US3854332A - Incendiary capture device - Google Patents
Incendiary capture device Download PDFInfo
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- US3854332A US3854332A US00400449A US40044973A US3854332A US 3854332 A US3854332 A US 3854332A US 00400449 A US00400449 A US 00400449A US 40044973 A US40044973 A US 40044973A US 3854332 A US3854332 A US 3854332A
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- powder
- container
- incendiary
- particles
- fluidized
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- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 238000005243 fluidization Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910000028 potassium bicarbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000015497 potassium bicarbonate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011736 potassium bicarbonate Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- TYJJADVDDVDEDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium hydrogencarbonate Chemical compound [K+].OC([O-])=O TYJJADVDDVDEDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000000859 sublimation Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000008022 sublimation Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000003213 activating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004563 wettable powder Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 235000011089 carbon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 11
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 16
- 241000284156 Clerodendrum quadriloculare Species 0.000 description 3
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920006328 Styrofoam Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000008261 styrofoam Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000012935 Averaging Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 244000228957 Ferula foetida Species 0.000 description 1
- 240000007182 Ochroma pyramidale Species 0.000 description 1
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003599 detergent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013213 extrapolation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000003746 feather Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000284 resting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004078 waterproofing Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/22—Fuels; Explosives
- G01N33/227—Explosives, e.g. combustive properties thereof
Definitions
- PATENTEU HEB 7 i974 sum 3 or '5 ARROW PENETRATION, CM
- incendiary particles are captured in a fluidized bed of inert nonwettable powder.
- the powder is fluidized by placing readily obtainable dry ice under the powder in sufficientquantity to keep the bed of power fluidized by the gas produced by sublimation of the dry ice.
- the apparent density of the fluidized. bed can be adjusted by regulating the quantity and'block size of the dry ice used and incendiary particles are easily recoverable from the device.
- the container 11 is hung a basket l2 by means of han-' supports a screen bottom 14 with mesh fine enough to retain the smallest particle practically useful to retrieve.
- layers of chunks of dry ice 15 are shown in the bottom of the container and a second layer of dry ice in the basket.
- the remainer of the space in the container is nearlyv filled with a non-wettable inert powder 16.
- the powder is indicated as being essentially potassium bi carbonate KHCO although any of a number of inert powders may be used. It is also desirable that the powder be insoluble and non-wettable.
- a conveniently available and highly suitable powder was found to be a fire extinguisher powder consisting of KHCO finely ground and treatedwith a silicone compound 'tomake it insoluble and .non-wettable.
- This powder popularly known as PurpleK is a US. Government stock item supplied by Chemical Concentrates Corporation, Fort Washington, PA, .to MlLF--22 2- 87A* in 50 lb. steel buckets. These buckets were found to make excellent containers for the purposes of this invention. 92 percent'by weight KHCO; 0.2 max moisture; remainder silicone waterproofing and anti-caking ingredients.
- This arrangement provides a soft cool extinguishing bed of fluidized powder to catch incendiary particles for study.
- the basket frame 12 KE /2 0.00203/32.2 x (58.4) a 0.1071 ft-lb.
- the next step is to measure the energy absorption by penetration.
- the incendiary particles were simulated by arrows in which the tips were styrofoam balls of one-eighth, one-fourth, or onehalf ml volume, the shafts were balsa wood, and instead of feathers, paper fins were used at the rear for stability.
- the shafts and fins were tailored so that the total weight of the arrows divided by the volume of the styrofoam balls gave an apparent density equal to that of solid white phosphorusnamely, about 1.85.
- a notch was cut at the back of each shaft so that gram weights could be hung by fine threads for the static penetration tests.
- the penetration data were obtained by noting the depth of penetration for various loads on the arrow. By measuring the area under the resulting curves of penetration depth versus load and replotting it as energy absorbed versus penetration depth, one can then readily determine penetration. depth for any kinetic energy. The use of such an arrow for these tests made it convenient to measure penetration into an opaque medium.
- a drop penetration test was made to check the validity of these calculations. It was difficult to arrange al00-ft drop test, so the drops were made from a height of 11.2 ft, for which it was calculated the z-ml cube should penetrate 7.5 inches. A total of 6 drops were made, averaging 7.2 inches penetration, which was considered a reasonably good check.
- This capture device avoids the thermal shock of liqv uid-quenching of burning particles and also the forces of surface impact. It also provides a protective medium until retrieval.
- a fluidized bed is produced without r'esort to mechanical pumps or cylinders or compressed gas; the apparatus is extremely simple and inexpensive.
- the fluidized bed can be produced by piping in any other desired inert gas, or by using other frozen gases which vaporized directly from the solid. Any other suitable inert powder compatible with the incendiary materials may be used.
- the non-wettable property of the Purple K powder used makes it easy to flush the powder away from the retrieved particles.
- a method of investigating the effectiveness of incendiar'y weapons including: placing a plurality of containers in spaced relationship in an area surrounding a weapon to be tested;
- Apparatus according to claim 6 including a basket fitted in said container and having a metal'screen bottom and handles extending outside said container.
- said means for fluidization comprises solidified carbon dioxide; and 3 a basket fitted in said container-and having a metal screen bottom and handles extending outside said container.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
Abstract
A method and apparatus is provided for catching and extinguishing burning particles so that they may be retrieved for study. A receptacle filled with inert powder is placed within the realm of falling particles and the inert powder fluidized, for example, by sublimating cubes of dry ice placed under the powder.
Description
United State s Patent [191 Smith 1451 Dec; 17, 1974 [5 INCENDIARY CAPTURE DEVICE 3,793,101 2/1974 Mullarkey 23/230 1 c x [75] Inventor: Warren K. Smith, Poway, Calif; FOREIGN PATENTS OR APPLICATIONS 73 Assignee; The United States of America as 579,473 7/1959 Canada 73/l67 represented by the Secretary of the I Navy, Washington, DC. Primary Examiner'Richard C. Queisser Assistant Examiner]oseph W. Roskos- V [22] Flled Sept 1973 Att0rney,.Agent, o'r Firm-R. S. Sciascia; Roy Miller; [21] Appl. No.: 400,449 Gerald F. Baker 52 us. Cl. 73/167 [57] ABSTRACT V [51] Int. Cl. GOln 33/22 A method n pp ra is pro i ed for catching and [58] Field of Search 73/167, 28, 35, 432 R; x ingu hing rning p r icles s hat theymay be re- 23/230 PC trieved for study. A receptacle filled with inert powder is placed within the realm of falling particles and the [56] Refer nces Cit d inert powder fluidized, for example, by sublimating UNITED STATES PATENTS cubes of dry ice placed under the powder.
3,475,965 11/1969 Koblin et al. 73/28 10 Claims, 3 Drawing Figures PATENTEL; can 1 7 I974 sum 1 or 5 Fig. I
PATEHTEL SUI] H974 sum 2 0F 5 ARROW PENETRATION, CM
Fig. 2
PATENTEU HEB] 7 i974 sum 3 or '5 ARROW PENETRATION, CM
Fig. 3
INCENDIARY CAPTURE DEVICE BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION from surface combustion during their trajectory. Upon impact, the hot particles or droplets spatter into much smaller pieces, which are either lost or completely burned up before recovery. It is then practically impossible to study the size distribution and character of the particles so that this can be related to target damage potential.
Considerable effort has been made in the past to find a suitable medium to capture burning white phosphorus particles from shells and grenades. Various detergent solutions, foams, and soft fibrous beds were tried without success. It is also necessary to quench and prevent further burning immediately upon capture, and this requirement may have prevented successful employment of some of the candidate media. Some success has been reported with an indirect method consisting of catching the white phosphorus particles on wet sand. The particles spatter upon impact, of course, producing star-burst patterns on the wet sand. It is, therefore, necessary to have a calibration of star-burst size versus known white phosphorus particle sizes in order to evaulate the star-bursts obtained from this method. However, no knowledge was gained in such tests as to particle shape and condition or what proportion was yet unburned. H
In addition to the requirements of softness of the recovery bed, practically zero surface tension, ability to cool the incendiary particle rapidly and prevent further oxidation, there is also the necessity for a low-cost and simple system. As. many as 24 catching devices may be arrayed around the shell burst point. These must be serviced and the product removed rapidly after each test.
According to the present, invention, incendiary particles are captured in a fluidized bed of inert nonwettable powder. The powder is fluidized by placing readily obtainable dry ice under the powder in sufficientquantity to keep the bed of power fluidized by the gas produced by sublimation of the dry ice. The apparent density of the fluidized. bed can be adjusted by regulating the quantity and'block size of the dry ice used and incendiary particles are easily recoverable from the device.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE sEvERALvIEws OF THE DRAWING the container 11 is hung a basket l2 by means of han-' supports a screen bottom 14 with mesh fine enough to retain the smallest particle practically useful to retrieve. In this instance layers of chunks of dry ice 15 are shown in the bottom of the container and a second layer of dry ice in the basket. The remainer of the space in the container is nearlyv filled with a non-wettable inert powder 16. 'In the device shown in FIG. 1, the powder is indicated as being essentially potassium bi carbonate KHCO although any of a number of inert powders may be used. It is also desirable that the powder be insoluble and non-wettable.
A conveniently available and highly suitable powder was found to be a fire extinguisher powder consisting of KHCO finely ground and treatedwith a silicone compound 'tomake it insoluble and .non-wettable. This powder popularly known as PurpleK is a US. Government stock item supplied by Chemical Concentrates Corporation, Fort Washington, PA, .to MlLF--22 2- 87A* in 50 lb. steel buckets. These buckets were found to make excellent containers for the purposes of this invention. 92 percent'by weight KHCO; 0.2 max moisture; remainder silicone waterproofing and anti-caking ingredients.
This arrangement provides a soft cool extinguishing bed of fluidized powder to catch incendiary particles for study. v
ANALYSIS In the beginning it was established as general guidelines that particle sizes of one-eighth, one-fourth and one-half ml by volume were to be expected and that they might have fallen from a maximum height of 100 ft. From-this the maximum energy to be absorbed by a capture medium was calculated by the following procedure:
The kinetic energy of the falling WP particle is given by and in turn the velocity, v, at the'end of 100-ft fall is given by where V terminal velocity S= cross-sectional area of the particle At terminal velocity, weight drag, hence where p =Iair density, slug/ft r C drag. coefi'icient, 0.47
I Fluid-Dynamic Drag," by S. F. Hoemcr. I965, pp. 3-8'.
dles l3 resting on the upper rim. The basket frame 12 KE /2 0.00203/32.2 x (58.4) a 0.1071 ft-lb.
This kinetic energy must be absorbed within a reasonable depth of penetration into the capture medium. The next step, therefore, is to measure the energy absorption by penetration. For this purpose the incendiary particles were simulated by arrows in which the tips were styrofoam balls of one-eighth, one-fourth, or onehalf ml volume, the shafts were balsa wood, and instead of feathers, paper fins were used at the rear for stability. The shafts and fins were tailored so that the total weight of the arrows divided by the volume of the styrofoam balls gave an apparent density equal to that of solid white phosphorusnamely, about 1.85. A notch was cut at the back of each shaft so that gram weights could be hung by fine threads for the static penetration tests.
The penetration data were obtained by noting the depth of penetration for various loads on the arrow. By measuring the area under the resulting curves of penetration depth versus load and replotting it as energy absorbed versus penetration depth, one can then readily determine penetration. depth for any kinetic energy. The use of such an arrow for these tests made it convenient to measure penetration into an opaque medium.
Five pounds of dry ice in blocks averaging about 2 X 3 X 1 inches were placed in the bottom of a'Purple K bucket, evenly scattered, and 45 pounds of Purple K powder were slowly shoveled on top of the dry ice. The apparent volume increased about 25 percent due to the boiling or fluidizing action. Gram weights were hung on two arrows, one with a /z-ml cube and the other with a Vz-ml sphere of styrofoam, to obtain load versus penetration curves as'shown in FIG. 2. These were replotted as energy absorbed (area under the curves) versus penetration (FIG. 3). As noted earlier, a value of 0.1071 ft-lb or 1,480 g-cm was obtained fora /2-ml particle falling 100 ft. This exceeds the range of the curves of FIG. 2, but an extrapolation gives a penetration depth of 34 cm or 13.4 inches, therefore, the -inch-deep bucket of Purple K would be sufficient.
A drop penetration test was made to check the validity of these calculations. It was difficult to arrange al00-ft drop test, so the drops were made from a height of 11.2 ft, for which it was calculated the z-ml cube should penetrate 7.5 inches. A total of 6 drops were made, averaging 7.2 inches penetration, which was considered a reasonably good check.
CONCLUSION This capture device avoids the thermal shock of liqv uid-quenching of burning particles and also the forces of surface impact. It also provides a protective medium until retrieval. A fluidized bed is produced without r'esort to mechanical pumps or cylinders or compressed gas; the apparatus is extremely simple and inexpensive.
The fluidized bed can be produced by piping in any other desired inert gas, or by using other frozen gases which vaporized directly from the solid. Any other suitable inert powder compatible with the incendiary materials may be used.
Particles caught in the beds of powderare retrieved by lifting the basket and washing away any powder clinging to the particles. Maintaining some dry ice on the screen aids in moving the basket through the powder and fluidization maybe continued indefinitelyby addition of dry ice above and below the screen while tests are being conducted.
The non-wettable property of the Purple K powder used makes it easy to flush the powder away from the retrieved particles.
What is claimed is: l. A method of investigating the effectiveness of incendiar'y weapons including: placing a plurality of containers in spaced relationship in an area surrounding a weapon to be tested;
creating a fluidized bed of inert powder in each container; activating the test weapon; and
examining any incendiary particles falling into said a quantity of inert nonwettable powder in said container; means associated with said container for causing said powder to assume a state of fluidization; and means for separating and removing from said powder particles of incendiary matter entering said container.
7. Apparatus according to claim 6 wherein said powder consists essentially of potassium bicarbonate.
8.. Apparatus according to claim 6 wherein said means for fluidization comprises solidified carbon dioxide.
9. Apparatus according to claim 6 including a basket fitted in said container and having a metal'screen bottom and handles extending outside said container.
'10. Apparatus according to claim 6 wherein said powder consists essentially of potassium bicarbonate treated to be nonwettable;
said means for fluidization comprises solidified carbon dioxide; and 3 a basket fitted in said container-and having a metal screen bottom and handles extending outside said container.
Claims (10)
1. A method of investigating the effectiveness of incendiary weapons including: placing a plurality of containers in spaced relationship in an area surrounding a weapon to be tested; creating a fluidized bed of inert powder in each container; activating the test weapon; and examining any incendiary particles falling into said fluidized beds.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein said powder is treated to be non-wettable.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the powder comprises potassium bicarbonate treated to be non-wettable.
4. The method of claim 3 wherein said powder is fluidized by sublimation of solidified carbon dioxide.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein said powder is fluidized by sublimation of solidified carbon dioxide.
6. Apparatus for catching and retrieving incendiary particles comprising: a container; a quantity of inert non-wettable powder in said container; means associated with said container for causing said powder to assume a state of fluidization; and means for separating and removing from said powder particles of incendiary matter entering said container.
7. Apparatus according to claim 6 wherein said powder consists essentially of potassium bicarbonate.
8. Apparatus according to claim 6 wherein said means for fluidization comprises solidified carbon dioxide.
9. Apparatus according to claim 6 including a basket fitted in said cOntainer and having a metal screen bottom and handles extending outside said container.
10. Apparatus according to claim 6 wherein said powder consists essentially of potassium bicarbonate treated to be nonwettable; said means for fluidization comprises solidified carbon dioxide; and a basket fitted in said container and having a metal screen bottom and handles extending outside said container.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US00400449A US3854332A (en) | 1973-09-24 | 1973-09-24 | Incendiary capture device |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US00400449A US3854332A (en) | 1973-09-24 | 1973-09-24 | Incendiary capture device |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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US3854332A true US3854332A (en) | 1974-12-17 |
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US00400449A Expired - Lifetime US3854332A (en) | 1973-09-24 | 1973-09-24 | Incendiary capture device |
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Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6123797A (en) * | 1995-06-23 | 2000-09-26 | The Dow Chemical Company | Method for coating a non-wetting fluidizable and material onto a substrate |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CA579473A (en) * | 1959-07-14 | C. Dear John | Method of and apparatus for recovering projectiles from a firing range | |
US3475965A (en) * | 1968-03-01 | 1969-11-04 | Us Army | Continuous and automatic fallout sampler |
US3793101A (en) * | 1971-06-16 | 1974-02-19 | Thermal Reduction Corp | Method for ammunition disposal |
-
1973
- 1973-09-24 US US00400449A patent/US3854332A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CA579473A (en) * | 1959-07-14 | C. Dear John | Method of and apparatus for recovering projectiles from a firing range | |
US3475965A (en) * | 1968-03-01 | 1969-11-04 | Us Army | Continuous and automatic fallout sampler |
US3793101A (en) * | 1971-06-16 | 1974-02-19 | Thermal Reduction Corp | Method for ammunition disposal |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6123797A (en) * | 1995-06-23 | 2000-09-26 | The Dow Chemical Company | Method for coating a non-wetting fluidizable and material onto a substrate |
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