US3873930A - Magnetically insulated capacitor, process for electrostatic energy storage and its applications - Google Patents

Magnetically insulated capacitor, process for electrostatic energy storage and its applications Download PDF

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Publication number
US3873930A
US3873930A US336899A US33689973A US3873930A US 3873930 A US3873930 A US 3873930A US 336899 A US336899 A US 336899A US 33689973 A US33689973 A US 33689973A US 3873930 A US3873930 A US 3873930A
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United States
Prior art keywords
combination
torus
electrical charge
discharge
capacitor
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Expired - Lifetime
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US336899A
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English (en)
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Friedwardt M Winterberg
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Individual
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Priority to US336899A priority Critical patent/US3873930A/en
Priority to ZA00741111A priority patent/ZA741111B/xx
Priority to GB810774A priority patent/GB1455076A/en
Priority to IL44278A priority patent/IL44278A0/xx
Priority to SE7402513A priority patent/SE397019B/xx
Priority to IT48741/74A priority patent/IT1003601B/it
Priority to DE2409327A priority patent/DE2409327A1/de
Priority to JP49022890A priority patent/JPS5048398A/ja
Priority to NL7402707A priority patent/NL7402707A/xx
Priority to BE6044474A priority patent/BE811741A/xx
Priority to CH281974A priority patent/CH583964A5/xx
Priority to CA193,761A priority patent/CA1010964A/en
Priority to BR741525A priority patent/BR7401525D0/pt
Priority to FR7407527A priority patent/FR2220088A1/fr
Priority to AU66212/74A priority patent/AU6621274A/en
Priority to LU69526A priority patent/LU69526A1/xx
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3873930A publication Critical patent/US3873930A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
    • H01G2/00—Details of capacitors not covered by a single one of groups H01G4/00-H01G11/00
    • H01G2/22—Electrostatic or magnetic shielding
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
    • H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
    • H01S3/09—Processes or apparatus for excitation, e.g. pumping
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02N—ELECTRIC MACHINES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H02N3/00—Generators in which thermal or kinetic energy is converted into electrical energy by ionisation of a fluid and removal of the charge therefrom
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
    • H05H1/00—Generating plasma; Handling plasma
    • H05H1/02—Arrangements for confining plasma by electric or magnetic fields; Arrangements for heating plasma
    • H05H1/10—Arrangements for confining plasma by electric or magnetic fields; Arrangements for heating plasma using externally-applied magnetic fields only, e.g. Q-machines, Yin-Yang, base-ball
    • H05H1/12—Arrangements for confining plasma by electric or magnetic fields; Arrangements for heating plasma using externally-applied magnetic fields only, e.g. Q-machines, Yin-Yang, base-ball wherein the containment vessel forms a closed or nearly closed loop
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
    • Y02E30/10—Nuclear fusion reactors

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT The invention relates to a novel electric capacitor for the attainment of very high voltages and for the storage of electric energy, comprising of two concentric 22 Filed: Mar. 1, 1973 [21] Appl. No.:336,899
  • Applica- ⁇ 5m References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS tions are: l) the initiation of nuclear reactions, especially thermonuclear reactions, (2) the collective acceleration of electrically charged atomic particles to XX .11 1 7/ 5 ti 3 m Int Que S 0 .m 8 m 6 B 2 I07 99 H 00.
  • the first method uses the focussed light beam ofa pulsed laser.
  • the second method uses for the same purpose a pulsed intense beam of relativistic electrons produced, for example, by a Marx high voltage generator [compare, for example, F. Wintnerberg Physical Review 174 212, (1968)].
  • the first method using a pulsed laser permits very high power levels, but because of the high laser cost is limited in the total energy output.
  • the second method using a pulsed intense relativistic electron beam permits much larger energy outputs because of the much lower costs of Joule per dollar for electrostatically stored energy.
  • the largest presently available energy storage devices to produce relativistic electron beams are in fact about -10 time larger then the largest laser systems. But even for electron beam pulse generators the cost becomes very substantial for energy outputs above several megajoule as they are probably required for thermonuclear energy release.
  • the high cost results from the relatively low energy storage capacity of conventional capacitors and which is of the order -l Joule/cm.
  • the charging is done. inductively at high current levels associated with short charging times and thus high average power levels for a repetitive discharge of operation. This can be done by two concentric toroidal conductors within a toroidal magnetic field coil.
  • the iner toroidal conductor is not permitted to have any physical contact with respect to the outer toroidal conductor which for example, can be accomplished by magnetic levitation of the inner toroidal conductor.
  • the space in between the inner and outer toroidal conductor is a hard vacuum. Near the surface of the outer toroidal conductor is a cathode, emitting electrons, for example by thermionic emission.
  • the magnetic field created by the toroidal magnetic field coil rises in time the electrons emitted by the cathode will be transported by the inwardly moving lines of force onto the inner conductor which is thereby charged up negatively.
  • the magnetic field rising in time can be chosen always larger than the electric field rising in time as a result of the charging process. In this case then as long as E, the magnetic field will prevent electric breakdown which is the effect of magnetic insulation.
  • the outer conductor at the same time will be charged up positively such that the inner and outer conductor form an electric capacitor.
  • the inner conductor After the electric field in between the inner and outer conductor has reached a critical value, such that E approaches H, at a properly placed breakdown gap in between the inner conductor and a guide electrode penetrating the outer conductor through a circular hole, the inner conductor will discharge itself onto the guide electrode.
  • a critical value such that E approaches H
  • the inner conductor At the end of the guide electrode located inside a conducting discharge tube is an anode window followed by a drift tube. From the end of the guide electrode electrons are emitted which after passing through the anode window will form an intense electron beam.
  • the electron beam can be also projected into a drift tube with an axial externally applied magnetic field focussing and guiding the beam.
  • a sequence of beam pulses can be generated with high frequency and thus high power level.
  • FIGURE of the drawing is a perspective cross-sectional view of an example of the embodiment of the invention in a magnetically insulated capacitor.
  • a time dependent magnetic field is applied in between the inner and outer conductor and which must be parallel or nearly parallel to the conducting surface of the iner conductor.
  • the magnetic field can thereby be most easily produced by a toroidal magnetic field coil 3 which surrounds the outer conductor. This coil 3 is connected to an external power source at the coil terminals 4 and 5.
  • FIGURE shows a circular torus with circular cross sections of the inner and outer conductor as well as a circular cross section of the magnetic field coil, it is also possible to use non-circular tori and non-circular cross sections having the same topological properties.
  • the inner and outer conductor have a nonconducting gap 6 and 7, which permits the time dependent magnetic field generated by the coil 3 to flow freely into the space in between the outer and inner conductor and also into the space within the inner conductor. It is however, also possible to do without these gaps if the electric conductivity of the outer and inner conductors are sufficiently low as it is for example, the case for semiconductors. Instead of one gap it is also possible to make a number of gaps which in addition and by choice can be filled out with either a semiconducting or insulating material. In the single FIGURE the inner conductor is drawn hollow, but it is also possi ble that this conductor is either compact or filled with a nonconducting or semiconducting substance.
  • thermionic electron emitter cathode 8 which by aaid of an auxiliary voltage source 9, emits electrons into the space in between the outer and inner conductor.
  • auxiliary voltage source 9 a thermionic electron emitter cathode 8
  • emitter cathode can be a number of such cathodes, or any number of any other electron emitting cathodes, for example, field-emitting cathodes.
  • both inner and outer conductor form an electric capacitor.
  • the electric field E created by the electric charging process grows in proportion to the externally applied variable magnetic field H such that h E for all times during the charging process.
  • the discharge time T of such a capacitor is of the order (volume)" velocity of light -3 X 10' sec.
  • the discharge current is given by I-e/V-r- 1O Ampere.
  • auxiliary guide electrode 15 which has the form of a rod.
  • this guide electrode is placed in the center of a coaxial conducting discharge tube 12.
  • the coaxial conducting discharge tube is connected to and on the same potential as the outside toroidal conductor.
  • the guide electrode must be kept at the same potential as the outer conductor and the discharge tube. This will most probably happen automatically by a small field emission current from the guide electrode onto the conducting discharge tube.
  • the front of the electron beam faces the anode window 13.
  • the electron beam will pass through the anode window into the drift tube 14 without any appreciable energy loss.
  • this arrangement can be used for emitting ions in which case the inner torus acts as a cathode and the anode window is replaced by a cathode window.
  • the power of electron beam is of the order IV Watt.
  • the inductive charging process can be done very fast, for example in a fraction of a second, the machine can work in a rapid sequence at very high average power levels unattainable for any conventional particle accelerator.
  • the charging current I is computed from the condition 1,1- 11' where 1- is the charging time. Put for example, 1-, [0 sec, it then follows for the above given values of I and 7 that I, 3 Ampere, which can be easily generated by thermionic emission.
  • the power for the charging process is of the order 1 V 3 X 10 Watt and could be drawn from a conventional ac. power source. For large power levels a unipolar generator can be used.
  • thermonuclear fusion and for the collective acceleration of ions to ultrahigh energies.
  • thermonuclear fusion can be achieved by the concept of thermonuclear microexplosions if the following conditions can be met: (a) An energy source must be available to deliver an energy of several megajoule within 10 see. (b) The energy source must be capable of concentrating the energy into a volume which is a small fraction of a em A machine of modest dimension can easily meet the first condition. Since the energy is delivered in form of an intense relativistic electron beam the energy can be concentrated into a very small volume if the strong selfmagnetic forces acting on the beam are utilized. In this way the second condition can be met. The energy and power which can be delivered by such a machine may even make possible the release of thermonuclear energy from the deuteriumdenterium reaction.
  • Further possible applications of the described apparatus include: (a) The use of the generated atomic particle beams for the production of transuranic elements by nuclear reactions. (b) The generation of intense X-ray flashes by the interaction of the electron beam with a solid target. (c) The use of the generated atomic particle beams to pump lasers. (d) The use of the intense electron beams to produce intense bursts of microwaves. (e) The use of the intense atomic particle beams to make beams of other rare subnuclear particles such as mesons, hyperons, etc., by elementary particle interactions of the primary beam with a target. (f) The use of two or more particle beams produced by several machines for clashing beam experiments in high energy physics.
  • thermonuclear or other applications by simultaneous bombardment from different directions.
  • the use of the various generated radiations for medical purposes especially cancer theraphy.
  • a magnetically insulated capacitor comprising, in combination, an outer torus; a coaxial inner torusaccommodated with spacing in said outer torus and defining therewith a highly evacuated space; emitting means for introducing electrical charge carriers into said space and located in the region of said outer torus; magnetic means generating in said space a timedependent magnetic field for forcing said electrical charge carriers onto said inner torus so as to accumulate a high electrical charge thereon, and for preventing discharge of said electrical charge from said inner torus to said outer torus; and discharge means pasing through said outer torus and defining with said inner torus a spark-over gap, said discharge means being adapted for conducting said high electrical charge outside the capacitor when said electrical charge reaches a sparkover value and traverses said gap.
  • said discharge means includes a discharge tube penetrating said outer torus; and a guide electrode supported in said discharge tube and defining said spark-over gap with said inner torus.
  • said discharge means further includes an anode window provided in said discharge tube and separating the interior of the capacitor from the exterior thereof.
  • said discharge means further includes a cathode window provided in said discharge tube and separating the interior of the capacitor from the exterior thereof.
  • said inner and outer tori have coinciding longitudinal axes; and wherein at least one of said inner and outer tori is provided with at least one slot extending substantially parallel to the respective one of said longitudinal axes.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Particle Accelerators (AREA)
  • Plasma Technology (AREA)
  • Lasers (AREA)
US336899A 1973-03-01 1973-03-01 Magnetically insulated capacitor, process for electrostatic energy storage and its applications Expired - Lifetime US3873930A (en)

Priority Applications (16)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US336899A US3873930A (en) 1973-03-01 1973-03-01 Magnetically insulated capacitor, process for electrostatic energy storage and its applications
ZA00741111A ZA741111B (en) 1973-03-01 1974-02-20 Magnetically insulated capacitor, process for electrostatic energy storage and its applications
GB810774A GB1455076A (en) 1973-03-01 1974-02-22 Magnetically insulated capacitor
IL44278A IL44278A0 (en) 1973-03-01 1974-02-25 Magnetically insulated capacitor,process for electrostatic energy storage and its applications
SE7402513A SE397019B (sv) 1973-03-01 1974-02-26 Magnetiskt isolerad elektrisk kondensator for uppnaende av mycket hoga spenningar och for lagring av elektrisk energi
IT48741/74A IT1003601B (it) 1973-03-01 1974-02-26 Condensatore elettrico magnetica mente isolato
DE2409327A DE2409327A1 (de) 1973-03-01 1974-02-27 Magnetisch isolierter kondensator und verfahren zur elektrostatischen energiespeicherung und deren anwendung
NL7402707A NL7402707A (pt) 1973-03-01 1974-02-28
JP49022890A JPS5048398A (pt) 1973-03-01 1974-02-28
BE6044474A BE811741A (fr) 1973-03-01 1974-02-28 Condensateur isole magnetiquement pour accumulation d'energie electrostatique
CH281974A CH583964A5 (pt) 1973-03-01 1974-02-28
CA193,761A CA1010964A (en) 1973-03-01 1974-02-28 Magnetically insulated capacitor, process for electrostatic energy storage and its applications
BR741525A BR7401525D0 (pt) 1973-03-01 1974-03-01 Capacitor magneticamente isolado
FR7407527A FR2220088A1 (pt) 1973-03-01 1974-03-01
AU66212/74A AU6621274A (en) 1973-03-01 1974-03-01 Magnetically insulated capacitor
LU69526A LU69526A1 (pt) 1973-03-01 1974-03-01

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US336899A US3873930A (en) 1973-03-01 1973-03-01 Magnetically insulated capacitor, process for electrostatic energy storage and its applications

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US3873930A true US3873930A (en) 1975-03-25

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US (1) US3873930A (pt)
JP (1) JPS5048398A (pt)
AU (1) AU6621274A (pt)
BE (1) BE811741A (pt)
BR (1) BR7401525D0 (pt)
CA (1) CA1010964A (pt)
CH (1) CH583964A5 (pt)
DE (1) DE2409327A1 (pt)
FR (1) FR2220088A1 (pt)
GB (1) GB1455076A (pt)
IL (1) IL44278A0 (pt)
IT (1) IT1003601B (pt)
LU (1) LU69526A1 (pt)
NL (1) NL7402707A (pt)
SE (1) SE397019B (pt)
ZA (1) ZA741111B (pt)

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2707742A1 (de) * 1977-02-23 1978-08-24 Runge Elektronenspeicher
US4303473A (en) * 1975-02-05 1981-12-01 Hitachi, Ltd. Torus type vacuum shell
US20050271181A1 (en) * 2003-04-24 2005-12-08 Board Of Regents Of The University And Community College System Of Nevada Apparatus and method for ignition of high-gain thermonuclear microexplosions with electric-pulse power
US20160365159A1 (en) * 2013-12-23 2016-12-15 Jackal Growl Publishing Co. Limited Nuclear fusor apparatus
US10672564B2 (en) 2018-09-23 2020-06-02 Kirk W. Rosener Electret energy storage system

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2997641A (en) * 1958-05-20 1961-08-22 William R Baker Plasma generator device
US3705998A (en) * 1972-01-27 1972-12-12 Us Army Negative ion generator

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2997641A (en) * 1958-05-20 1961-08-22 William R Baker Plasma generator device
US3705998A (en) * 1972-01-27 1972-12-12 Us Army Negative ion generator

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4303473A (en) * 1975-02-05 1981-12-01 Hitachi, Ltd. Torus type vacuum shell
DE2707742A1 (de) * 1977-02-23 1978-08-24 Runge Elektronenspeicher
US20050271181A1 (en) * 2003-04-24 2005-12-08 Board Of Regents Of The University And Community College System Of Nevada Apparatus and method for ignition of high-gain thermonuclear microexplosions with electric-pulse power
US20160365159A1 (en) * 2013-12-23 2016-12-15 Jackal Growl Publishing Co. Limited Nuclear fusor apparatus
US9905317B2 (en) * 2013-12-23 2018-02-27 Jackal Growl Publishing Co. Limited Nuclear fusor apparatus
US10672564B2 (en) 2018-09-23 2020-06-02 Kirk W. Rosener Electret energy storage system

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
SE397019B (sv) 1977-10-10
BR7401525D0 (pt) 1974-12-03
IT1003601B (it) 1976-06-10
GB1455076A (en) 1976-11-10
JPS5048398A (pt) 1975-04-30
DE2409327A1 (de) 1974-09-05
CA1010964A (en) 1977-05-24
BE811741A (fr) 1974-06-17
AU6621274A (en) 1975-09-04
NL7402707A (pt) 1974-09-03
LU69526A1 (pt) 1974-06-21
CH583964A5 (pt) 1977-01-14
ZA741111B (en) 1975-01-29
IL44278A0 (en) 1974-06-30
FR2220088A1 (pt) 1974-09-27

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