiveness.
  • the filter elements provided in accordance with the present invention consist of a mass of noncrimped fibers of a thermoplastic material in which the individual fibers have a particle size less than 5 microns.
  • the thermoplastic material fibers used preferably have substantially all of the fibers below 2 microns diameter, more preferably the fibers have an average diameter of about 1 micron. This element is positioned in the path of the cigarette smoke and is found to provide superior tar and nicotine reducing properties.
  • the mass of fibers in the filter element may be in the form of a scrambled mass of long fibers which may be self-sustaining or a mat of short fibers, generally supported on a tobacco smoke-permeable backing.
  • the filter elements of the present invention when utilized with cigarettes may be the sole filter element of the cigarette, although this may provide some crush problems if a paper sleeve is employed since the filter elements lack physical strength.
  • the required structural strength could be provided by the use of a plastic or cardboard sleeve.
  • the filter element of this invention forms one element of a multi-element filter.
  • a cigarette filter element comprising an outer sleeve, at least a pair of plugs of cellulose acetate filter material, or other commonly employed filter material, disposed within the sleeve in longitudinally spaced apart relation and a filter element consisting of a mass of thermoplastic fibers, each of the fibers having a diameter less than 5 microns and positioned between the plugs.
  • a filter element which has substantially the strength of the conventional cellulose acetate fiber filter and the enhanced tar and nicotine reducing properties of the microfine polymeric fibers.
  • Two elements 14 and 16 constitute the majority of the length of the filter and are constructed of conventional filter material, such as cellulose acetate fibers.
  • the elements 14 and 16 are longitudinally displaced from each other a short distance and in the gap 18 is positioned a third filter element 20. More than two such elements 14 and 16 may be provided, if desired.
  • the third filter element 20 consists of a disc of a mass of polymeric fibers, each of which has a fiber size less than 5 microns.
  • the majority of the fibers are positioned in the disc so that they are transverse to the flow of tobacco smoke.
  • the gap 18 usually is substantially filled by the third filter element 20.
  • the filter disc 20 engages the inside wall of the sleeve 12 and hence is positioned in such a manner that tobacco smoke passing through the filter all passes through the disc.
  • the element may have other forms, for example, a ball or similar mass of fibers positioned in the gap 18 and engaging the inner wall of the sleeve 12.
  • the element 20 in whatever form it may take to be positioned in the path of the tobacco smoke so that substantially all of the smoke passes through the filter.
  • the diameter of the particles of the smoke aerosol is about 0.1 to 0.6 microns. Due to the small diameter of the fibers used in the filters of the present invention, the particles collide with the fibers and are removed from the aerosol. This action is in contrast to the situation when the conventional thicker fibers are employed, typically in conventional cellulose acetate filters and in the polyolefin fiber filters proposed in U.S. Pat. No. 2,966,157 discussed above, in which the particles are displaced by air flow slip lines round the fiber and hence are not impinged on the fibers. Therefore, when fibers of conventional filter fiber size are employed (typically about 10 to microns average diameter), the quantity of particles removed from the aerosol is considerably less than when the filter of the present invention is employed.
  • filters such as cellulose acetate, absorb materials from the aerosol, including tar and nicotine, and as noted above have fibre sizes in excess of 10 microns. Therefore, when a cellulose acetate cigarette filter is examined after use it is found to be substantially dry, although stained.
  • the filters provided in accordance with the present invention are constructed of non-absorbent, thermoplastic fibres having fibre sizes less than 5 microns and it is found that the filter material of the invention after use is wet with impinged material removed from the aerosol.
  • the polymeric materials used in the filters of the present invention may be any natural or synthetic thermoplastic material capable of formation into the fiber diameters required in the present invention.
  • the material must be capable of withstanding the temperature of the tobacco smoke without substantial degradation and must be substantially inert to chemical attack by the tobacco smoke.
  • Typical examples of materials which may be utilized to provide the fibers are polyolefins, polyesters and polyamides.
  • Polyolefins which may be employed include polyethylene and polypropylene, or polymers of substituted olefins, such as, polytrifluorochloroethylene. Many polyesters may be used, such as polyethylene terephthalate.
  • the polyamides which may be utilized are nylon 6, nylon 66 and nylon 610.
  • Other thermoplastic polymeric materials also may be employed in the filters of the invention, such as polystyrene, and poly(methylmethacrylate. Fibers formed from copolymers also may be used.
  • the filter element consists of a mass of a single polymeric material, it is possible to utilize a mass of fibers which is a mixture of fibers of two or more polymeric materials.
  • the orientation of the fibers relative to the stream of tobacco smoke may be varied.
  • it is possible to employ a mass of fibers in which the fibers are randomly oriented it is preferred to employ a mass of fibers in which the individual fibers substantially are oriented transverse to the flow of smoke. it has been found that statistically orienting the fibers in this manner results in higher tar and nicotine removal than when a randomly-oriented mass of fibers is employed.
  • the filters of the present invention may be formed in any convenient manner.
  • fibers may be melt spun from a die having a plurality of openings therein, so that a mass of fibers is extruded.
  • the mass may be collected and used as such, or may be subjected to physical treatment before use.
  • Polymeric materials having low melting points and low melt viscosities are preferred since the heat required in the spinning operation thereby may be minimized.
  • Cigarettes were tested in a smoking apparatus capable of collecting and measuring total particulate solids which includes tar and nicotine, in smoke. Cigarettes tested, at the same pressure drop along the length thereof, were a cigarette with no filter, a cigarette with a conventional cellulose acetate filter and a cigarette with a filter including a disc of Acrylite fibers having an average diameter about 1 micron. The results are reproduced below:
  • a self-sustaining filter for tobacco smoke comprising a plurality of filter elements. and including a sub stantially airtight tubular holder, a pair of cylindrical cellulose acetate filter elements positioned within and in contact with the inner wall of the holder. said pair of filter elements being spaced apart from each other to define a gap therebetween, said pair of filter elements and having an average fiber diameter of about 1 micron, the majority of the said fibers being oriented transverse to the flow of the tobacco smoke, said third filter element being positioned in the gap between said pair of filter elements, said third filter element having a diameter substantially that of said tubular holder and being in engagement with said inner wall.
  • thermoplastic polymeric material is a nylon
  • thermoplastic polymeric material is poly (methylmethacrylate).

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Cigarettes, Filters, And Manufacturing Of Filters (AREA)
US352868A 1972-04-26 1973-04-20 Filter for tobacco smoke Expired - Lifetime US3882877A (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US05/544,292 US4059121A (en) 1973-04-20 1975-01-27 Filter for tobacco smoke

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB1949572A GB1381800A (en) 1972-04-26 1972-04-26 Filter for tobacco smoke

Related Child Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US05/544,292 Continuation-In-Part US4059121A (en) 1972-04-26 1975-01-27 Filter for tobacco smoke

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US3882877A true US3882877A (en) 1975-05-13

Family

ID=10130320

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US352868A Expired - Lifetime US3882877A (en) 1972-04-26 1973-04-20 Filter for tobacco smoke

Country Status (9)

Country Link
US (1) US3882877A (cs)
JP (2) JPS4941599A (cs)
AU (1) AU465431B2 (cs)
CA (1) CA982008A (cs)
FR (1) FR2182548A5 (cs)
GB (1) GB1381800A (cs)
NL (1) NL7305408A (cs)
SE (1) SE388534B (cs)
ZA (1) ZA732680B (cs)

Cited By (20)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4564030A (en) * 1982-07-16 1986-01-14 Loew's Theatres, Inc. Cigarette filter assembly
US4903714A (en) * 1987-08-25 1990-02-27 R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company Smoking article with improved mouthend piece
US4961415A (en) * 1987-01-16 1990-10-09 Kimberly-Clark Corporation Controlled draft and efficiency filter element for smoking articles
US5112345A (en) * 1990-12-17 1992-05-12 Interventional Technologies Atherectomy cutter with arcuate blades
US5190061A (en) * 1990-04-20 1993-03-02 Rothmans, Benson & Hedges Inc. Cigarette smoke filter
WO1994023599A1 (en) * 1993-04-14 1994-10-27 1149235 Ontario Inc. Cigarette smoke filter system
US5509429A (en) * 1989-03-02 1996-04-23 Kothmans, Benson & Hedges Inc. Uniform tar delivery profile filter
US5524647A (en) * 1991-08-08 1996-06-11 Rothmans, Benson & Hedges, Inc. Control of cigarette smoke chemistry
US5538019A (en) * 1993-11-03 1996-07-23 Schweitzer-Mauduit International, Inc. Spunbond cigarette filter
US5845648A (en) * 1997-06-03 1998-12-08 Martin; John E. Multi-compartment expandable filter for a smoking product
WO1999043223A1 (de) 1998-02-26 1999-09-02 FÁBIÁN, János Filtereinlage für filterzigaretten
US20050161055A1 (en) * 2002-04-17 2005-07-28 Peter Rozim Filter unit for filter-cigarettes and filter cigarettes
WO2005102080A1 (en) * 2004-04-22 2005-11-03 G.D Societa' Per Azioni Cigarette filter and relative production method
US20080127988A1 (en) * 2006-08-08 2008-06-05 Philip Morris Usa Inc. Rapidly degradable filters via electron ionization
US20100006112A1 (en) * 2007-12-20 2010-01-14 Philip Morris Usa, Inc. Filter including randomly-oriented fibers for reduction of particle breakthrough
US7735494B2 (en) 2006-03-03 2010-06-15 Xerosmoke, Llc Tabacco smoking apparatus
US20110083686A1 (en) * 2009-10-09 2011-04-14 Philip Morris Usa Inc. Method and apparatus for manufacture of smoking article filter assembly including electrostatically charged fibers
WO2015110803A1 (en) * 2014-01-21 2015-07-30 British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited Filter materials and filters made therefrom
EP3769632A1 (en) * 2019-07-23 2021-01-27 Nerudia Ltd. Elongated smoking article
US20210244086A1 (en) * 2018-07-06 2021-08-12 Kt&G Corporation Smoke component-reducing cigarette filter, cigarette, and manufacturing method therefor

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB8823902D0 (en) * 1988-10-12 1988-11-16 Rothmans Int Tobacco Cigarette filter rod elements & cigarettes incorporating such filter rod elements
JP2013243973A (ja) * 2012-05-28 2013-12-09 Sumitomo Seika Chem Co Ltd 煙草用フィルタ
GB201817549D0 (en) * 2018-10-29 2018-12-12 Nerudia Ltd Smoking substitute consumable
GB201817584D0 (en) * 2018-10-29 2018-12-12 Nerudia Ltd Smoking substitute consumable

Citations (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2761798A (en) * 1956-04-24 1956-09-04 H & V Specialties Co Inc Filter for tobacco smoke
US2765515A (en) * 1953-10-07 1956-10-09 H & V Specialties Co Inc Method of making a filter for tobacco smoke
US2774680A (en) * 1953-10-07 1956-12-18 Edward J Hackney Process for making aerosol filters
US2867219A (en) * 1956-08-02 1959-01-06 Thomas F Hug Cigarette filter
US2916038A (en) * 1954-02-23 1959-12-08 American Viscose Corp Tobacco smoke filter
US3068873A (en) * 1958-11-24 1962-12-18 Celanese Corp Filters
US3081519A (en) * 1962-01-31 1963-03-19 Fibrillated strand
US3225390A (en) * 1959-10-02 1965-12-28 Mueller Paul A Method of producing filter plugs
US3251365A (en) * 1963-03-04 1966-05-17 Ii Charles H Keith Tobacco smoke filter
US3290207A (en) * 1962-08-22 1966-12-06 Du Pont Fibrillated fiber
US3393120A (en) * 1965-09-22 1968-07-16 Eastman Kodak Co Polyolefin tow for cigarette filters
US3412737A (en) * 1966-01-17 1968-11-26 Karoly G. Pinter Smoke filter
US3470883A (en) * 1968-08-29 1969-10-07 Nat Patent Dev Corp Tobacco smoke filters
US3595245A (en) * 1968-08-14 1971-07-27 Exxon Research Engineering Co Cigarette filter from polypropylene fibers

Patent Citations (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2765515A (en) * 1953-10-07 1956-10-09 H & V Specialties Co Inc Method of making a filter for tobacco smoke
US2774680A (en) * 1953-10-07 1956-12-18 Edward J Hackney Process for making aerosol filters
US2916038A (en) * 1954-02-23 1959-12-08 American Viscose Corp Tobacco smoke filter
US2761798A (en) * 1956-04-24 1956-09-04 H & V Specialties Co Inc Filter for tobacco smoke
US2867219A (en) * 1956-08-02 1959-01-06 Thomas F Hug Cigarette filter
US3068873A (en) * 1958-11-24 1962-12-18 Celanese Corp Filters
US3225390A (en) * 1959-10-02 1965-12-28 Mueller Paul A Method of producing filter plugs
US3081519A (en) * 1962-01-31 1963-03-19 Fibrillated strand
US3290207A (en) * 1962-08-22 1966-12-06 Du Pont Fibrillated fiber
US3251365A (en) * 1963-03-04 1966-05-17 Ii Charles H Keith Tobacco smoke filter
US3393120A (en) * 1965-09-22 1968-07-16 Eastman Kodak Co Polyolefin tow for cigarette filters
US3412737A (en) * 1966-01-17 1968-11-26 Karoly G. Pinter Smoke filter
US3595245A (en) * 1968-08-14 1971-07-27 Exxon Research Engineering Co Cigarette filter from polypropylene fibers
US3470883A (en) * 1968-08-29 1969-10-07 Nat Patent Dev Corp Tobacco smoke filters

Cited By (36)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4564030A (en) * 1982-07-16 1986-01-14 Loew's Theatres, Inc. Cigarette filter assembly
US4961415A (en) * 1987-01-16 1990-10-09 Kimberly-Clark Corporation Controlled draft and efficiency filter element for smoking articles
US4903714A (en) * 1987-08-25 1990-02-27 R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company Smoking article with improved mouthend piece
US5509429A (en) * 1989-03-02 1996-04-23 Kothmans, Benson & Hedges Inc. Uniform tar delivery profile filter
US5190061A (en) * 1990-04-20 1993-03-02 Rothmans, Benson & Hedges Inc. Cigarette smoke filter
US5112345A (en) * 1990-12-17 1992-05-12 Interventional Technologies Atherectomy cutter with arcuate blades
US5524647A (en) * 1991-08-08 1996-06-11 Rothmans, Benson & Hedges, Inc. Control of cigarette smoke chemistry
US5497791A (en) * 1993-04-14 1996-03-12 114935 Ontario Inc. Smoker's accessory
US5495859A (en) * 1993-04-14 1996-03-05 1149235 Ontario Inc. Cigarette smoke filter system
WO1994023600A1 (en) * 1993-04-14 1994-10-27 1149235 Ontario Inc. Smoker's accessory
WO1994023599A1 (en) * 1993-04-14 1994-10-27 1149235 Ontario Inc. Cigarette smoke filter system
US5638833A (en) * 1993-04-14 1997-06-17 1149235 Ontario Inc. Cigarette smoke filter system
US5752527A (en) * 1993-04-14 1998-05-19 Ontario Inc. Smoker's accessory
US5538019A (en) * 1993-11-03 1996-07-23 Schweitzer-Mauduit International, Inc. Spunbond cigarette filter
US5845648A (en) * 1997-06-03 1998-12-08 Martin; John E. Multi-compartment expandable filter for a smoking product
WO1999043223A1 (de) 1998-02-26 1999-09-02 FÁBIÁN, János Filtereinlage für filterzigaretten
US20050161055A1 (en) * 2002-04-17 2005-07-28 Peter Rozim Filter unit for filter-cigarettes and filter cigarettes
US20080029115A1 (en) * 2004-04-22 2008-02-07 G.D Societa' Per Azioni Method of Production of a Cigarette Filter
WO2005102080A1 (en) * 2004-04-22 2005-11-03 G.D Societa' Per Azioni Cigarette filter and relative production method
US7625328B2 (en) 2004-04-22 2009-12-01 G.D. Societa' Per Azioni Method of production of a cigarette filter
US7735494B2 (en) 2006-03-03 2010-06-15 Xerosmoke, Llc Tabacco smoking apparatus
US20110036361A1 (en) * 2006-03-03 2011-02-17 Xerosmoke Llc Tobacco smoking apparatus
US20110132381A1 (en) * 2006-08-08 2011-06-09 Philip Morris Usa Inc. Rapidly degradable filters via electron ionization
US7896011B2 (en) * 2006-08-08 2011-03-01 Philip Morris Usa, Inc. Method of forming a filter component
US20080127988A1 (en) * 2006-08-08 2008-06-05 Philip Morris Usa Inc. Rapidly degradable filters via electron ionization
US20100006112A1 (en) * 2007-12-20 2010-01-14 Philip Morris Usa, Inc. Filter including randomly-oriented fibers for reduction of particle breakthrough
US9788572B2 (en) 2009-10-09 2017-10-17 Philip Morris Usa Inc. Method and apparatus for manufacture of smoking article filter assembly including electrostatically charged fibers
US20110083686A1 (en) * 2009-10-09 2011-04-14 Philip Morris Usa Inc. Method and apparatus for manufacture of smoking article filter assembly including electrostatically charged fibers
US8534294B2 (en) 2009-10-09 2013-09-17 Philip Morris Usa Inc. Method for manufacture of smoking article filter assembly including electrostatically charged fiber
US10226070B2 (en) 2009-10-09 2019-03-12 Philip Morris Usa Inc. Filter rod including electrostatically charged fibers
CN105916394A (zh) * 2014-01-21 2016-08-31 英美烟草(投资)有限公司 过滤材料和由其制成的过滤器
WO2015110803A1 (en) * 2014-01-21 2015-07-30 British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited Filter materials and filters made therefrom
US10798966B2 (en) 2014-01-21 2020-10-13 British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited Filter materials and filters made therefrom
US20210244086A1 (en) * 2018-07-06 2021-08-12 Kt&G Corporation Smoke component-reducing cigarette filter, cigarette, and manufacturing method therefor
US12185751B2 (en) * 2018-07-06 2025-01-07 Kt&G Corporation Smoke component-reducing cigarette filter, cigarette, and manufacturing method therefor
EP3769632A1 (en) * 2019-07-23 2021-01-27 Nerudia Ltd. Elongated smoking article

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPS5618313Y2 (cs) 1981-04-28
CA982008A (en) 1976-01-20
AU465431B2 (en) 1975-09-25
JPS5350300U (cs) 1978-04-27
ZA732680B (en) 1974-03-27
DE2321247B2 (de) 1976-04-01
AU5478273A (en) 1974-10-24
JPS4941599A (cs) 1974-04-18
SE388534B (sv) 1976-10-11
DE2321247A1 (de) 1973-11-08
NL7305408A (cs) 1973-10-30
GB1381800A (en) 1975-01-29
FR2182548A5 (cs) 1973-12-07

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