US3862568A - Method of and apparatus for producing fluid gravity and density analogs and flowmeters incorporating gravitometers - Google Patents

Method of and apparatus for producing fluid gravity and density analogs and flowmeters incorporating gravitometers Download PDF

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Publication number
US3862568A
US3862568A US265327A US26532772A US3862568A US 3862568 A US3862568 A US 3862568A US 265327 A US265327 A US 265327A US 26532772 A US26532772 A US 26532772A US 3862568 A US3862568 A US 3862568A
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United States
Prior art keywords
output
vane
amplifier
chamber
gas
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
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US265327A
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English (en)
Inventor
Gerald Lance Schlatter
Charles Eveleigh Miller
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TDK Micronas GmbH
ITT Inc
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Deutsche ITT Industries GmbH
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Application filed by Deutsche ITT Industries GmbH filed Critical Deutsche ITT Industries GmbH
Priority to US265327A priority Critical patent/US3862568A/en
Priority to GB2829173A priority patent/GB1431827A/en
Priority to DE2330477A priority patent/DE2330477A1/de
Priority to JP6968773A priority patent/JPS545977B2/ja
Priority to CA174,604A priority patent/CA983287A/en
Priority to NL7308683A priority patent/NL7308683A/xx
Priority to FR7322847A priority patent/FR2190268A5/fr
Priority to AU57234/73A priority patent/AU485325B2/en
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Publication of US3862568A publication Critical patent/US3862568A/en
Assigned to ITT CORPORATION reassignment ITT CORPORATION CHANGE OF NAME (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: INTERNATIONAL TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH CORPORATION
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01F—MEASURING VOLUME, VOLUME FLOW, MASS FLOW OR LIQUID LEVEL; METERING BY VOLUME
    • G01F1/00—Measuring the volume flow or mass flow of fluid or fluent solid material wherein the fluid passes through a meter in a continuous flow
    • G01F1/76—Devices for measuring mass flow of a fluid or a fluent solid material
    • G01F1/86—Indirect mass flowmeters, e.g. measuring volume flow and density, temperature or pressure
    • G01F1/88—Indirect mass flowmeters, e.g. measuring volume flow and density, temperature or pressure with differential-pressure measurement to determine the volume flow
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N9/00—Investigating density or specific gravity of materials; Analysing materials by determining density or specific gravity
    • G01N9/002—Investigating density or specific gravity of materials; Analysing materials by determining density or specific gravity using variation of the resonant frequency of an element vibrating in contact with the material submitted to analysis
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N9/00—Investigating density or specific gravity of materials; Analysing materials by determining density or specific gravity
    • G01N9/002—Investigating density or specific gravity of materials; Analysing materials by determining density or specific gravity using variation of the resonant frequency of an element vibrating in contact with the material submitted to analysis
    • G01N2009/004—Investigating density or specific gravity of materials; Analysing materials by determining density or specific gravity using variation of the resonant frequency of an element vibrating in contact with the material submitted to analysis comparing frequencies of two elements
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N9/00—Investigating density or specific gravity of materials; Analysing materials by determining density or specific gravity
    • G01N9/002—Investigating density or specific gravity of materials; Analysing materials by determining density or specific gravity using variation of the resonant frequency of an element vibrating in contact with the material submitted to analysis
    • G01N2009/008—Schlatter vibrating vane type

Definitions

  • a thermally conductive housing stores heat and equalizes the temperature between a gas of interest and air.
  • the air is kept dry by a desiccator.
  • the gas is circulated through a first chamber in the housing containing one vane. Air occupies a second chamber having another vane therein. Both chambers are vented to the atmosphere.
  • the gas is circulated through the first chamber very slowly so that the pressures in both chambers are approximately equal to atmospheric.
  • gravity. G is
  • F is the ratio of ambient air temperature to ambient air pressure
  • Af is the difference between the vane frequencies.
  • gravity is computed in a manner similar to G 1 VAtAf where,
  • V is a contant
  • At is the reciprocal of the difference between the air vane frequency and a vacuum frequency, f,,,
  • the F factor is incorporated by using a pressure regulator with a flexible diaphragm betweena sealed dry air chamber and a third gas chamber connected from the first chamber and vented to the atmosphere through a valve controlled by the diaphragm.
  • gravity is hereby defined for use herein and in the claims to mean the same thing that it conventionally means in this art, i.e., it is hereby defined to mean the ratio of the density of a gas to the density of air at the same temperature and pressure. As will be explained hereinafter, the gravity of a gas is otherwise substantially independent of temperature and pressure.
  • an instantaneous indication of density or gravity or signals directly proportional thereto may be obtained through the use of a vibration densitometer having a spring metal cantilevered ferromagnetic vane.
  • Two such densitometers may be used in a gravitometer.
  • the gravitometer thereof may be used in one or more total volume or rate of volume flow flowmeters to provide an analog output signal directly proportional to rate of volume flow.
  • the gravitometers and flowmeters of the present invention thus have a much faster speed of response and are more accurate than gravitometers and flowmeters of the prior art.
  • the gravitometers of the present invention have utility when used by themselves and not in a flowmeter.
  • the output of a gravitometer constructed in accordance with the present invention may be connected to one or more process controllers, orxto a DC. milliammeter or recorder calibrated in gravity, or any other apparatus.
  • a gravity indication is thus useful in estimating the BTU content of natural gas. It can be used in determining performance under gas delivery contracts specifying BTU content. Further, estimated BTU content is also frequently used for billing purposes.
  • automatic process controllers can be operated from the gravitometers of the present invention to maintain automatically any desired gravity or BTU content.
  • Another feature of the present invention resides in the unexpected use of a single power amplifier and driver coil to vibrate two vanes even though the two vanes vibrate at different frequencies.
  • FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic view of a flowmeter
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a pickup shown in FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 3 is a graph of a group of waveforms characteristic of the operation of the invention shown in FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic view of a flowmeter constructed in accordance with an alternative embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 5 is a diagrammatic view of a gravitometer
  • FIG. 6 is a top plan view of a twin cell assembly indicated diagrammatically in FIG. 5;
  • FIG. 7 is a vertical sectional view taken on the line 7-7 through a mounting bolt shown in FIG. 6;
  • FIG. 8 is a vertical sectional view taken on the line 88 shown in FIG. 6;
  • FIG. 9 is a horizontal sectional view taken on the line 9-9 shown in FIG. 8;
  • FIG. 10 is a vertical sectional view taken on the line 10-10 shown in FIG. 6;
  • FIG. 11 is a vertical sectional view taken on the line 11-11 shown in FIG. 10;
  • FIG. 12 is a vertical sectional view taken on the line 12-12 shown in FIG. 6;
  • FIG. 13 is a horizontal sectional view taken on the line 13-13 shown in FIG. 12;
  • FIG. 14 is a perspective view of a ferromagnetic rod shown in FIGS. 6, 10, 11 and 12;
  • FIG. 15 is a vertical sectional view taken on the line 15-15 shown in FIG. 6; i
  • FIG. 16 is a horizontal sectional view taken on the line 16-16 shown in FIG. 15;
  • FIG. 17 is a schematic diagram of a portion of the circuit shown in FIG. 5;
  • FIG. 18 is a diagrammatic view of an alternative gravitometer constructed in accordance with the present invention.
  • FIG. 19 is a schematic diagram of an analog adder shown in FIG. 18;
  • FIG. 20 is a schematic diagram of portions of the blocks shown in FIG. 18;
  • FIG. 21 is a graph ofa group of waveforms characteristic of the operation of the gravitometer alternative embodiment of FIG. 18;
  • FIG. 22 is a block diagram of an alternative embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 23 is a rear elevational view of a gravity cell shown in FIG. 22;
  • FIG. 24 is a top plan view of the cell shown in FIG. 23;
  • FIG. 25 is a side elevational view of the cell shown in FIG. 23;
  • FIG. 26 is a transverse sectional view of the cell taken on the line 26-26 shown in FIG. 23;
  • FIG. 27 is a vertical sectional view of the cell taken on the line 27-27 shown in FIG. 24;
  • FIG. 28 is a longitudinal sectional view of a conventional pressure relay
  • FIG. 29 is a block diagram further illustrating the embodiment of the invention shown in FIG. 22;
  • FIG. 30 is a schematic diagram of a frequency-tovoltage converter
  • FIGS. 31 and 32 are schematic diagrams of still another embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIGS. 33 and 34 are graphs of a group of waveforms characteristic of the operation of the embodiment shown in FIGS. 31 and 32.
  • P is the static pressure in a pipeline 30 shown in FIG.
  • AP is the differential pressure across an orifice 32.
  • T is the absolute temperature of the gas
  • G is the gravity of the gas.
  • the gravity, G, of a gas is defined by G Pa/Pa which is equal to a constant.
  • T absolute temperature. If p is density, then p M/V Thus, combining (4) and (5),
  • Equations (8) and (9) are analogous to (6) for a gas. g, of interest and air, a.
  • Pg 18 a/Tu Equation (11) thus indicates that G is truly independent of which set of temperature and pressure conditions are selected.
  • Equation (1) may be proven as follows. The flow. 0,,
  • A is the orifice area
  • g is acceleration due to the earths gravity
  • Hg is the differential pressure head in feet across the orifice. To convert the differential head to inches of air y Hnpn/ l P p K GP/T where,
  • K ZlTaIPa and A p is equal to H p (pressure equals height times density).
  • FIG. 1 mechanizes equation (1) for continuously indicating total volume flow in standard cubic feet.
  • FIG. 1 a portion of a pipeline is indicated at 30 having a disc 31 fixed therein to provide an orifice 32.
  • a differential pressure transducer 33 senses the difference between the pressures on opposite sides of orifice 32.
  • a static pressure transducer 34 senses the pressure on one side of orifice 32.
  • a temperature transducer '35 senses the temperature on one side of the orifice 32.
  • a multiplier 36, a multiplier 37, a divider 38 and a square root extractor 39 are provided.
  • An output circuit 40 is connected from the output of square root extractor 39.
  • Output circuit 40 includes a pickoff 41, a saw-tooth generator 42, an inverter 43, a burst oscillator 44, a gate 45 and a counter 46.
  • Differential pressure transducer 33 produces a DC. current on an output lead 47 which is directly proportional to the difference between the pressures on opposite sides of the orifice 32.
  • Static pressure transducer 34 produces a DC. current on an output lead 48 directly proportional to the pressure on one side of orifice 32.
  • Temperature transducer 35 produces a DC. current on an output lead 49 directly proportional to the temperature of the gas inside pipeline portion 30 on one side of orifice 32.
  • a gravitometer 50 is connected from pipeline portion 30 on one side of orifice 32 to produce a DC. output current on an output lead 51 directly proportional to the gravity of the gas in pipeline portion 30.
  • Multiplier 36 is connected from leads 49 and 51. The output of multiplier 36 is impressed upon an output lead 52 which is connected to divider 38. Multiplier 36 then produces an output current in lead 52 which is directly proportional to the product of the output currents of temperature transducer 35 and gravitometer 50.
  • Multiplier 37 is connected from both of the pressure transducers 33 and 34 to divider 38.
  • Multiplier 37 has an output lead 53, the current in which is directly proportional to the product of the current outputs of the pressure transducers 33 and 34.
  • divider 38 has an output lead 54 which carries a DC. voltage directly proportional to the output of multiplier 37 divided by the output of multiplier 36.
  • Divider 38 may, if desired, include a current-to-voltage converter at its output.
  • a current-to-voltage converter for example, may be simply a resistor connected from the output of divider 38 to ground.
  • any component part of the invention employed to produce a current analog may be employed to produce a voltage analog.
  • Square root extractor 39 has an output lead 55 upon which a DC. voltage is impressed which is directly proportional to the square root of the output of divider 38.
  • Pickoff 41 has an output lead 56 upon which a square wave is impressed. This square wave is generated by comparing the amplitude of the saw-tooth output of generator 42 with the amplitude of the DC. voltage on lead 55.
  • Inverter 43 is connected over an output lead 57 to gate 45. Inverter 43 inverts the square wave output of pickoff 41.
  • Burst oscillator 44 produces output pulses at a constant rate and at a pulse repetition frequency (PRF) which is large in comparison to the PRF of the square wave appearing on inverter output lead 57.
  • PRF pulse repetition frequency

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  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Measuring Volume Flow (AREA)
  • Details Of Flowmeters (AREA)
  • Indication And Recording Devices For Special Purposes And Tariff Metering Devices (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analyzing Materials By The Use Of Magnetic Means (AREA)
US265327A 1972-06-22 1972-06-22 Method of and apparatus for producing fluid gravity and density analogs and flowmeters incorporating gravitometers Expired - Lifetime US3862568A (en)

Priority Applications (8)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US265327A US3862568A (en) 1972-06-22 1972-06-22 Method of and apparatus for producing fluid gravity and density analogs and flowmeters incorporating gravitometers
GB2829173A GB1431827A (en) 1972-06-22 1973-06-14 Gravitometers
DE2330477A DE2330477A1 (de) 1972-06-22 1973-06-15 Durchflussmessystem
JP6968773A JPS545977B2 (US20100223739A1-20100909-C00025.png) 1972-06-22 1973-06-20
CA174,604A CA983287A (en) 1972-06-22 1973-06-21 Method of and apparatus for producing fluid gravity and density analogs and flowmeters incorporating gravitometers
NL7308683A NL7308683A (US20100223739A1-20100909-C00025.png) 1972-06-22 1973-06-21
FR7322847A FR2190268A5 (US20100223739A1-20100909-C00025.png) 1972-06-22 1973-06-22
AU57234/73A AU485325B2 (en) 1972-06-22 1973-06-22 Method and apparatus for producing fluid gravity and density analogs and flowmeters incorporating gravitometers

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US265327A US3862568A (en) 1972-06-22 1972-06-22 Method of and apparatus for producing fluid gravity and density analogs and flowmeters incorporating gravitometers

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US3862568A true US3862568A (en) 1975-01-28

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US (1) US3862568A (US20100223739A1-20100909-C00025.png)
JP (1) JPS545977B2 (US20100223739A1-20100909-C00025.png)
CA (1) CA983287A (US20100223739A1-20100909-C00025.png)
DE (1) DE2330477A1 (US20100223739A1-20100909-C00025.png)
FR (1) FR2190268A5 (US20100223739A1-20100909-C00025.png)
GB (1) GB1431827A (US20100223739A1-20100909-C00025.png)
NL (1) NL7308683A (US20100223739A1-20100909-C00025.png)

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3934127A (en) * 1974-10-23 1976-01-20 International Telephone And Telegraph Corporation Gravitometers
JPS5237488A (en) * 1975-09-19 1977-03-23 Japan Synthetic Rubber Co Ltd Method and apparatus for highly accurately measuring density and conce ntration of solutions
US6539817B2 (en) * 1999-03-05 2003-04-01 Meridian Bioscience, Inc. Biological sampling and storage container utilizing a desiccant
US20030200816A1 (en) * 2001-06-14 2003-10-30 Francisco Edward E. Method and apparatus for measuring a fluid characteristic
US20060215163A1 (en) * 2005-03-28 2006-09-28 Honeywell International, Inc. Air purged optical densitometer

Families Citing this family (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3958443A (en) * 1974-06-17 1976-05-25 Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. Apparatus for proving and calibrating cryogenic flow meters
US3918292A (en) * 1974-11-15 1975-11-11 Itt Gravitometer
US3926035A (en) * 1974-11-29 1975-12-16 Itt Gravitometer
CH616743A5 (en) * 1977-07-01 1980-04-15 Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie Device for measuring the density of gaseous media.
US4349881A (en) * 1980-07-14 1982-09-14 International Telephone And Telegraph Corporation Vibration instruments
JPS6193242A (ja) * 1984-10-12 1986-05-12 Mazda Motor Corp 過給機付エンジンの燃料制御装置
JPS6193243A (ja) * 1984-10-12 1986-05-12 Mazda Motor Corp 過給機付エンジンの燃料制御装置

Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1527721A (en) * 1920-10-13 1925-02-24 Gen Electric Method and apparatus for indicating variations in the proportions. of a gas mixture
US1906985A (en) * 1928-11-23 1933-05-02 Western Electric Co Vibratory frequency standard
US3002373A (en) * 1957-09-27 1961-10-03 Garman O Kimmell Gas gravitometers
US3117440A (en) * 1960-09-12 1964-01-14 Lockheed Aircraft Corp Densitometer
US3134035A (en) * 1957-10-22 1964-05-19 Philamon Lab Inc Tuning fork resonator with driving and feedback coils decoupling
US3572094A (en) * 1969-04-18 1971-03-23 Automation Prod Gas density measuring apparatus
US3603137A (en) * 1968-11-05 1971-09-07 Automation Prod Vibrating method and apparatus for determining the physical properties of material
US3715912A (en) * 1971-04-08 1973-02-13 Itt Densitometer

Patent Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1527721A (en) * 1920-10-13 1925-02-24 Gen Electric Method and apparatus for indicating variations in the proportions. of a gas mixture
US1906985A (en) * 1928-11-23 1933-05-02 Western Electric Co Vibratory frequency standard
US3002373A (en) * 1957-09-27 1961-10-03 Garman O Kimmell Gas gravitometers
US3134035A (en) * 1957-10-22 1964-05-19 Philamon Lab Inc Tuning fork resonator with driving and feedback coils decoupling
US3117440A (en) * 1960-09-12 1964-01-14 Lockheed Aircraft Corp Densitometer
US3603137A (en) * 1968-11-05 1971-09-07 Automation Prod Vibrating method and apparatus for determining the physical properties of material
US3572094A (en) * 1969-04-18 1971-03-23 Automation Prod Gas density measuring apparatus
US3715912A (en) * 1971-04-08 1973-02-13 Itt Densitometer

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3934127A (en) * 1974-10-23 1976-01-20 International Telephone And Telegraph Corporation Gravitometers
JPS5237488A (en) * 1975-09-19 1977-03-23 Japan Synthetic Rubber Co Ltd Method and apparatus for highly accurately measuring density and conce ntration of solutions
JPS574861B2 (US20100223739A1-20100909-C00025.png) * 1975-09-19 1982-01-27
US6539817B2 (en) * 1999-03-05 2003-04-01 Meridian Bioscience, Inc. Biological sampling and storage container utilizing a desiccant
US20030200816A1 (en) * 2001-06-14 2003-10-30 Francisco Edward E. Method and apparatus for measuring a fluid characteristic
US6732570B2 (en) 2001-06-14 2004-05-11 Calibron Systems, Inc. Method and apparatus for measuring a fluid characteristic
US20060215163A1 (en) * 2005-03-28 2006-09-28 Honeywell International, Inc. Air purged optical densitometer
US7319524B2 (en) * 2005-03-28 2008-01-15 Honeywell International, Inc. Air purged optical densitometer

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPS4958871A (US20100223739A1-20100909-C00025.png) 1974-06-07
FR2190268A5 (US20100223739A1-20100909-C00025.png) 1974-01-25
AU5723473A (en) 1975-01-09
DE2330477A1 (de) 1974-01-17
NL7308683A (US20100223739A1-20100909-C00025.png) 1973-12-27
JPS545977B2 (US20100223739A1-20100909-C00025.png) 1979-03-23
CA983287A (en) 1976-02-10
GB1431827A (en) 1976-04-14

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