US3881387A - Electronic musical instrument with effect control dependent on expression and keyboard manipulation - Google Patents

Electronic musical instrument with effect control dependent on expression and keyboard manipulation Download PDF

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Publication number
US3881387A
US3881387A US441996A US44199674A US3881387A US 3881387 A US3881387 A US 3881387A US 441996 A US441996 A US 441996A US 44199674 A US44199674 A US 44199674A US 3881387 A US3881387 A US 3881387A
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Prior art keywords
control
tone
signal generator
expression
keyboard
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Expired - Lifetime
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US441996A
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English (en)
Inventor
Fukushi Kawakami
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Nippon Gakki Co Ltd
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Nippon Gakki Co Ltd
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
    • G10H—ELECTROPHONIC MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; INSTRUMENTS IN WHICH THE TONES ARE GENERATED BY ELECTROMECHANICAL MEANS OR ELECTRONIC GENERATORS, OR IN WHICH THE TONES ARE SYNTHESISED FROM A DATA STORE
    • G10H5/00—Instruments in which the tones are generated by means of electronic generators
    • G10H5/002—Instruments using voltage controlled oscillators and amplifiers or voltage controlled oscillators and filters, e.g. Synthesisers

Definitions

  • References cued pression control provides a voltage representing the UNITED STATES PATENTS expression state and a keyboard provides a voltage 3,007,361 11/1961 Wayne, Jr 84/1.01 representing the depressed key.
  • There voltages are ap- 3 3 4/ 1967 Peterson plied via polarity selectors to the respective generators Jkjlaeotbwkwl for automatic control dependent on the expression ar me a).
  • a primary object of this invention is to provide an electronic musical instrument in which two contradictory demands for the addition of tonal effects in the playing thereof are satisfied, that is, not only a demand for adding the same tonal effects as those in the playing of a natural musical instrument but also a demand for adding the opposite tonal effects in the playing are satisfied.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide an electronic musical instrument in which kinds and qualities of tonal effects can be readily selected and combined as desired by the performer whereby he can express musical effects intended by him in the performance.
  • FIG. I is a block diagram illustrating one example of an electronic musical instrument according to this invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a graphical representation indicating the characteristic curves of a variable filter shown in FIG. 1.
  • FIG. 1 there is shown one example of an electronic musical instrument according to this invention in which a vibrato effect, a tremolo effect and a harmonic-component changing effect (hereinafter referred to as a filter effect) can be attained.
  • the tone signal output from the tone source section 1 is frequency-modulated by the vibrato signal V from the vibrato signal generator 2, so that the vibrato effect having a vibrato speed and depth which are determined by the frequency and amplitude of the vibrato signal V,, can be added to the musical tones.
  • the vibrato signal generator 2 is provided with a voltage-controlled type oscillator 2a and a voltage-controlled type amplifier 2b.
  • the oscillator 2a varies its oscillation frequency in accordance with a vibrato-speed controlling voltage signal V described later, while the amplifier 2b amplifies the oscillation output from the oscillator 2a at a variable amplification degree determined by a vibratodepth controlling voltage signal V described later.
  • the oscillation output from the oscillator 2a is sinusoidal.
  • the output from the tone source section 1 is amplitude-modulated by the tremolo signal V from the tremolo signal generator 4 as was described above, whereby the tremolo effect having a tremolo speed and depth which are determined by the frequency and amplitude of the tremolo signal V is added to the musical tones.
  • the tremolo signal generator 4 comprises a voltage-controlled type oscillator 40 which is controlled by a tremolo-speed controlling voltage signal V described later and a voltage-controlled type amplifier 4b which is controlled by a tremolodepth controlling voltage signal V described later.
  • the oscillator 4a is provided with a switch 5. When the moving contact of the switch 5 is set at a position 5a the oscillator 4a produces a sinusoidal output, while when the moving contact is set at the other position 5b the oscillator 4a produces a saw-tooth output.
  • One embodiment of the oscillator 4a includes a phase-shift oscillator and a relaxation oscillator.
  • the terminal 50 is connected to the power input of the phase-shift oscillator while the terminal 51) is connected to the power input of the relaxation oscillator.
  • the outputs of both oscillators are connected to the amplifier 4b.
  • Other suitable waveshapes such as square wave and triangular wave can be utilized.
  • the voltage-controlled type variable filter 6 is connected to the output of the variable amplifier 3 for receiving amplitude modified tone signals.
  • the frequency characteristic of this variable filter 6 is changed by the filter controlling signal V from the filter control signal generator 7 as was described before, for modifying the frequency spectrum of the tone signals passing therethrough. More specifically, in this example of the invention, the variable filter 6 operates in such a manner that it shows higher frequency region suppressing characteristic as is indicated by a curve I in FIG. 2 when the signal V; is small (low dc voltage), while it shows a higher frequency region emphasizing characteristic as is indicated by a curve II in FIG. 2 when the signal V is great (high dc voltage).
  • a particularly simple embodiment of the filter 6 comprises a first filter section having the characteristic 11, shown in FIG.
  • an expression state representing voltage is produced which varies within the range of, for instance, from 0 volt to 10 volts in accordance with the manipulation angle of the foot pedal of the expression control device 11, while in the keyboard 12, a pitch representing voltage is produced which varies within the range of, for instance, from 0 volt to 10 volts in accordance with the tone pitch of the depressed key in the keyboard 12.
  • These two representative voltages are applied to two ends of a mixing variable resistor 26 provided in a mixer 25. Therefore, the expression state representing voltage and the pitch representing voltage thus applied are mixed through the variable resistor 26, the mixing ratio depending on the position of the sliding contact of the variable resistor 26.
  • the mixer 25 produces an mixed output voltage of from 0 volt to 10 volts.
  • the mixed output voltage thus produced is applied through change-over switches 41D, 41S, 42D, 42S and 43D to polarity selector circuits 31D, 31S, 32D, 32S and 33D, respectively, which are provided corresponding to the control circuits 21D, 21S, 22D, 22S and 23D on the panel control section 10, for selecting the polarity and value of the mixed output from the mixer 25.
  • the selector circuit 31D is provided with a variable resistor k.
  • the mixed output voltage described above is applied directly to one of the terminals of the variable resistor k and to the other terminal through an inverter INV. Therefore, when the sliding contact of the variable resistor k is set at one end (+lOO%) of the resistor k (hereinafter referred to as a +l00% position) the mixed output voltage is applied to the sliding contact as it is; however, when the sliding contact is positioned at the other end (l00%) (hereinafter referred to as a l00% position), the mixed output voltage is applied to the sliding contact with its polarity inverted.
  • an output voltage from the variable resistor k is 0 volt when the sliding contact is positioned at the center of the resistor k (hereinafter referred to as a,0% position), a voltage of from 0 volt to +10 volts when the sliding contact is positioned on the position side of the resistor k, and a voltage of from 0 volt to l0 volts when the sliding contact is positioned on the 100% position side of the same.
  • the other selector circuits 31S, 32D, 32S and 33D have the same construction as that of the selector circuit 31D.
  • Each of the selector circuits 31D, 31S, 32D, 32S and 33D is provided with a pilot lamp [which is turned on when the output voltage from the variable resistor k is 0 volt.
  • a pilot lamp which is turned on when the output voltage from the variable resistor k is 0 volt.
  • Such a lamp circuit can be arbitrarily designed by an engineer in this field.
  • the output terminal of the control circuit 21D on the panel control section 10 and the output terminal of the selector circuit 31D in the expression-keyboard controlled section 13 are connected together, if necessary through resistor r and r respectively.
  • the switch 41D in the section 13 is off, that is, the movable contact is thrown to the ground side, an output voltage from the control circuit 21D is applied only, as the vibrato-depth controlling voltage signal V to the amplifier 2b in the vibrato signal generator 2.
  • the switch 41D is on, an output voltage from the selector circuit 31D is also applied, as the vibrato-depth controlling voltage signal V to the amplifier 2b.
  • the constructions of the selector circuits 31S, 32D, 32S and 33D and the connections between these selector circuits and the control circuits 21S, 22D, 22S and 23D are the same as that of the selector circuit 31D and that between this selector circuit and the control circuit 21D described above. More specifically, when the switch 41S is off (or on), an output voltage from the control circuit 21S (or also the selector circuit 31S) is applied, as the vibrato-speed controlling voltage signal V to the oscillator 2a in the vibrato signal generator 2.
  • the addition of tonal effects to musical tones regardless of the expression and pitch of the musical tones can be achieved as on a conventional musical instrument by setting the poles of the switches 41D, 41S, 42D, 42S and 43D at the off-positions. That is the vibrato depth and speed the tremolo depth and speed and the harmonic components included in the musical tone can be changed as much as desired, by manually controlling the control circuits 21D, 21S, 22D, 22S and 23D respectively through the tablets provided on the panel.
  • the tonal effects are to be changed relative to the expression and pitch of musical tones, it can be achieved by closing the switches 41D, 41S, 42D, 42S and 43D.
  • the vibrato depth and speed, the tremolo depth and speed and the harmonic components included in the musical tone can be changed with the variation in sound volume (expression) which is caused by the manipulation of the expression device 11 and the variation 5 in tone pitch which is caused by selectively depressing the keys on the keyboard 12.
  • the degrees of contribution of the expression device 11 and the keyboard 12 to the addition of the tonal effects to the musical notes are determined by the position of the sliding contact of the variable resistor 26.
  • the output voltages from the selector circuits 31D through 33D can be volt. a positive voltage, and a negative voltage respectively as the sliding contact of the variable resistor k is set at the 0% position, the +1 00% position and the l00% position.
  • the tonal effects such as vibrato effect can no longer be changed by the manipulation of the expression device 11 and keyboard 12.
  • the sliding contact is set at the +1 00% position, if musical tones are produced with the manipulation of the expression device 11 and the keyboard 12 in such a manner that the sound volume and pitch are increased, the tonal effects such as a vibrato effect increase also.
  • the sliding contact is set at the lOO% position, if the musical tones are produced with the manipulation of the expression device 11 and keyboard 12 in such a manner that the sound volume and pitch are increased, the tonal effects decrease.
  • a tonal effect such as is similar to the tremolo effect on the vibraphone is imparted to the musical tones.
  • a tonal effect such as is similar to the tremolo effect on the mandolin is imparted to the musical tones.
  • the switches 41D through 43D should be manipulated without causing the production of unnaturalness in the musical tones being played.
  • the circuit shown in FIG. 1 is so formed that the performer should preferably manipulate the switches only when the pilot lamps L are lighted on. Since the output voltages of the selector circuits 31D through 33D are 0 volt when the pilot lamps L are on, the tonal effect control conditions by the control panel section can be smoothly changed to those by the expression-keyboard controlled section 13 without production of unnaturalness in musical tones.
  • an electronic organ in which the depth and speed of vibrato, the depth and speed of tremolo and the harmonic components (spectra) included in musical tones can of course be controlled by the control panel section only regardless of the variation in sound volume and pitch of the musical tones, and in addition the tonal effects dependent on the variation in volume and pitch of the musical tones can also be attained in connection with the expression-keyboard controlled section 13.
  • the tonal effect control by the expression-keyboard controlled section 13 can be carried out by selectively combining the tonal effect which becomes deeper and faster with the increase of the volume and pitch and also the opposite tonal effect, and therefore the tonal effects intended by the performer can be satisfactorily practiced by the circuit. Further more, these effects can be attained by a simple operation such as the manipulation of the switches and the sliding of the sliding contacts of the variable resistors included in the circuit shown in FIG. 1.
  • This invention has been described in connection with three tonal effects; vibrato effect, tremolo effect and filter effect; however it can be applied to the case also where a sustain effect, marimba effect or the like are to be added to the musical tones.
  • An electronic musical instrument which comprises:
  • a controllable tone source section for developing tone signals
  • At least one tone modifying circuit cooperative with said controllable tone source and receptive of said tone signals for developing time variations of the frequency and amplitude of said tone signals to modify the tonal effect of said tone signals;
  • At least one modification signal generator which develops modification signals applied to said tone modifying circuit for determining the frequency and amplitude variations of said tone signals developed by said tone modifying circuit;
  • control panel section which produces at least one first control voltage applied to said modification signal generator for controlling said modification signal
  • an expression-keyboard controlled section including manually set expression control device and a keyboard for producing at least one second control voltage whose value is representative of the setting of said expression control device and said keyboard;
  • An electronic musical instrument which comprises:
  • a controllable tone source section for developing tone signals
  • controllable variable amplifier connected to said controllable tone source section for receiving the tone signals
  • variable filter connected to said variable amplifier for receiving an amplified tone signal output from said variable amplifier
  • a vibrato signal generator for developing a vibrato signal and connected to said tone source section for modifying the frequency of said tone signals
  • a tremolo signal generator for developing a tremolo signal and connected to said variable amplifier for varying the amplitude of said amplified tone signal output;
  • a filter control signal generator producing a filter controlling signal and connected to said variable filter for modifying the frequency spectrum of the amplified tone signal passing through said variable filter;
  • control panel section producing first control voltages which are applied to said vibrato signal generator, said tremolo signal generator and said filter control signal generator, respectively, to control their operation;
  • an expression-keyboard controlled section including manually set expression control device and a keyboard for developing second control voltages whose values are representative of the setting of the expression control device and the operation of said keyboard;
  • control panel section comprises control circuits for producing said first control voltages
  • expression-keyboard controlled section comprises polarity control circuits for developing said second control voltages
  • mixer circuit for mixing outputs from said expression device and keyboard
  • switching means for selectively applying an output from the mixer circuit to selected ones of the polarity control circuits.
  • each of said polarity control circuits is provided with a variable resistor having a sliding contact and having one end directly connected to said switching means and its other end connected through an inverter to said switching means so that the polarity and value of said control voltage output from said polarity control circuit is developed by adjusting the position of a sliding contact of the variable resistor.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
  • Multimedia (AREA)
  • Control Of Amplification And Gain Control (AREA)
  • Electrophonic Musical Instruments (AREA)
US441996A 1973-02-19 1974-02-13 Electronic musical instrument with effect control dependent on expression and keyboard manipulation Expired - Lifetime US3881387A (en)

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JP1973021524U JPS5339457Y2 (US20080293856A1-20081127-C00150.png) 1973-02-19 1973-02-19

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Cited By (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3952624A (en) * 1973-11-02 1976-04-27 Nippon Gakki Seizo Kabushiki Kaisha Electronic musical instrument capable of generating tone signals having pitch frequency, tone color and volume envelope varied with time
US3978754A (en) * 1974-02-28 1976-09-07 Nippon Gakki Seizo Kabushiki Kaisha Voltage controlled type electronic musical instrument
US3986426A (en) * 1975-08-28 1976-10-19 Mark Edwin Faulhaber Music synthesizer
US4018125A (en) * 1974-10-24 1977-04-19 Nippon Gakki Seizo Kabushiki Kaisha Electronic musical instrument
US4291604A (en) * 1979-08-01 1981-09-29 Norlin Industries, Inc. Memory override system for programmed electronic synthesizer
US4352311A (en) * 1978-07-03 1982-10-05 Norlin Industries, Inc. Synthesizer preset editing techniques
US4554857A (en) * 1982-06-04 1985-11-26 Nippon Gakki Seizo Kabushiki Kaisha Electronic musical instrument capable of varying a tone synthesis operation algorithm
US4704682A (en) * 1983-11-15 1987-11-03 Manfred Clynes Computerized system for imparting an expressive microstructure to succession of notes in a musical score
US4763257A (en) * 1983-11-15 1988-08-09 Manfred Clynes Computerized system for imparting an expressive microstructure to successive notes in a musical score
US4939975A (en) * 1988-01-30 1990-07-10 Casio Computer Co., Ltd. Electronic musical instrument with pitch alteration function
US4999773A (en) * 1983-11-15 1991-03-12 Manfred Clynes Technique for contouring amplitude of musical notes based on their relationship to the succeeding note
US5639979A (en) * 1995-11-13 1997-06-17 Opti Inc. Mode selection circuitry for use in audio synthesis systems
US5719345A (en) * 1995-11-13 1998-02-17 Opti Inc. Frequency modulation system and method for audio synthesis

Families Citing this family (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS51112324A (en) * 1975-03-27 1976-10-04 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd A keyboad electronic musical instrument
JPS524815A (en) * 1975-06-30 1977-01-14 Kawai Musical Instr Mfg Co Ltd Vibrato-controller
JPS58224Y2 (ja) * 1976-06-30 1983-01-05 ヤマハ株式会社 電子楽器の楽音形成装置
JPS581831Y2 (ja) * 1976-07-31 1983-01-13 ロ−ランド株式会社 電子楽器における電圧発生器
JPS5824800B2 (ja) * 1977-10-28 1983-05-23 株式会社河合楽器製作所 電子楽器

Citations (15)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3007361A (en) * 1956-12-31 1961-11-07 Baldwin Piano Co Multiple vibrato system
US3316341A (en) * 1963-11-29 1967-04-25 Columbia Records Distrib Corp Electrical musical instruments
US3413403A (en) * 1965-04-28 1968-11-26 Berry Ind Inc Vibrato and tremolo system
US3479440A (en) * 1966-08-15 1969-11-18 Baldwin Co D H Randomly-perturbed,locked-wave generator
US3499094A (en) * 1966-04-19 1970-03-03 Nippon Musical Instruments Mfg Manual or knee operable effect selector system in electronic musical instrument
US3510565A (en) * 1967-07-17 1970-05-05 Warwick Electronics Inc Electronic organ with musical notes comprising beat frequencies of a reference generator and note generators utilizing magnetostrictive oscillators
US3553338A (en) * 1969-02-19 1971-01-05 Kaman Corp Music amplifier with tone modifying stage
US3626078A (en) * 1968-09-03 1971-12-07 Nippon Musical Instruments Mfg Combination of musical effect system and knee control
US3647928A (en) * 1970-03-16 1972-03-07 William D Turner Electrical musical instrument with ensemble and chief effects and unequal stereophonic outputs
US3715447A (en) * 1971-05-13 1973-02-06 Nippon Musical Instruments Mfg Electronic musical instrument with a keyboard device capable of producing special musical effects upon key depression
US3762265A (en) * 1970-12-25 1973-10-02 Nippon Musical Instruments Mfg Electronic musical instrument having tone start prominence circuit
US3819843A (en) * 1972-05-11 1974-06-25 Nippon Musical Instruments Mfg Keyboard electronic music instrument with step-wise variable volume control responsive to key-touch
US3828110A (en) * 1972-01-26 1974-08-06 Arp Instr Control circuitry for electronic musical instrument
US3835237A (en) * 1972-09-19 1974-09-10 Nippon Musical Instruments Mfg Electronic musical instrument with key-dependent time-variable delaying device
US3840690A (en) * 1973-04-11 1974-10-08 A Davoli Electronic musical instrument with single keyboard providing sounds and effects

Patent Citations (15)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3007361A (en) * 1956-12-31 1961-11-07 Baldwin Piano Co Multiple vibrato system
US3316341A (en) * 1963-11-29 1967-04-25 Columbia Records Distrib Corp Electrical musical instruments
US3413403A (en) * 1965-04-28 1968-11-26 Berry Ind Inc Vibrato and tremolo system
US3499094A (en) * 1966-04-19 1970-03-03 Nippon Musical Instruments Mfg Manual or knee operable effect selector system in electronic musical instrument
US3479440A (en) * 1966-08-15 1969-11-18 Baldwin Co D H Randomly-perturbed,locked-wave generator
US3510565A (en) * 1967-07-17 1970-05-05 Warwick Electronics Inc Electronic organ with musical notes comprising beat frequencies of a reference generator and note generators utilizing magnetostrictive oscillators
US3626078A (en) * 1968-09-03 1971-12-07 Nippon Musical Instruments Mfg Combination of musical effect system and knee control
US3553338A (en) * 1969-02-19 1971-01-05 Kaman Corp Music amplifier with tone modifying stage
US3647928A (en) * 1970-03-16 1972-03-07 William D Turner Electrical musical instrument with ensemble and chief effects and unequal stereophonic outputs
US3762265A (en) * 1970-12-25 1973-10-02 Nippon Musical Instruments Mfg Electronic musical instrument having tone start prominence circuit
US3715447A (en) * 1971-05-13 1973-02-06 Nippon Musical Instruments Mfg Electronic musical instrument with a keyboard device capable of producing special musical effects upon key depression
US3828110A (en) * 1972-01-26 1974-08-06 Arp Instr Control circuitry for electronic musical instrument
US3819843A (en) * 1972-05-11 1974-06-25 Nippon Musical Instruments Mfg Keyboard electronic music instrument with step-wise variable volume control responsive to key-touch
US3835237A (en) * 1972-09-19 1974-09-10 Nippon Musical Instruments Mfg Electronic musical instrument with key-dependent time-variable delaying device
US3840690A (en) * 1973-04-11 1974-10-08 A Davoli Electronic musical instrument with single keyboard providing sounds and effects

Cited By (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3952624A (en) * 1973-11-02 1976-04-27 Nippon Gakki Seizo Kabushiki Kaisha Electronic musical instrument capable of generating tone signals having pitch frequency, tone color and volume envelope varied with time
US3978754A (en) * 1974-02-28 1976-09-07 Nippon Gakki Seizo Kabushiki Kaisha Voltage controlled type electronic musical instrument
US4018125A (en) * 1974-10-24 1977-04-19 Nippon Gakki Seizo Kabushiki Kaisha Electronic musical instrument
US3986426A (en) * 1975-08-28 1976-10-19 Mark Edwin Faulhaber Music synthesizer
US4352311A (en) * 1978-07-03 1982-10-05 Norlin Industries, Inc. Synthesizer preset editing techniques
US4291604A (en) * 1979-08-01 1981-09-29 Norlin Industries, Inc. Memory override system for programmed electronic synthesizer
US4554857A (en) * 1982-06-04 1985-11-26 Nippon Gakki Seizo Kabushiki Kaisha Electronic musical instrument capable of varying a tone synthesis operation algorithm
US4704682A (en) * 1983-11-15 1987-11-03 Manfred Clynes Computerized system for imparting an expressive microstructure to succession of notes in a musical score
US4763257A (en) * 1983-11-15 1988-08-09 Manfred Clynes Computerized system for imparting an expressive microstructure to successive notes in a musical score
US4999773A (en) * 1983-11-15 1991-03-12 Manfred Clynes Technique for contouring amplitude of musical notes based on their relationship to the succeeding note
US4939975A (en) * 1988-01-30 1990-07-10 Casio Computer Co., Ltd. Electronic musical instrument with pitch alteration function
US5639979A (en) * 1995-11-13 1997-06-17 Opti Inc. Mode selection circuitry for use in audio synthesis systems
US5719345A (en) * 1995-11-13 1998-02-17 Opti Inc. Frequency modulation system and method for audio synthesis

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPS5339457Y2 (US20080293856A1-20081127-C00150.png) 1978-09-25
JPS49125035U (US20080293856A1-20081127-C00150.png) 1974-10-25

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JPS581830Y2 (ja) 電子楽器