US3830063A - Energy storage and removal methods for rankine cycle systems - Google Patents
Energy storage and removal methods for rankine cycle systems Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3830063A US3830063A US00346397A US34639773A US3830063A US 3830063 A US3830063 A US 3830063A US 00346397 A US00346397 A US 00346397A US 34639773 A US34639773 A US 34639773A US 3830063 A US3830063 A US 3830063A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- heat
- absorbing liquid
- working fluid
- engine
- liquid
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
- F01K9/00—Plants characterised by condensers arranged or modified to co-operate with the engines
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S165/00—Heat exchange
- Y10S165/911—Vaporization
Definitions
- the secondary cooling may be in the form [52] US. Cl. 60/645, 60/670, 60/691, 70/692, of a heat exchanger immersed in a liquid contained in 60/693 an air-cooled thermal storage chamber or, in the alter [51] Int. Cl. F0lk 25/00 native, y be Obtained y p y g a conventional [58] Field of Search 60/36,38, 95 R p y Condenser with Coolant from a Pressurized storage tank during high load periods. References Cited In the first-mentioned secondary cooling arrangement, UNITED STATES PATENTS the vapor or working fluid of the engine may be 3,040,528 6/1962 Tabor et al..
- Vapor cycle engines particularly when used in automotive or similar applications, frequently have peak loads imposed upon them which are substantially higher than those encountered under ordinary running conditions.
- the vapor or working fluid is vented into the atmosphere after it has performed useful work and no condenser is utilized in the system.
- the fluid is vented and must be replaced, it is necessary to carry a large reservoir of working fluid which must be transported by the vehicle being driven by the engine.
- the engine must be capable of accelerating in quick bursts and the power needed for such bursts is much greater than that needed for driving at relatively unchanging speeds. Stated otherwise, the engine must be operable for short periods at power levels far above those considered maximum for sustained operation.
- air-coolant condensers of capacity great enough to handle the peak load on a sustained basis are commonly used. This constitutes a brute force solution to the problem and the extra cooling capacity of the large condensers is used inefficiently.
- This invention is concerned with vapor cycle engines suitable for automotive applications.
- the capacity of the engines primary condenser may be reduced below that required for peak power operation.
- the heat of the working fluid, in excess of the primary condensers capacity, ' is absorbed by a liquid contained in a secondary cooling system. In this manner, The load imposed on the primary condenser is reduced.
- the working fluid passes through a heat exchanger immersed in a liquid contained in an air cooled thermal storage chamber.
- This liquid partially cools the working fluid, thus reducing the load imposed on the condenser.
- the heat absorbed by the liquid is released through the walls of the chamber.
- Cooling vanes or impingement cooling apparatus are employed to increase the heat rejection rate of the chamber. Dueto the fact that heat can be absorbed rapidly by thevliquid during high power transients and released at a slower rate during lower sustainedpower operations, the total amount of cooling surface in both the primary condenser and the secondary cooling system is less than that required by a single condenser in a conventional system.
- the thermal storage cooling system is compatible with various vapor cycle engine designs. It can be arranged to cool the working fluid before, or after, it passes through the primary condenser, or it can be placed in line with each condenser stage. It can also be designed to operate on demand by means of a simple valving arrangement.
- a liquid is stored in a pressurized tank and is sprayed against the cooling surfaces of the condenser during high power transients to incease the condensers cooling capacity. It is also possible to combine this system with the thermal storage cooling system to meet a wide range of design requirements.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic of a vapor cycle engine with a secondary cooling system
- FIG. 2 is a plan view, in section, of a condenser and its associated secondary cooling system
- FIG. 3 is a schematic showing of a condenser and its associated secondary cooling system
- FIG. 4 is a plan view, in section, of another form of condenser and its associated secondary cooling system
- FIG. 5 is a schematic representation of the device illustrated in FIG. 4.
- FIG. 6 is a schematic showing of a condenser and its associated secondary cooling system.
- the heat exchanger 18 is immersed in a liquid 20, such as water or water mixed with a non-volatile anti-freeze contained in an air cooled thermal storage chamber 16.
- the liquid 20 absorbs heat from the fluid as it passes through the heat exchanger 18.
- the chamber 16 is provided with a pressure release valve 22 and an impingement heat transfer mechanism 40.
- the working fluid passes from the chamber 16 via a conduit .24 into a primary condenser 26. After being recondensed, the fluid passes-through a conduit 30 into a feed pump 32. From there it is pumped through a conduit 34 into the regenerator 10 where it passes-through another heat exchanger 36 and absorbs the heat rejected by the heat exchanger 12. In this preheated state it passes through a conduit 38 into the boiler 2, thus completing the cycle.
- the liquid 20 reaches an equilibrium temperature at which the rate of heat absorption from the heat exchanger 18 equals the rate of heat rejection through the walls 17 of the chamber 16.
- the air flow over both the chamber 16 and the primary condenser 26 is normally generated by a fan and the pressure differential created by vehicle motion.
- the rate of heat rejection through the walls 17 can be improved, and the equilibrium temperature of liquid 20 lowered, by increasing the surface area of walls 17, or preferably, by providing air impingement nozzles 40 on the upstream side of the chamber 16.
- the condenser 26 and the chamber 16 are designed to meet the cooling requirements of the engine during continuous operation at the given maximum power level for sustained operation.
- the secondary cooling system 19 is provided with a sufficient volume of the liqiud 20 to absorb and thermally store this excess thermal energy.
- the heat exchanger 18 is designed to insure that all of this excess energy is transferred to the liquid 20.
- a sufficient liquid volume must be contained in the chamber 16 to insure that its overall temperature does not reach the boiling point of the liquid. For example, assuming an average overall engine efficiency of percent, and a 15 second peak power requirement of approximately 50 horsepower above the vehicles maximum sustained power requirement, the liquid must be capable of absorbing an extra 3,000 BTUs of heat energy, approximately.
- the minimum amount of water required by the secondary cooling system 19, in' this case, would be approximately 9 gallons, assuming a 40F. temperature rise available in its sensible heating range at the worst design conditions.
- the latent heat capacity of liquid 20 can also be brought into play.
- the heat absorbed by the liquid 20 during high power transients is rejected through the walls 17 of the cham ber 16 during the longer periods of lower power operation.
- transient high heat can be rapidly absorbed by the secondary cooling system 19 and slowly rejected during the more quiescent and generally longer intervals between high power transients.
- the cooling capacity of the primary condenser 26 is substantially less than that which would be required in a single condenser operating alone.
- the necessary cooling surface area 26 and the thermal storage cooling system 19 combined is less than that required by a single condenser operating alone.
- the chamber.l6 and the condenser 26 are at approximately the same level. If the secondary cooling system 19 totally recondenses the working fluid and this is not desired, such may be avoided as shown in FIGS. 4 and 5.
- the working fluid enters a first stage 21 of the condenser 26 via conduit 14. After passing through that stage of the condenser, it enters a cooling system stage. From the cooling system, it flows through a subsequent stage 23 of the condenser.
- the condenser 26 and cooling system 19 may be constructed so that this sequence occurs once (e.g., by flow through parallel passages in each stage) or repetitively (e.g., by flow through a plurality of alternating condenser and cooling system stages).
- valves 42 and 48 As shown in FIG. 3 to switch in the secondary cooling system reduces the amount of heat absorbing liquid needed in the secondary cooling system 19 because the equilibrium temperature of the liquid 20 may be lower.
- the valve 42 normally directs the working fluid through a conduit 14 directly into the condenser 26.
- the valves 42 and 48 are opened to admit all or part of the working fluid flow into the secondary cooling system, thus reducing the load that would otherwise be imposed on the condenser.
- the secondary cooling system is located directly in line with the condenser 26, but the working fluid first passes through the condenser 26.
- the equilibrium temperature of the heat absorbing liquid 20 is lower and a smaller amount of the heat absorbing liquid is required by the secondary cooling system 19.
- the working fluid, within the coil 18 may be already condensed, a greater amount of working fluid is carried by the engine than is otherwise required.
- FIG. 6 another embodiment of this invention is illustrated.
- the condenser 26 is sized for the maximum sustained power demands of the system, but the working fluid is not diverted through any secondary cooling system.
- a pressurized tank 54 of heat absorbing liquid, water for example is associated with the condenser.
- a control 52 is actuated.
- the control 52 opens a valve 50 allowing the heat absorbing liquid to pass through the conduits 56 and 58 and be emitted as a spray 62.
- the spray 62 impinges upon the condenser 26 where it is vaporized and significantly increases the cooling capacity of the condenser.
- the latent heat of the heat absorbing liquid contributes greatly to cooling efficiency.
- a combination of the spray system and any of the other embodiments described above may be utilized to meet a wide range of design conditions.
- the total amount of cooling surface required by the vapor cycle engine is less than that required by earlier designs.
- the engines parasitic cooling load is reduced and its efficiency increased.
- the invention significantly reduces the required cooling capacity of a condenser in a variable power vapor cycle engine. Accordingly, great savings in space, weight and engine cost are achieved. As a result, closed cycle vapor engines which are almost pollution-free may be realistically considered for automotive applications.
- a vapor cycle engine in which working fluid is vaporized in a boiler, fed therefrom to an expander to perform useful work, condensed thereafter to a liquid, and then fed to said boiler to complete a cycle
- the improvement which comprises, a first means for extracting heat from said working fluid and discharging it into a gaseous environment to condense continuously said working fluid to a liquid during operation levels of said engine not exceeding a predetermined operating level and a second means adapted to contain a heatabsorbing liquid for producing heat transfer from said working fluid to such heat-absorbing liquid to augment said first means and for thereafter rejecting heat from said heat-absorbing liquid into a gaseous environment, thereby permitting operation of said engine at levels above said predetermined operating level.
- said second means comprises a thermal storage chamber for containing heat-absorbing liquid, 21 first heat transfer means communicating with said first means, said first heat transfer means being at least partially immersed in said heat-absorbing liquid, means for passing said working fluid through said first heat transfer means so that heat is transferred to said heat-absorbing liquid, and a second heat transfer means externally mounted on said storage chamber for rejecting heat from the heat-absorbing liquid tosaid gaseous environment.
- said second means comprises a pressurized tank containing heat-absorbing liquid; and spraying means connected to said pressurized tank for directing said heatabsorbing liquid against the external surfaces of said first means, thereby increasing the cooling capacity of said first means.
- an improved compact condenser adapted for mobile use comprising:
- air cooled means for extracting heat from said working fluid to condense continuously working fluid to a liquid during operating levels of said engine not exceeding a predetermined midrange operating level of said engine
- thermo storage chamber for confining a fixed supply of heat absorbing liquid
- a first heat transfer means at least partially immersed in said heat-absorbing liquid, for placing said working fluid in heat exchange relationship with said heat-absorbing liquid, said first heat transfer means being in communication with said air cooled means, and
- a second heat transfer means external of and affixed to said storage chamber for rejecting heat from the heat-absorbing liquid into said gaseous environment; said second means thereby permitting transient operation of said engine at operating levels above said predetermined mid-range level.
- a method for condensing said working fluid to a liquid comprising the steps of accepting working fluid from said expander, continually extracting heat from the working fluid in a condenser in a first heat exchange step wherein the maximum rate of heat extraction corresponds to the rate of heat extraction required when the engine is operating at a predetermined level and rejecting said heat to a gaseous environment, transferring additional heat from said working fluid to a heatabsorbing liquid in a second heat exchange step to augment said extracting step and thereby permit operation of said engine at operating levels above said predetermined operating level, and thereafter discharging said additional heat to said gaseous environment.
- the method as described in claim 12 wherein the transferring step comprises the steps of placing said working fluid in heat exchange relationship with said heat-absorbing liquid contained within a thermal storage chamber, and storing said additional heat in said heat-absorbing liquid.
- discharging step comprises the steps of transmitting said additional heat from said heat-absorbing liquid to a heat dissipating means external of and affixed to said storage chamber and rejecting said additional heat by means of said heat dissipating means to said gaseous environment.
- the transferring step comprises the steps of confining a heat-absorbing liquid under pressure, directing a spray 3,830,063 7 8 of said pressurized heat-absorbing liquid against exterevaporating at least some of said heat-absorbing liquid nal surfaces of said condenser during the first heat exto thereby produce heat transfer from the external surchange process in response to operating levels of said faces of said condenser to said heat-absorbing liquid. engine above said predetermined operating level, and
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Engine Equipment That Uses Special Cycles (AREA)
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US00346397A US3830063A (en) | 1973-03-30 | 1973-03-30 | Energy storage and removal methods for rankine cycle systems |
CA193,677A CA1001018A (en) | 1973-03-30 | 1974-02-27 | Energy storage and removal methods for rankine cycle systems |
JP49034079A JPS49128102A (de) | 1973-03-30 | 1974-03-28 | |
DE2415338A DE2415338A1 (de) | 1973-03-30 | 1974-03-29 | Mobile dampfmaschine mit energiespeicher |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US00346397A US3830063A (en) | 1973-03-30 | 1973-03-30 | Energy storage and removal methods for rankine cycle systems |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US3830063A true US3830063A (en) | 1974-08-20 |
Family
ID=23359186
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US00346397A Expired - Lifetime US3830063A (en) | 1973-03-30 | 1973-03-30 | Energy storage and removal methods for rankine cycle systems |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US3830063A (de) |
JP (1) | JPS49128102A (de) |
CA (1) | CA1001018A (de) |
DE (1) | DE2415338A1 (de) |
Cited By (18)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4149134A (en) * | 1977-08-01 | 1979-04-10 | Elect Power Research Institute, Inc. | Vaporization-cooled electrical apparatus |
WO1979000395A1 (en) * | 1977-12-15 | 1979-07-12 | Atlantic Richfield Co | System for preventing gas decomposition in pipelines |
US4192658A (en) * | 1978-07-03 | 1980-03-11 | Atlantic Richfield Company | Pipeline flame arrestor |
US4192657A (en) * | 1978-07-03 | 1980-03-11 | Atlantic Richfield Company | Method and apparatus for halting the advancement of ethylene decomposition flame fronts |
US4319458A (en) * | 1979-04-23 | 1982-03-16 | Berkley James R | Multiple pressure boiler with energy recovery system |
US4377073A (en) * | 1980-04-21 | 1983-03-22 | Linde Aktiengesellschaft | Methods for converting heat into mechanical energy and/or useful heat |
US4487742A (en) * | 1981-05-22 | 1984-12-11 | Commissariat A L'energie Atomique | Fast neutron nuclear reactor with internal capillary structure piping |
WO1985000855A1 (en) * | 1983-08-04 | 1985-02-28 | Johnston Barry W | Closed loop solar collector system powering a self-starting uniflow steam engine |
US4637215A (en) * | 1985-08-23 | 1987-01-20 | Sundstrand Corporation | Regenerator with spray cooler |
US4926643A (en) * | 1989-07-19 | 1990-05-22 | Barry Johnston | Closed loop system with regenerative heating and pump-driven recirculation of a working fluid |
BE1006285A3 (fr) * | 1992-10-28 | 1994-07-12 | Hamon Sobelco Sa | Procede et dispositif de condensation d'appoint dans une centrale d'energie. |
US20030202095A1 (en) * | 2002-04-16 | 2003-10-30 | Schultz Howard J. | Optical scanner and method for 3-dimensional scanning |
US20040216460A1 (en) * | 2002-04-16 | 2004-11-04 | Frank Ruggieri | Power generation methods and systems |
US20050016170A1 (en) * | 2003-07-01 | 2005-01-27 | Pellizzari Robert O. | Impingement heat exchanger for stirling cycle machines |
US20070119175A1 (en) * | 2002-04-16 | 2007-05-31 | Frank Ruggieri | Power generation methods and systems |
US20100307154A1 (en) * | 2007-11-29 | 2010-12-09 | Gilbert Gal Ben Lolo | Closed thermodynamic system for producing electric power |
US20110203279A1 (en) * | 2008-09-10 | 2011-08-25 | Suez Environnement | Cogeneration device |
US20130152576A1 (en) * | 2011-12-14 | 2013-06-20 | Nuovo Pignone S.P.A. | Closed Cycle System for Recovering Waste Heat |
Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3040528A (en) * | 1959-03-22 | 1962-06-26 | Tabor Harry Zvi | Vapor turbines |
US3194021A (en) * | 1964-07-14 | 1965-07-13 | Westinghouse Electric Corp | Vapor condensing apparatus |
US3237403A (en) * | 1963-03-19 | 1966-03-01 | Douglas Aircraft Co Inc | Supercritical cycle heat engine |
US3516249A (en) * | 1968-06-07 | 1970-06-23 | Douglas R Paxton | Paxton vapor engine cycle |
US3584457A (en) * | 1969-06-02 | 1971-06-15 | Cox Ass Edwin | External combustion power generating system |
-
1973
- 1973-03-30 US US00346397A patent/US3830063A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1974
- 1974-02-27 CA CA193,677A patent/CA1001018A/en not_active Expired
- 1974-03-28 JP JP49034079A patent/JPS49128102A/ja active Pending
- 1974-03-29 DE DE2415338A patent/DE2415338A1/de active Pending
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3040528A (en) * | 1959-03-22 | 1962-06-26 | Tabor Harry Zvi | Vapor turbines |
US3237403A (en) * | 1963-03-19 | 1966-03-01 | Douglas Aircraft Co Inc | Supercritical cycle heat engine |
US3194021A (en) * | 1964-07-14 | 1965-07-13 | Westinghouse Electric Corp | Vapor condensing apparatus |
US3516249A (en) * | 1968-06-07 | 1970-06-23 | Douglas R Paxton | Paxton vapor engine cycle |
US3584457A (en) * | 1969-06-02 | 1971-06-15 | Cox Ass Edwin | External combustion power generating system |
Cited By (23)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4149134A (en) * | 1977-08-01 | 1979-04-10 | Elect Power Research Institute, Inc. | Vaporization-cooled electrical apparatus |
WO1979000395A1 (en) * | 1977-12-15 | 1979-07-12 | Atlantic Richfield Co | System for preventing gas decomposition in pipelines |
US4192656A (en) * | 1977-12-15 | 1980-03-11 | Atlantic Richfield Company | Method and apparatus for halting the advancement of accidental ethylene decomposition in a gas pipeline |
US4192658A (en) * | 1978-07-03 | 1980-03-11 | Atlantic Richfield Company | Pipeline flame arrestor |
US4192657A (en) * | 1978-07-03 | 1980-03-11 | Atlantic Richfield Company | Method and apparatus for halting the advancement of ethylene decomposition flame fronts |
US4319458A (en) * | 1979-04-23 | 1982-03-16 | Berkley James R | Multiple pressure boiler with energy recovery system |
US4377073A (en) * | 1980-04-21 | 1983-03-22 | Linde Aktiengesellschaft | Methods for converting heat into mechanical energy and/or useful heat |
US4487742A (en) * | 1981-05-22 | 1984-12-11 | Commissariat A L'energie Atomique | Fast neutron nuclear reactor with internal capillary structure piping |
WO1985000855A1 (en) * | 1983-08-04 | 1985-02-28 | Johnston Barry W | Closed loop solar collector system powering a self-starting uniflow steam engine |
US4637215A (en) * | 1985-08-23 | 1987-01-20 | Sundstrand Corporation | Regenerator with spray cooler |
US4926643A (en) * | 1989-07-19 | 1990-05-22 | Barry Johnston | Closed loop system with regenerative heating and pump-driven recirculation of a working fluid |
BE1006285A3 (fr) * | 1992-10-28 | 1994-07-12 | Hamon Sobelco Sa | Procede et dispositif de condensation d'appoint dans une centrale d'energie. |
US20030202095A1 (en) * | 2002-04-16 | 2003-10-30 | Schultz Howard J. | Optical scanner and method for 3-dimensional scanning |
US20040216460A1 (en) * | 2002-04-16 | 2004-11-04 | Frank Ruggieri | Power generation methods and systems |
US7019412B2 (en) | 2002-04-16 | 2006-03-28 | Research Sciences, L.L.C. | Power generation methods and systems |
US20070119175A1 (en) * | 2002-04-16 | 2007-05-31 | Frank Ruggieri | Power generation methods and systems |
US7735325B2 (en) | 2002-04-16 | 2010-06-15 | Research Sciences, Llc | Power generation methods and systems |
US20050016170A1 (en) * | 2003-07-01 | 2005-01-27 | Pellizzari Robert O. | Impingement heat exchanger for stirling cycle machines |
US7114334B2 (en) * | 2003-07-01 | 2006-10-03 | Tiax Llc | Impingement heat exchanger for stirling cycle machines |
US20100307154A1 (en) * | 2007-11-29 | 2010-12-09 | Gilbert Gal Ben Lolo | Closed thermodynamic system for producing electric power |
US20110203279A1 (en) * | 2008-09-10 | 2011-08-25 | Suez Environnement | Cogeneration device |
US9534509B2 (en) * | 2008-09-10 | 2017-01-03 | Suez Environnement | Cogeneration device including hydrocondenser |
US20130152576A1 (en) * | 2011-12-14 | 2013-06-20 | Nuovo Pignone S.P.A. | Closed Cycle System for Recovering Waste Heat |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JPS49128102A (de) | 1974-12-07 |
CA1001018A (en) | 1976-12-07 |
DE2415338A1 (de) | 1974-10-17 |
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