US3882685A - Method of and apparatus for the low-temperature liquefied gas - Google Patents

Method of and apparatus for the low-temperature liquefied gas Download PDF

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Publication number
US3882685A
US3882685A US425131A US42513173A US3882685A US 3882685 A US3882685 A US 3882685A US 425131 A US425131 A US 425131A US 42513173 A US42513173 A US 42513173A US 3882685 A US3882685 A US 3882685A
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United States
Prior art keywords
vessels
receptacle
receptacles
liquefied gas
gas
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
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US425131A
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English (en)
Inventor
Rudolf Becker
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Linde GmbH
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Linde GmbH
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Publication date
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
    • B63B—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING 
    • B63B25/00—Load-accommodating arrangements, e.g. stowing, trimming; Vessels characterised thereby
    • B63B25/02—Load-accommodating arrangements, e.g. stowing, trimming; Vessels characterised thereby for bulk goods
    • B63B25/08—Load-accommodating arrangements, e.g. stowing, trimming; Vessels characterised thereby for bulk goods fluid
    • B63B25/12—Load-accommodating arrangements, e.g. stowing, trimming; Vessels characterised thereby for bulk goods fluid closed
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C13/00—Details of vessels or of the filling or discharging of vessels
    • F17C13/12—Arrangements or mounting of devices for preventing or minimising the effect of explosion ; Other safety measures
    • F17C13/126—Arrangements or mounting of devices for preventing or minimising the effect of explosion ; Other safety measures for large storage containers for liquefied gas
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2265/00—Effects achieved by gas storage or gas handling
    • F17C2265/05—Regasification
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S220/00—Receptacles
    • Y10S220/901—Liquified gas content, cryogenic

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method of and an apparatus for the transport of liquefied gases at temperatures below their boiling point and especially such lowtemperaturc liquefied gases as liquefied methane or natural gas; more particularly, the invention relates to the transport of such low-temperature liquids in an environment at a temperature above the boiling point of the liquid, with vertically elongated vessels or receptacles disposed in a storage space. generally the hold of a tanker or other ocean-going conveyance.
  • the thermal conduction of the Walls of the individual compartments or receptacles and the heat-absorbing capacity of the retained volume of liquefied gas does not insure maintenance of the upper portions of each receptacle and the space enclosed thereby at the desired low temperatures.
  • the principal object of the present invention to provide an improved method of operating a multivessel storage compartment for the transport of low-temperature liquefied gases whereby the aforedescribed disadvantages may be obviated and vaporization losses on filling the vessels can be reduced.
  • the invention comprises a method of operating a system for the transportation of liquefied gases at temperatures below their boiling point which comprises filling a multiplicity of vertically extending storage vessels in a thermally insulated cargo compartment of a conveyor with liquefied gas at or below the transport temperature, transporting the liquefied gas by displacing the conveyance from the filling site to the discharge site, primarily emptying each of the vessels or compartments at the discharge site while retaining in each compartment a minor quantity of the liquefied gas to maintain a relatively low temperature during the return transport of the conveyance, returning the conveyance from the other discharge site to the charging site, and cooling the upper portions of the vessels during the return passage using a cooling arrangement or system specifically designed to prevent the development of large temperature gradients between the upper portion of each tan (cooled by the auxiliary system) and the lower portions of each tank cooled by the residual liquefied gas.
  • V cooling arrangement or system specifically designed to prevent the development of large temperature gradients between the upper portion of each tan (cooled by the auxiliary system
  • the heat which penetrates from the exterior to the upright vessels during the return transport of the conveyance generates in the regionof each vessel an upwardly moving convection current which promotes heating of the container in its upper regions.
  • this upwardly moving heat is dissipated or removed so that the upright vessels remain cold even during their return transport so that evaporation and concommitment energy loss, upon the next filling of the upright vessel, is held to a minimum.
  • the cooling system according to the invention may be a conventional cooling circuit having a coolant (refrigerant) in heat exchanging relationship with. the upper portion of the upright vessel
  • the coolant can be a deep-cooled gas or a supercooled fluid which is heated in contact with or in heat-exchanging relationship with the upper portion of the upright vessel, but most advantageously is a cooled liquid which is evaporated in heat-exchanging relationship with these upper portions. ln the latter case, the heat abstracted by the. refrigerant or coolant is made upof part ofthe latent heat of evaporation abstracted upon transformation of the coolant liquid to gas.
  • the cooling system is provided in the form of one or more vessels which are at least partly filled with the coolant or are traversed thereby, the auxiliary receptacles being disposed above the upright liquefied-gas storage vessels.
  • These auxiliary receptacles provide heatexchange surfaces above the storage compartment, abstract heat from the rising convection gas streams.
  • the geometric form of the auxiliary receptacles is also important.
  • the compartment is provided with a plurality of upright liquefied-gas storage vessels,
  • auxiliary vessels with'a greater horizontal dimension than vertical dimension and to dispose these auxiliary receptacles in a prone position.
  • the filling of the prone vessel or vessels with a portion of the low-boiling liquefied gas can be carried out simply during the filling or emptying of the upright liquefied-gas storage vessels. lnthis case the system need not be provided with additional devices such as pumps or blowers to displace the liquid into the prone vessels since the apparatus provided for filling and emptying the storage vessels can be used directly for this purpose.
  • An apparatus for carrying out the method of the present invention can comprise a multiplicity ofupright liquefied-gas storage vessels within a thermally' in'su lated storage compartment and, also disposed in the latter, auxiliary receptacles with horizontal dimensions greater than their vertical dimension and a generally in 5 prone orientation, the auxiliary receptacles being con nected via conduits with the lower portion of at least i one upright storage vessel.
  • at leastone of the storage vessels is provided with a dipor siphon tube which reaches downwardly into the vessel, preferably to the surface of the residual liquefied gas therein and communicating at its upper end withone or more of the auxiliary cooling receptacles disposed above the L bank of storage vessels.
  • gion, ofa prone vessel need not be the precisegeornetrical center but is a region, intermediate the upper and lower wall, in whichthe upstanding riser tube termii nates and which corresponds to the quantity of liq'ue-fl fertil gas determined to be advantageous for the auxiliary cooling process.
  • prone receptacles i.e. a multiplicity of prone receptacles disposed above the respective upright vessels;
  • The'interit mediate regions of at least several of the prone receptai cles are connected with the lower regions of respective upright vessels.
  • connection of the prone auxiliary-cooling recepr tacles with the upright storage vessels serves to cool the storage vessels" I with low-boiling liquefied gas at least partly displaced f the emptying
  • the liquefied gas passes first into the auxiliary receptacle and then is displaced toward the land stor-' age or regasification site. Since the. upright vessel is emptied, the clip tube connecting it with theauxiliary' storage vessel is closed, e.g. by means of a valve, so that without additional.
  • FIGS. 1. through 6 are flow diagrams illustrating various embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIG. 1 I have shown an embodiment of the invention, for a tankship of the type generally described in the aforementioned copending application and which thus comprises a thermally insulated cargo-carrying compartment having a multiplicity of upright liquefiedgas storage vessels or tanks close spaced apart and formed with means for filling and emptying the tanks. Neither the compartment nor such means has been shown in detail in the present case and it will be understood that the compartment and the charging and discharging means can be of the type described in the aforementioned copending applications.
  • the upright liquefied-gas storage vessels are connected in rows A and B which extend horizontally (perpendicular to the plane of the pipe in FIG. 1), each row being associated with a prone receptacle 2 or 3.
  • row A of the upright gas-storage vessels 1 is disposed immediately below the horizontal tank or receptacle 2 while row B of the storage vessels 1 is disposed immediately below the horizontal tank 3.
  • the width w of each tank 1 perpendicular to the direction in which the row extends is a small fraction of the length L of the vessel 1 and preferably the length lies vertically.
  • the diameter D of the horizontal tank 2 associated with each row is equal to the width w while the tanks 1 and 2 of each row have a common vertical plane P through their respective axes.
  • Riser tubes 4 and 5 extend from one or more storage vessels 1 of each row upwardly into the overlying horizontal receptacle 2 or 3 so that the end 4a of each of these tubes lies at a distance r above the bottom of the horizontal tank to determine the level a of liquefied gas to be retained therein.
  • the bottom end 4b of each of the riser tubes 4, 5 terminates slightly above the bottom of the vessel 1 and defines the level c of liquefied gas to be retained therein upon emptying.
  • each upright vessel 1 lies at the level b while the liquefied gas within the tanks 2 or 3 lies at the level a, substantially at the ends 412 and 4a of the tube 4.
  • the bodies of liquid at the base of the upright ves-' sel I maintain the lower portion of each storage vessel cool, i.e. substantially at the storage temperature of the liquefied gas, while convection heating is precluded by the cooling of the ambient gas around the tanks 2 and 3 by heat exchange through the walls thereof with gradual evaporation of the liquefied gas retained therein.
  • the upper portions of the storage vessels, 1 are likewise cooled.
  • the vapors arising from such evaporation are vented via lines 6 and 7 communicating with the uppermost portions of the receptacles 2 and 3.
  • liquefied gas may be introduced through a tube reaching to the bottom of each vessel and the gases thereabove vented in the manner described in the aforementioned copending application.
  • gas at an atmospheric pressure e.g. 2 atms.
  • gas at an atmospheric pressure e.g. 2 atms.
  • the liquid is thereby displaced upwardly through the tubes 4 and 5 into the receptacles 2 and 3, thereby filling the latter and thereafter driving the liquid out of the system through lines 6 and 7 to the gasification plant or some other storage facility.
  • lines 8 through 10 are vented to restore ambient pressure to each of the storage vessels l, whereupon the level of liquid in tanks 2 and 3 sinks to the level a, the liquefied gas returning to the storage vessels 1 serving to cool the bottoms of each of the latter.
  • the level a of liquid thus remains for the beginning of the return trip.
  • the lines 6 and 7 can extend downwardly substantially to the level a and thus eliminate any residual liquid above the level a and preclud ing the return of liquid from the horizontal receptacles 2 and 3 to the upright receptacles 1.
  • FIG. 2 we show a modification in which rows F and G of upstanding, vertically elongated vessels 1] and 12 are provided as storage and transport vessels.
  • the bottom portion of each vessel 11 is connected via line 13 to the upper portion of a vessel 12 of the neighboring row.
  • a pipe 15 here rises to the level a at the center of a horizontal receptacle 14 overlying the row F of upstanding vessels 11 and communicates with the top of at least one of these vessels.
  • Another pipe 17 rises to the level a within the horizontal receptacle 16, but reaches downwardly into a vessel 12 just short of the bottom thereof. Vent pipes 18 and 19 are provided from the tops of the horizontal receptacles 14 and 16.
  • the horizontal receptacles 14 and 16 are completely filled with the liquefied gas.
  • the liquefied gas is first fed via line 18 into the horizontal receptacle 16. Since this has been filled to the level a liquid passes through the tube 17 into upright vessel 12 or row G and then via lines 13 into upright vessel 11 of row F. Finally, the liquid reaches line 15 and fills the tank 14 to the level a I thereof.
  • the filling process is terminated.
  • emptying of the system gas is forced under elevated pressure through line 19 and via line 15 into the top of receptacle 11.
  • the liquid is displaced through line 13 and vessel 12 until the liquid is fully driven out of the system except for residual liquid at the base of each storage vessel 11, 12 and in the tanks 14 and 16 to level a therein.
  • evaporation losses cause a drop in the liquefied gas in the horizontal tank to the level b.
  • liquid in the tanks 14 and 16 also evaporates to maintain cooling and then a drop in the level is replenished at discharge in the manner stated.
  • three rows of upright vessels 20 are provided at C, D and E, linked together as will be apparent hereinafter. Each row is provided with a horizontal receptacle 21, 22 or 23.
  • the horizontal receptacle 22 associated with the intermediate row D is connected at its horizontal median plane (level a) with tubes 24 and 26 dipping substantially to the bottom of the tanks or vessels 20 of the outer rows C and E.
  • the region at the horizontal median plane of horizontal receptacle 21 is connected by a line 28 to the top of upright vessel ofrow D while another tube 27 connects this region to the top of a corresponding vessel of row C.
  • Another line or tube 29 connects the top of a vessel 20 of row E with the intermediate region of the horizontal receptacle 23 associated with this row.
  • the system is charged by supplying liquid via line to the tank 22 from which the liquid, upon reaching the level a therein flows to the vessels 20 or rows C, D and E to drive gas from these vessels throughlines 27, 28 and 29 and lines 31 and 32.
  • the vessels 20 When the vessels 20 are filled, the liquid rises to the level ain the horizontal receptacles 21 and 23.
  • the filling process is ended when the level a is attained in all of the horizontal receptacles.
  • gas at an elevated pressure is supplied via lines 31 and 32 into the horizontal receptacles 21 and 23 and, via lines 27 and 29, to the upright vessels 20 of rows C and E.
  • the liquid is driven through tubes 24 and 26 into the horizontal receptacle 22 and emerges at line 30.
  • gas pressure is applied via line 28 to the top of the horizontal vessel 20 of row D and the liquid therein is driven through line 25 and receptacle 22 from the system via line 30.
  • FIG. 3 Because of the relatively simple system for filling the horizontal receptacles the arrangement of FIG. 3 has the important advantage that within the upright vessels substantially no buffer volume is provided about the liquid surfaces therein. A buffer volume is provided for the entire system above the liquid level a in receptacle 21 and 23 during the payload passage of the ship and hence the overall transport capacity of the ship ,is increased.
  • FIGS. 1 through 3 are also applied, as shown diagrammatically in FIG. 4, to five or more rows of upright vessels.
  • the upright vessels 41 through 46 are provided in rows I-I-O, each with a respective horizontal receptacle 47-53 overlying the row.
  • the alternate horizontal receptacles 48 and 51, each between a pair of other horizontal receptacles 47, 49 and 50, 52, respectively, are connected by lines 54, 55, 56 and 57, 58, 59 to the vessels 41-42 and 4345 as described for the three row assembly of FIG. 3.
  • all of the upright vessels are filled and liquefied gas attains the level a in all of the overlying receptacles 47 through 53 as described for I the system of FIG. 3.
  • FIG. 4 shows how the principles of the invention can be extended practicallyto any number of rows'of up right vessels with any desired retention of the coolant in the horizontal receptacle. Only the change in the liquid level in vessel 46 need be monitored to determine 1 when emptying is complete. t 7
  • FIGS. 5 and 6 illustrate another embodiment of, the
  • the horizontal receptacle 72 of each row I of upright vessels receives an inner receptacle 71 of 1 relatively small diameter.
  • One of the outer receptacles 72 is of larger diameter.
  • cles 71 and 72 are connected to the upright vessel .70, the connections including a line 73 opening at the level a and at the top of the upright vessel 70' and a line-74 opening into the vessel 71 and closeto the bottom of the upright vessel 70.
  • the liquid in receptacle 72 is supplied during the filling of the tankship.
  • a gas is directed via the inner receptacle 71 which herelh acts as a central supply duct, and passes via linev 74 to each of the upright vessels 70.
  • the liquid flows vialine 73 into the outer receptacle 72 and, when liquid no I longer is fed to the system, the level falls to that represented at 0.
  • the liquid level advantage of this arrangement lies in the greater safety provided by enclosure of receptacle 71 inrecept acle I
  • the embodimentiof FIG. 5 differs from that of FIG. 6 in that the immersion tube 74 here reaches to the level a of the outer, horizontal receptacle 82 and substantially to the bottom of the upright vessels, while the tube 83 communicates between the inner receptacle 81 and the top of the upright vessels 80.
  • the discharging gasf blows through the system without disturbing the retained liquid at level a which is employed for, cooling 7 of the upper portion of the upright, vessels 80during the return passage.
  • a liquefied-gas storage and transfer system com prising a thermally insulated compartment and a plurality of upright vertically elongated liquefied gas-storage vessels in said compartment, the improvement which comprises the following elements:
  • a riser tube extending upwardly from a location near the bottom of one of said storage vessels into the horizontally extending receptacle and to a location in the interior thereof, said tube opening into the interior of said receptacle at a location above the bottom of the receptacle and as an intermediate distance between the bottom and the top of said horizontal receptacle to maintain a liquid-gas interface in said receptacle substantially at said intermediate distance between the bottom and top of said horizontal receptacle to cool said receptacle by va' porization at said interface.
  • said riser includes ducting connecting at least some of said receptacles to vessels of the respective row and other ducts connecting the same receptacles to the vessels of adjoining rows at bottom portions thereof.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Ocean & Marine Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Filling Or Discharging Of Gas Storage Vessels (AREA)
  • Testing Of Balance (AREA)
US425131A 1972-12-22 1973-12-17 Method of and apparatus for the low-temperature liquefied gas Expired - Lifetime US3882685A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE2263063A DE2263063A1 (de) 1972-12-22 1972-12-22 Behaeltersystem zum speichern und/oder transport von tiefsiedenden verfluessigten gasen
DE2356395A DE2356395A1 (de) 1972-12-22 1973-11-12 Verfahren und vorrichtung zum transport von tiefsiedenden verfluessigten gasen

Publications (1)

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US3882685A true US3882685A (en) 1975-05-13

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US425131A Expired - Lifetime US3882685A (en) 1972-12-22 1973-12-17 Method of and apparatus for the low-temperature liquefied gas

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US (1) US3882685A (pm)
JP (1) JPS4997320A (pm)
BR (1) BR7310019D0 (pm)
DE (2) DE2263063A1 (pm)
ES (1) ES421686A1 (pm)
FR (1) FR2211623B1 (pm)
GB (1) GB1399960A (pm)
NL (1) NL7317410A (pm)
NO (1) NO135486C (pm)

Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US334481A (en) * 1886-01-19 Vessel for transporting liquid cargoes in bulk
US2687618A (en) * 1951-10-19 1954-08-31 Socony Vacuum Oil Co Inc Safety storage system for liquefied hydrocarbons
US2897658A (en) * 1955-03-16 1959-08-04 Constock Liquid Methane Corp Method and apparatus for unloading cold low temperature boiling liquids from storage reservoir
US3030780A (en) * 1958-05-12 1962-04-24 Union Carbide Corp Refrigerated container for liquefied gases
US3319433A (en) * 1966-05-24 1967-05-16 Ryan Ind Inc Rectangular dewar
US3392537A (en) * 1967-03-29 1968-07-16 Air Reduction Liquid cylinder system
US3698200A (en) * 1970-12-16 1972-10-17 Air Prod & Chem Cryogenic storage dewar

Family Cites Families (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB892041A (en) * 1957-04-05 1962-03-21 Wm Cory & Son Ltd Improvements in or relating to marine tankers for the transport of liquefied gases
US3159004A (en) * 1961-08-22 1964-12-01 Hydrocarbon Research Inc Transportation of liquefied natural gas

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US334481A (en) * 1886-01-19 Vessel for transporting liquid cargoes in bulk
US2687618A (en) * 1951-10-19 1954-08-31 Socony Vacuum Oil Co Inc Safety storage system for liquefied hydrocarbons
US2897658A (en) * 1955-03-16 1959-08-04 Constock Liquid Methane Corp Method and apparatus for unloading cold low temperature boiling liquids from storage reservoir
US3030780A (en) * 1958-05-12 1962-04-24 Union Carbide Corp Refrigerated container for liquefied gases
US3319433A (en) * 1966-05-24 1967-05-16 Ryan Ind Inc Rectangular dewar
US3392537A (en) * 1967-03-29 1968-07-16 Air Reduction Liquid cylinder system
US3698200A (en) * 1970-12-16 1972-10-17 Air Prod & Chem Cryogenic storage dewar

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE2263063A1 (de) 1974-07-04
FR2211623A1 (pm) 1974-07-19
JPS4997320A (pm) 1974-09-13
BR7310019D0 (pt) 1974-08-29
NL7317410A (pm) 1974-06-25
GB1399960A (en) 1975-07-02
NO135486B (pm) 1977-01-03
FR2211623B1 (pm) 1978-03-24
DE2356395A1 (de) 1975-05-15
ES421686A1 (es) 1976-04-16
NO135486C (pm) 1977-04-13

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