US3834374A - Diagnostic electrical scanning - Google Patents

Diagnostic electrical scanning Download PDF

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Publication number
US3834374A
US3834374A US00241635A US24163572A US3834374A US 3834374 A US3834374 A US 3834374A US 00241635 A US00241635 A US 00241635A US 24163572 A US24163572 A US 24163572A US 3834374 A US3834374 A US 3834374A
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electrode
potential
exploratory
skin
electrodes
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M Ensanian
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/24—Detecting, measuring or recording bioelectric or biomagnetic signals of the body or parts thereof
    • A61B5/316—Modalities, i.e. specific diagnostic methods
    • A61B5/318—Heart-related electrical modalities, e.g. electrocardiography [ECG]
    • A61B5/332—Portable devices specially adapted therefor
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B2562/00—Details of sensors; Constructional details of sensor housings or probes; Accessories for sensors
    • A61B2562/02—Details of sensors specially adapted for in-vivo measurements
    • A61B2562/0209—Special features of electrodes classified in A61B5/24, A61B5/25, A61B5/283, A61B5/291, A61B5/296, A61B5/053
    • A61B2562/0217—Electrolyte containing

Definitions

  • Body surface bioelectrical potentials are determined [52] 128/ 128/ and recorded by use of a stationary electrode in 51 I Cl A64, contact with the body surface and an exploratory elec- 'f i G 2 06 R trode which comprises a rotatable element, that pref- 1 g 2 2 1 4 erably carries an electrolyte.
  • Scanning of the body surh 4 face along a continuous path or over an area is carried out by rolling at least one exploratory electrode over the said surface, thus permitting mapping of the po- [56] References cued tentials along the line or over the area contacted by UNITED STATES PATENTS the exploratory electrode, whereby abnormalities of 1,049,759 l/1913 Oliver 128/405 the skin or portions of the body under the skin may be 1,681,628 8/1928 Schwarzkopf et al. l28/2.06 G detected.
  • This invention relates to a process for dynamically measuring and recording bioelectrical potentials on the body surface and to mapping the body surface or portions thereof with respect to such potentials.
  • Electrocardiograms are routinely used to detect cardiac lesions and other cardiac abnormalities.
  • Electroencephalograms which reflect the activity of the brain are widely used in the examination of patients having brain tumors and lesions. In both cases electrical currents generated in the respective organs are recorded and the recorded wave patterns are interpreted by comparison with other recordings. The recording is accomplished by determining the generated potentials between a plurality of electrodes applied to the body surface at predetermined points or betweentwo or more electrodes at least one of which is successively applied to different points on the body surface.
  • bioelectrical potential readings can be obtained by scanning along a line or over an area of the body surface. Such readings in many cases provide meaningful data as to the condition of the skin and underlying organs or other portions and may permit diagnosis of body conditions.
  • the potential readings can be taken continuously along a path on the body surface using only two electrodes. Apparatus suitable for determining the body surface potential according to the invention is disclosed in copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 79,033, filed Oct. 8, 1970.
  • the present process consists in feeding the continuous electrical potential reading obtained between two electrodes to a suitable recording instrument such as a strip chart recorder.
  • a suitable recording instrument such as a strip chart recorder.
  • One of the electrodes is stationary and in contact with the body at a suitable location.
  • the second or exploratory electrode comprises a rotatable element which is rolled over a predetermined path on the body surface, the variations in potential along the path of the electrode being shown as a continuous line or trace on the recorder chart.
  • the exploratory electrode is moved with substantially constant speed there is a virtual one to one correspondence between points along the recorded trace and points on the skin along the path of the electrode that can be readily used to determine the potential at any such point on the skin.
  • Changes in the potential along the path of the exploratory electrode are indicative, not only of changing skin resistance but also of the electrical activity of organs and other bodyportions beneath the skin.
  • the rotatable element of the-exploratory electrode carries an electrolyte to ensure good skin contact. It will be understood, however, that the velocity of the rolling electrode does not affect thepotentials measured. Potential mapping of an area of body surface can be accomplished by successive use of the same exploratory electrode along different, closely adjacentportions thereof or by using a plurality of exploratory electrodes simultaneously.
  • FIG. 1 is a partially schematic view of apparatus suitable for carrying out the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is an enlarged, detail view of a portion of the exploratory electrode shown in FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 3 is a sectional view on line 33 of FIG. 2;
  • FIG. 4 is a simulation of typical oscillatory scanning patterns
  • FIGS. 5 to 19, inclusive are drawings showing the essential features of the scanning patterns or traces recorded in carrying out scannings on various portions of a body surface as described hereinafter;
  • FIG. 20 is a partially schematic view of a modified form of apparatus.
  • the present invention provides a diagnostic method which by scanning the electrical potential of the body surface, i.e. continuously determining such potential along a path on the skin, establishes the location of certain conditions or abnormalities on or under the skin.
  • a diagnostic method which by scanning the electrical potential of the body surface, i.e. continuously determining such potential along a path on the skin, establishes the location of certain conditions or abnormalities on or under the skin.
  • FIGS. l-3 of the drawings of the present application there is illustrated an embodiment of such apparatus which comprises a pair of electrodes, one of which has a rotatable element that carries an electrolyte to insure good electrical contact with the skin and the other of which is adapted to be held in stationary contact with the skin, a strip chart recorder, and an electrical conductor between each of the electrodes and the input terminals of the recorder.
  • a scanning is being taken on the forearm of a subject.
  • FIG. 1 there is shown a recorder 21 having input terminals 23 and 25.
  • Attached to the terminal 23 by a suitable electrical conductor such as a wire or cable 27 is an electrode 29 which is preferably formed of metal and may have any desired shape or structure to permit it to be held in contact with the body surface.
  • an exploratory electrode comprehensively designated 33, details of which are shown more clearly in FIGS. 2 and 3.
  • the conductive wires or cables are provided with electrical shielding.
  • the electrode 33 comprises a stem or shank portion 35, to which the wire 31 is preferably attached and an axle portion 37 which extends laterally from the shank portion.
  • the electrode 33 also has a rotatable element which comprises a wheel having a hub 41, preferably fonned of metal, on which there is suitably secured a conductive tire 43 formedof a gelled electrolyte solution.
  • the wheel is rotatably mounted on the reduced portion of the axle 37 between the shoulder 39 and a removable retaining member such as a ring 45 that is snapped into a groove adjacent the outer end of the axle 37.
  • An electrically insulating handle 47 is provided on theshank portion 35 of the exploratory electrode 33.
  • The'numeral 49 designates a strip chart produced by the recorder and bears a line representing electrical potentials on the surface of the arm along the path followed by the rotatable element of the electrode 33.
  • the exploratory electrode 33 is being rolled along the forearm 51 of a subject and the stationary electrode 29 is clipped to said forearm.
  • the rotatable element of the electrode 33 can take other forms and be mounted in other ways.
  • the said figures and the descriptions thereof are hereby incorporated herein by reference.
  • strip chart recorders such as are preferably employed in carrying out the-present invention, are capable of adjustment in ,a variety of ways. Not only can the chart speed be changed, but also the sensitivity and, for 'example by reversing the leads to the electrodes, the polarity.
  • the chart ordinarily has a center line indicating zero potential (denoting at 0 in FIG. 1) and the recording pen draws on one side or the other thereof, depending upon polarity, at a distance from the zero potential line proportional to the received voltage. Since, how'- ever, the sensitivity can be adjusted, the actual distance from the zero potential line of a point on the recorded line or trace responsive to a specific voltage will be greater or less depending upon the sensitivity range chosen for the recording.
  • FIG. 4 there are shown four sections of astrip chart 53 which illustrate the effect on the trace width of skin resistance. Progressing from section a of the chart to section d thereof, the skin is shown to'have decreasing resistance. In section a the skin re- 'sistance isquite high, while in section d it is quite low.
  • a relatively wide trace on the chart will also be obtained when one or both of the electrodes is not in contact with the body surface since in such case stray alternating current fields are picked up and recorded.
  • the actual width of traces drawn on the recorder will be determined both by the voltage and the sensitivity thereof. It should be remembered that where the trace is relatively wide, the potential indicated is that of a point midway between the parameters of the trace. In many instances, the chart speed is too slow to show the trace as oscillations so that the trace on the chart appears as a solidly inked area without visible oscillations. In the reproductions of the recorder chart portions hereinafter referred to, the wider traces are for convenience arbitrarily shown with horiiontal lines that represent such oscillations.
  • the location and type of the stationary electrode is not usually important. It may be held in the tingers of the subject, may be clipped to the body, or may be held or clampedto the body with or without a suitable electrode paste to improve electrical contact with the body surface.
  • EXAMPLE 1 For this example a plurality of tests were made which demonstrate that non-visible alteration of the skin surface cen be detected and recorded by the novel method of the invention.
  • FIG. 5 is a reproduction of an area A on the recorder chart showing the deviation from normal potential over the treated skin area when dilute nitric acid was used.
  • One of the simplest determinations or diagnoses that may be made by the present novel method is a determination as to whether muscles are relaxed or in tension. This is illustrated in the following example.
  • EXAMPLE 2 Using apparatus substantially like that illustrated in FIG. 1, tests were made on an arm of a subject. The stationary electrode was in contact with the hand of the subject. The exploratory electrode was run longitudinally of the arm of the subject from the wrist area to the biceps area while the arm was relaxed and resting on a table. The trace on the recorder chart showed that the potential throughout the length of the path on the arm was almost constant, there being a potential difference along the path of only about 50 mv. When, however, the arm muscles were tensed by the subject, a reading taken while rolling the exploratory electrode along the same path on the arm showed a difference in potential of about mv from the wrist to the biceps.
  • FIGS. 6 and 7 are reproductions of the portions of the recorder chart showing the varying potentials with the arm muscles of the subject relaxed and tensed, respectively.
  • EXAMPLE 3 In this test, using the same general technique as that described in the preceding examples, a recorded potential line or trace was obtained with the rolling exploratory electrode from the forearm of a subject while the arm was resting on a table. Then, without warning to the subject, a hot heat lamp was brought into momentary contact with the forearm. Another potential line was immediately recorded by rolling the exploratory electrode over the same path on the arm. Substantial reproductions of the potential lines or traces obtained before and after the burn are shown, respectively, in FIGS. 8 and 9. At the time of making the second recording, there was no visible evidence of the burn on the arm. Subsequently, a severe burn became evident in an area of the subjects arm corresponding to the region B of the trace shown in FIG. 9.
  • Still another example of the location of latent injury to the body is set forth in the following example.
  • EXAMPLE 4 Using substantially the same technique as that described in Examples 2 and 3, a normal potential line or trace was obtained on the recorder by running the exploratory electrode along the relaxed forearm of a subject. A substantial reproduction of this trace is shown in FIG. 10. It indicates a change in skin potential of only about 60 mv from the wrist to the inner elbow. A sharp, hard blow with a wooden rod was then given on the arm. Another trace over the same skin path was recorded after the blow was inflicted. The second trace showed a potential variation of over 400 mv and considerable oscillation. This second reading is substantially reproduced in FIG. 11. Although a bruise subsequently was observable on the subjects arm at a point thereon corresponding to the region designated C in FIG. 11, potential changes over the area struck were clearly evident before the bruise could be seen.
  • the method of the present invention may also be used in studying and locating abnormalities in the circulatory system of the body.
  • EXAMPLE 5 In this example there is set forth a test for detecting restricted circulation in the arm of a subject. For test purposes such restricted circulation was produced by a tourniquet applied to the upper arm of the subject.
  • FIG. 12 is a substantial reproduction of the trace or potential line recorded, when the exploratory electrode was run from the wrist to the upper arm of the subject, with the arm relaxed.
  • FIG. 13 is a substantial reproduction of the line or trace obtained along the same path immediately after a soft rubber tube as a tourniquet was applied to the upper arm and tightened.
  • FIG. 14 is a reproduction of the trace obtained along substantially the same path after the tightened tourniquet has been in place forapproximately one minute.
  • Application of the tourniquet to the arm with the resultant reduced blood circulation is clearly evident in the recorded traces, the relaxed arm trace showing a substantially constant potential and a rapid change (see FIG. 13) occurring when the tourniquct is tightened. Even after a quite short interval of re-' Jerusalem circulation, the recorded trace (FIG. 14) is very irregular, showing much oscillation.
  • FIGS. 18 and 19 substantially reproduce the traces obtained by the present novel method-before and after, respectively, making a small puncture in the forearm of a subject.
  • the left arm of the subject was rested on a table and, with the arm relaxed, a recording was made by rolling the exploratory electrode from the wrist region to the inner elbow region.
  • the stationary electrode was held in contact with the left hand of the subject.
  • a fine puncture was then made in the skin of the forearm and another recording was immediately made by passage of the exploratory electrode over substantially the same path as before.
  • the second recording indicated its location by the deflection in the trace indicated at D in FIG. 19.
  • the potential along the line of travel of the exploratory electrode is rather constant, varying only about 65 mv while in FIG. 19, after the puncture was inflicted, the trace is of greater amplitude and the potential varies as much as about 300 mv.
  • the present method may be put to practical application in locating slivers of metal or nonconductive materials, e.g. glass, in the skin even when the skin surface shows no visible sign of the point of entry thereof.
  • electrocardiograms are important in determining the condition of the heart and diagnosing abnormalities thereof. It is known that the heart is not usually oriented in a perfectly vertical position in the body. Consequently, the electrical axis or zero potential plane of the hearts electrical field is not the same in all persons. Moreover, such axis is known to be subject to change as a result of damage to the myocardium and for other reasons. It is, therefore, often important to determine the electrical axis. This can be easily and very quickly done by the process of the presv ent invention.
  • FIGS. 15 and 16 are substantial reproductions of portions of a recorder chart showing traces typical of those produced by the present process, the letter E indicating the pulses of the heart beat and the letter F indicating the region corresponding to chest areas proximate to the zero potential plane of the heart.
  • the stationary electrode was connected to the left ankle of the subject.
  • the hearts location can be determined by comparing the traces obtained by running the exploratory electrode along a plurality of body paths in the proximity thereof including, if desired, paths on the back and sides of the subject.
  • electroencephalograms are conventionally obtained by the use of a number of electrodes. These are applied at various locations on the shaven head of a subject. It has been found that by attaching a stationary electrode to one ear of a subject and running the exploratory electrode across the subjects forehead brain waves can be easily recorded on a strip chart recorder. Obviously, this procedure is less time consuming and simpler than shaving the subjects head and applying a-plurality of electrodes thereto.
  • FIG. 17 is a substantial reproduction of a typical wave recording according to the present method.
  • scanning with a rolling electrode can also be carried out over any other desired portion of the head, indeed a potential mapping of the entire head surface can be readily obtained; and that from the re- 'sulting recorded traces abnormalities of the brain, such as tumors, can be located.
  • FIGS. 15 and 16 show the traces obtained by a pair of parallel passages of an exploratory electrode made to locate the electrical axis of the heart.
  • a plurality of exploratory electrodes 33 may be, as shown in FIG. 20, mounted together in a unit 61, each electrode being connected by a suitable lead 31 to a separate input terminal and pen of a strip chart recorder so that two or more traces can be made at once.
  • the potential reversal designated by the letter G where the trace crosses the line of zero potential on the chart, indicates the crossing of the pulse or arterial pressure point in the wrist of the subject.
  • the potential reversal designated by the letter G indicates the crossing of the pulse or arterial pressure point in the wrist of the subject.
  • one ormore additional traces obtained by rolling the exploratory electrode over the same region will pinpoint the location.
  • the potentials at many different points over specific body areas can be mapped by covering such areas with multiple scannings by one or more exploratory electrodes, either successively or simultaneously.
  • the traces showing body surface potentials obtained by carrying out the present method reflect not only the skin potential but also the electrical pulses of organs, nerves, muscles, and other body elements beneath the surface which are superimposed thereon.
  • the method can be employed to pick up and record electrical currents impressed on the body, for example, those used in electroanesthesia and electroanalgesia. Such currents will also be superimposed on the traces of skin potentials.
  • the construction of the electrodes employed in carrying out the present process may vary within wide limits.
  • the exploratory electrode must have a rotating element that rolls over thebody surface and preferably such element carries an electrolyte solution to ensure good electrical contact with the skin.
  • the size of the rotating elements can vary as desired although generally it is preferred for increased accuracy to have both the diameter and the width or thickness thereof relatively small. For example, a roller about 7 mm thick and having a diameter of about 25 mm has been found quite satisfactory.
  • the pressure employed on the exploratory electrode incarrying out the present method may also vary. Differences in pressure may cause quantitative changes in the recorded potential lines or traces, but not qualitative ones. However, it is desirable to use light pressures since this will minimize any skin or muscle reaction to passage of the electrode. In most cases a pressure-of about l0g/cm is satisfactory although less pressure can be used if desired. In recording body surface potentials that are to be compared or in potential mapping of a body surface,it is of course important to employ the same pressure on the exploratory electrode and preferably the same velocity of scanning in the several scannings made.
  • At least that portion of the exploratory electrode which contacts the body surface or is separated therefrom only by the electrolyte solution is preferably of silver although any other common metal can be used.
  • sodium chloride is preferred as the electrolyte since it is physiologically neutral, but other harmless salts can be used.
  • a satisfactory gel can be produced by forming a solution of 0.5 g NaCl and 14 g of gelatine in sufficient water to form ml of solution.
  • the solution is then allowed to set in molds of the desired shape and mounted on or used as the rotatable element of the electrode. It is generally desirable to have the electrolyte on the rolling element of the exploratory electrode in such form asto prevent or minimize the leaving of a deposit of electrolyte on the body surface during scanning in which electrical contact between the electrode and the body surface is made through the electrolyte.
  • a process for recording bioelectrical potentials in a living body which comprises establishing electrical contact between the body surface and a first electrode through an electrolyte which forms a portion of a solid rotatable element, said element having a continuous circular periphery, establishing electrical contact between the body and a second electrode at a point on the 2.
  • a process as set forth in claim 1 comprising repeatedly rolling said first electrode along said path and continuously recording the potential between said electrodes during each of the retracings of said path.
  • a process as set forth in claim 1 comprising rolling said first electrode along a plurality of closely adjacent paths on the body surface and continuously recording the potentials between said electrodes in the movement of said first electrode along each of said paths.

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
  • Medical Informatics (AREA)
  • Biophysics (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Cardiology (AREA)
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  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Surgery (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
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  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Measurement And Recording Of Electrical Phenomena And Electrical Characteristics Of The Living Body (AREA)
US00241635A 1972-04-06 1972-04-06 Diagnostic electrical scanning Expired - Lifetime US3834374A (en)

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Cited By (17)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3971366A (en) * 1974-11-25 1976-07-27 Hiroshi Motoyama Apparatus and method for measuring the condition of the meridians and the corresponding internal organs of the living body
US3980077A (en) * 1975-02-20 1976-09-14 Carletta M. Neeley Method for aiding diagnostic scanning of the body of a patient
US4291708A (en) * 1977-11-02 1981-09-29 Yeda Research & Development Co. Ltd. Apparatus and method for detection of tumors in tissue
US4407300A (en) * 1980-07-14 1983-10-04 Davis Robert E Potentiometric diagnosis of cancer in vivo
US4494554A (en) * 1981-09-25 1985-01-22 Helga M. Van Dyke Skin test device using I.C. comparator circuit
US4503865A (en) * 1981-12-28 1985-03-12 Olympus Optical Co., Ltd. Hardness measuring probe
US5003987A (en) * 1987-09-11 1991-04-02 Grinwald Paul M Method and apparatus for enhanced drug permeation of skin
US6295468B1 (en) * 1999-03-13 2001-09-25 Bruno M. Hess Apparatus for measuring bioelectrical parameters
US20040225329A1 (en) * 2003-04-11 2004-11-11 Wagner Darrell Orvin Electrode placement determination for subcutaneous cardiac monitoring and therapy
US20100087750A1 (en) * 2006-05-30 2010-04-08 Mcgree James Matthew Impedance measurements
US20100152605A1 (en) * 2007-04-20 2010-06-17 Impedimed Limited Monitoring system and probe
US20100168530A1 (en) * 2006-11-30 2010-07-01 Impedimed Limited Measurement apparatus
US20110046505A1 (en) * 2007-08-09 2011-02-24 Impedimed Limited Impedance measurement process
US8386027B2 (en) 2007-04-27 2013-02-26 Echo Therapeutics, Inc. Skin permeation device for analyte sensing or transdermal drug delivery
US20140031817A1 (en) * 2010-07-13 2014-01-30 Zoll Medical Corporation Deposit ablation within and external to circulatory systems
US9615766B2 (en) 2008-11-28 2017-04-11 Impedimed Limited Impedance measurement process
US9724012B2 (en) 2005-10-11 2017-08-08 Impedimed Limited Hydration status monitoring

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1049759A (en) * 1908-07-08 1913-01-07 Oliver Electric Company Electrotherapeutic appliance.
US1681628A (en) * 1926-09-16 1928-08-21 Schwarzkopf Erich Electrocardiograph
US2546275A (en) * 1948-12-22 1951-03-27 Daniel P Redding Instrument adapted to compare heat areas for determining subluxations
US2736313A (en) * 1954-10-05 1956-02-28 Muriel N Warkentin Electropsychometer or bioelectronic instrument
US3323515A (en) * 1964-05-05 1967-06-06 Foner Max Apparatus for indicating potentials of living tissue

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1049759A (en) * 1908-07-08 1913-01-07 Oliver Electric Company Electrotherapeutic appliance.
US1681628A (en) * 1926-09-16 1928-08-21 Schwarzkopf Erich Electrocardiograph
US2546275A (en) * 1948-12-22 1951-03-27 Daniel P Redding Instrument adapted to compare heat areas for determining subluxations
US2736313A (en) * 1954-10-05 1956-02-28 Muriel N Warkentin Electropsychometer or bioelectronic instrument
US3323515A (en) * 1964-05-05 1967-06-06 Foner Max Apparatus for indicating potentials of living tissue

Cited By (24)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3971366A (en) * 1974-11-25 1976-07-27 Hiroshi Motoyama Apparatus and method for measuring the condition of the meridians and the corresponding internal organs of the living body
US3980077A (en) * 1975-02-20 1976-09-14 Carletta M. Neeley Method for aiding diagnostic scanning of the body of a patient
US4291708A (en) * 1977-11-02 1981-09-29 Yeda Research & Development Co. Ltd. Apparatus and method for detection of tumors in tissue
US4407300A (en) * 1980-07-14 1983-10-04 Davis Robert E Potentiometric diagnosis of cancer in vivo
US4494554A (en) * 1981-09-25 1985-01-22 Helga M. Van Dyke Skin test device using I.C. comparator circuit
US4503865A (en) * 1981-12-28 1985-03-12 Olympus Optical Co., Ltd. Hardness measuring probe
US5003987A (en) * 1987-09-11 1991-04-02 Grinwald Paul M Method and apparatus for enhanced drug permeation of skin
US6295468B1 (en) * 1999-03-13 2001-09-25 Bruno M. Hess Apparatus for measuring bioelectrical parameters
US20040225329A1 (en) * 2003-04-11 2004-11-11 Wagner Darrell Orvin Electrode placement determination for subcutaneous cardiac monitoring and therapy
US7389138B2 (en) * 2003-04-11 2008-06-17 Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. Electrode placement determination for subcutaneous cardiac monitoring and therapy
US11612332B2 (en) 2005-10-11 2023-03-28 Impedimed Limited Hydration status monitoring
US9724012B2 (en) 2005-10-11 2017-08-08 Impedimed Limited Hydration status monitoring
US20100087750A1 (en) * 2006-05-30 2010-04-08 Mcgree James Matthew Impedance measurements
US8761870B2 (en) 2006-05-30 2014-06-24 Impedimed Limited Impedance measurements
US20100168530A1 (en) * 2006-11-30 2010-07-01 Impedimed Limited Measurement apparatus
US9504406B2 (en) 2006-11-30 2016-11-29 Impedimed Limited Measurement apparatus
US10307074B2 (en) * 2007-04-20 2019-06-04 Impedimed Limited Monitoring system and probe
US20100152605A1 (en) * 2007-04-20 2010-06-17 Impedimed Limited Monitoring system and probe
US8386027B2 (en) 2007-04-27 2013-02-26 Echo Therapeutics, Inc. Skin permeation device for analyte sensing or transdermal drug delivery
US9572527B2 (en) 2007-04-27 2017-02-21 Echo Therapeutics, Inc. Skin permeation device for analyte sensing or transdermal drug delivery
US20110046505A1 (en) * 2007-08-09 2011-02-24 Impedimed Limited Impedance measurement process
US9615766B2 (en) 2008-11-28 2017-04-11 Impedimed Limited Impedance measurement process
US20140031817A1 (en) * 2010-07-13 2014-01-30 Zoll Medical Corporation Deposit ablation within and external to circulatory systems
US9433459B2 (en) * 2010-07-13 2016-09-06 Zoll Medical Corporation Deposit ablation within and external to circulatory systems

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