US3815743A - Method and apparatus for hemodialysis - Google Patents

Method and apparatus for hemodialysis Download PDF

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US3815743A
US3815743A US00151324A US15132471A US3815743A US 3815743 A US3815743 A US 3815743A US 00151324 A US00151324 A US 00151324A US 15132471 A US15132471 A US 15132471A US 3815743 A US3815743 A US 3815743A
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coil
chamber
hemodialysis
cover
kidney
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M1/00—Suction or pumping devices for medical purposes; Devices for carrying-off, for treatment of, or for carrying-over, body-liquids; Drainage systems
    • A61M1/14—Dialysis systems; Artificial kidneys; Blood oxygenators ; Reciprocating systems for treatment of body fluids, e.g. single needle systems for hemofiltration or pheresis
    • A61M1/16—Dialysis systems; Artificial kidneys; Blood oxygenators ; Reciprocating systems for treatment of body fluids, e.g. single needle systems for hemofiltration or pheresis with membranes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
    • B01D61/24—Dialysis ; Membrane extraction
    • B01D61/30—Accessories; Auxiliary operation
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D65/00—Accessories or auxiliary operations, in general, for separation processes or apparatus using semi-permeable membranes
    • B01D65/02—Membrane cleaning or sterilisation ; Membrane regeneration
    • B01D65/022—Membrane sterilisation
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D65/00—Accessories or auxiliary operations, in general, for separation processes or apparatus using semi-permeable membranes
    • B01D65/02—Membrane cleaning or sterilisation ; Membrane regeneration
    • B01D65/027—Cleaning of other parts of the apparatus than the membrane

Definitions

  • This invention relates to hemodialysis devices. Many patients suffering from chronic renal insufficiency are required to employ chronic hemodialysis to survive. It is reported that from seven to nine thousand persons lose their lives annually because of the unavailability of funds to cover the initial cost of the equipment and high cost of operating the equipment.
  • the present invention is directed to a method of substantially reducing the daily operating cost of hemodialysis machines.
  • a typical patient will require six hours of hemodialysis three days per week and the need for a disposable coil kidney costing presently about $18.00 per unit. Some patients take a daily treatment. Thus, the cost of disposable coils ranges from about $54.00 to $120.00 a week.
  • the present invention extends the life of a single disposable unit to at least six uses. Accordingly, operating cost of the equipment is greatly reduced.
  • the coil kidney consists of two parallel cellulose membrane tubes or synthetic diffusive membrane tubes enveloped in coarse, porous, open mesh supporting screens. These tubes, and their screens, are coiled about a central core, to form a compact yet highly efficient cylindrical shape.
  • blood flows through the membrane tubing while the dialyzing fluid flows freely about the outside of the tubing.
  • the apparatus of this invention is compatible with present day dialysis machines and the mode of operation for ordinary dialysis is the same as the present day devices. Therefore, it does not require any modification of equipment.
  • the coils have been subjected to a toughening teatment.
  • a special chamber is provided for use in conjunction with a standard hemodialysis machine, such as that supplied by Travenol Laboratories, lnc., Morton Grove, Illinois.
  • the chamber accepts the standard dialysis membrane element and permits operating the hemodialysis machine in its conventional manner.
  • the coil is normally discarded. Instead, in this case, the coil is flushed free of blood and then immersed in a sterilizing solution contained within the chamber.
  • Cover means are provided for sealing the chamber during the storage cycle.
  • a still different object of this invention is to provide an improved apparatus for hemodialysis.
  • a further object of this invention is to provide a chamber for an artificial kidney coil which is suitable for use in dialysis and for storage of the artifical kidney coil.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a prior art hemodialysis apparatus
  • FIG. 2 is a sectional view in elevation of a chamber containing a kidney coil, the chamber being arranged for dialysis;
  • FIG. 3 is a sectional view in elevation of the chamber of FIG. 2 arranged for a storage mode
  • FIG. 4 is a partial section taken along line 4-4 of FIG. 3;
  • FIG. 5 is a plan view taken along line 5-5 of FIG. 4.
  • FIG. 1 shows schematically a typical hemodialysis apparatus.
  • the apparatus includes a kidney tank coil holder 10 which receives a Kolff dialysis membrane element 12 generally referred to as a kidney coil.
  • the coil is surrounded by an inflatable cuff 14. This cuff seals off the kidney coil from the wall of the tank, thereby causing dialysis fluid pumped from storage tank 16 by pump 18 into the kidney tank coil through the supporting mesh 20 where it washes the walls of membranes 22 (FIG. 2).
  • An inlet tube is connected to the patients arterial system and supplies blood by means of blood pump P to coil inflow tubes 34. It is conventional to use a pair of parallel membrane tubes in the kidney coil apparatus. The outflow from the kidney coil passes through tubes through a bubble trap chamber T and to tube 38 which is connected to the patients venous system. .At the present time all devices on the outlet side of coupling members 40 are disposed of after one use.
  • the inlet tube 30, resterilized as explained hereinafter, may be reused three times in conjunction with this invention. Using the apparatus and procedure described hereinafter the kidney coil may be reused approximately six times. As liquid is pumped from the storage tank into the kidney tank coil holder, the overflow or waste liquid is run out to a disposal drain (not shown).
  • This chamber is preferably made of a transparent material which can be sterilized, such as glass or suitable plastics, such as polymethylmethacryate.
  • This chamber is comprised of a tubular shell member 40 having affixed thereto a base portion 42. Extending from base portion 42 there is a tubular member 44 adapted to be coupled to the conduit leading to the pump and sealed thereto by means of teflon cuff 45. Openings 43 admit fluid to the interior of the tubular member 44. The size of openings 43 should be at least equal to the cross-sectional area of the tube member 44.
  • Lever 50 pivots on pivot shaft 51 raising hollow shaft 52 to lift valve 53 and O ring 54 away from seat 55. In this condition dialysis fluid from pump 18 is permitted to flow into the chamber.
  • Lever arm 50 is coupled by means of linkage 58 to actuating knob 59.
  • Linkage 58 includes members 61, 61 joined by a tension spring 61.
  • the knob is provided with a shaft which may be positioned in detent slot 60 as shown in FIG. 4, to maintain a cover member 62 in an open position. Pressure of the dialysis fluid lifts the coil 12 against stop 27. In this condition the patient is subjected to the dialysis treatment.
  • the blood in the coil is discharged to the patient by pumping normal saline through the line. Thereafter the patient is disconnected from the venous line and pumping continued until air has completely evacuated the saline from the coil. The coil is then disconnected from the venous line.
  • the two coupling fittings 40 at the end of the coil line are then placed in the bottom of the central core of the coil.
  • the pneumatic cuff surrounding the coil is deflated and the end 17 of the pneumatic cuff line 19 is placed on the surface of the kidney coil.
  • the bifurcated arterial lines 30, 30' are then disconnected from the coil line 34 at connectors 33 and are connected to opposite ends of the fittings 50, 51 which extend through the cover 62 of the chamber.
  • the bottom valve 53 is then closed against ring seal 54.
  • the cover 62 is closed against 0 ring 62 and clamped by means of clamp members 63 which seat in grooves 65 (FIG.
  • the coil is now filled with sterilizing solution.
  • the patients end of the arterial line A is connected to a one liter container of sterilizing solution and approximately a liter of sterilizing solution is pumped into the coil and overflows into the chamber.
  • the sterilizing solution is allowed to rise several inches into the intravenous tubing connected to the T-tube 39 of the arterial line A. Below the upper level of the sterilizing solution the intravenous tubing is closed by clamp 31 and cut at point C.
  • the patients end of the arterial line A is connected to the top of fitting 52.
  • the other end of fitting 52 is exposed to the inside of the chamber.
  • standard polyvinylchloride couplings are provided. For clarity the couplings are not shown in FIGS. 4 and 5.
  • the chamber is now prepared and ready for storage in a storage rack awaiting its next use.
  • the patient may simply leave the chamber with the coil in the dialysis machine for storage. Thus it will be ready for reuse without any movement of the chamber.
  • Reuse of the Coil Chamber 41 is placed in the dialysis machine and the arterial lines 34 connected to the blood pump 32.
  • bottom valve 53 is opened to discharge the contents of the chamber and the dialysis machine is simultaneously placed, in the upper compartment drain mode.
  • 500 ccs of sterile normal saline is then pumped through the coil when the lid still sealed.
  • the lid is then opened and the venous ends of the coil removed and connected to a new venous line.
  • the pneumatic cuff is then inflated to the desired pressure shown on gage G by bulb B and the lid semi-closed as described above at the start of the cycle.
  • Another 500 ccs of saline is pumped through the coil while dialyzing the coil against water in the upper compartment.
  • the coil effluent is then tested to make certain that the sterilizing solution has been removed. Such tests are standard practice and form no part of the present invention.
  • the apparatus is now ready for dialysis of the patient.
  • the sterilizing solution employed should not have any deleterious eflects on the membrane.
  • a sterilizing solution containing about 3.5 parts of formaldehyde by weight and water to make parts total This sterilizing solution and procedure has been found suitable for use, for example, with Travenol Dialyzers such as the Ultraflow and Chronocoil 90 made by Travenol Laboratory, Morton Grove, Illinois.
  • the sterilizing solution employed has been found to increase the burst strength of the kidney coil membrane.
  • the chamber may be made of glass, polymethylmethacrylate, polycarbonate or other plastics which can be sterilized and which will be resistant to the fluids to which it would be exposed in use.
  • An apparatus for use with a hemodialysis machine having an outlet port for supplying a hemodialysis fluid
  • Anl open chamber for receiving an artificial kidney cor b.
  • valve means for selectively closing said conduit means
  • conduit means extending through the cover for receiving tubes connected to said artificial kidney coil.

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Urology & Nephrology (AREA)
  • Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Vascular Medicine (AREA)
  • Emergency Medicine (AREA)
  • Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
  • Anesthesiology (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
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Abstract

A chamber for receiving an artificial kidney dialysis coil, employing the coil for hemodialysis of a patient and storing the coil under sterilization conditions between uses. The chamber is employed in a method of hemodialysis permitting of repeated use of the same coil.

Description

United States 1e 11 1 Snyder June 11, 1974 [54] g ggfggi fig g FOR OTHER PUBLICATlONS Pollard et 111., A Technique for Storage and Multiple 1 Inventofl Donald y v 140 Hewett Nick Re-Use of the Kiil Dialyzer and Blood Tubing,
Hewlett Neck Transactions of the American Society of Artificial In- [22] Filed; June 1971 ternal Organs, Vol. XIII, 1967, copy in Op. 176. pages 24-28 relied on. 211 Appl. No.: 151,324
Primary Examiner-Frank A. Spear, Jr. [52] US. Cl 210/94, 210/321, 210/494 n y. Ag n r FirmLeonard H. King [51] llnt. Cl BOld 31/00 7 [58] Field of Search 210/321, 494, 500. 22, [57] ABSTRACT 210/94 A chamber for receiving an artificial kidney dialysis coil, employing the coil for hemodialysis of a patient [56'] References cum and storing the coil under Sterilization conditions be- UNITED STATES PATENTS tween uses. The chamber is employed in a method of 3,140,256 7/1964 Martin et al. 210/500 X hemodialysis permitting of repeated use of the same 3,357,565 12/1967 Burger 1 1 210/494 X coil 1 I 3.508662 4/1970 Miller.... 210/494 X 3.712.475 1/1973 Martinez 210/494 x 7C1am1s, 5 Drawing Figures 5? 62 627 50 I; 4 63 1 1 1 V 1 l I I 1 ,4 W I I I I 1 ii i i I! I I l 5 l h- 4 l 1 l i 1 L2 ll 1 PATENTEDJHN 1 mm 11815743 saw ear 2 INVENTOR. DON/4 L D SYNDE'R A T TORNE Y METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR MODIALYSIS BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to hemodialysis devices. Many patients suffering from chronic renal insufficiency are required to employ chronic hemodialysis to survive. It is reported that from seven to nine thousand persons lose their lives annually because of the unavailability of funds to cover the initial cost of the equipment and high cost of operating the equipment.
The present invention is directed to a method of substantially reducing the daily operating cost of hemodialysis machines. A typical patient will require six hours of hemodialysis three days per week and the need for a disposable coil kidney costing presently about $18.00 per unit. Some patients take a daily treatment. Thus, the cost of disposable coils ranges from about $54.00 to $120.00 a week. On the other hand, the present invention extends the life of a single disposable unit to at least six uses. Accordingly, operating cost of the equipment is greatly reduced.
In simple terms, the coil kidney consists of two parallel cellulose membrane tubes or synthetic diffusive membrane tubes enveloped in coarse, porous, open mesh supporting screens. These tubes, and their screens, are coiled about a central core, to form a compact yet highly efficient cylindrical shape. In operation, blood flows through the membrane tubing while the dialyzing fluid flows freely about the outside of the tubing. The apparatus of this invention is compatible with present day dialysis machines and the mode of operation for ordinary dialysis is the same as the present day devices. Therefore, it does not require any modification of equipment.
There are advantages in reusing the coil six times in that the rupture rate of coils is significantly lower than that of new coils. New coils have a failure rate of approximately one of six. On the other hand, only one rupture of a previously used coil occurred in reuse of sixty-six coils. This corresponds to about one failure per four hundred dialysis treatments. The reasons for this improvement are:
l. Defective coils have been eliminated from the program.
2. The coils have been subjected to a toughening teatment.
The advantages go beyond mere cost of coils for when a coil ruptures the patient faces shock and loss of blood. Since dialysis subjects are generally anemic, a blood transfusion is usually required.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION A special chamber is provided for use in conjunction with a standard hemodialysis machine, such as that supplied by Travenol Laboratories, lnc., Morton Grove, Illinois. The chamber accepts the standard dialysis membrane element and permits operating the hemodialysis machine in its conventional manner. Following a completion of the prior art hemodialysis cycle, the coil is normally discarded. Instead, in this case, the coil is flushed free of blood and then immersed in a sterilizing solution contained within the chamber. Cover means are provided for sealing the chamber during the storage cycle.
Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to provide an improved method of hemodialysis.
It is a particular object of this invention to provide a method for reusing artificial kidney coils.
It is a further object of this invention to provide a method for strengthening artificial kidney coils.
A still different object of this invention is to provide an improved apparatus for hemodialysis.
A further object of this invention is to provide a chamber for an artificial kidney coil which is suitable for use in dialysis and for storage of the artifical kidney coil.
These and other objects, features and advantages of the invention will, in part, be pointed out with particularity and will, in part, become obvious from the following more detailed description of the invention taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawing which forms an integral part thereof.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a prior art hemodialysis apparatus;
FIG. 2 is a sectional view in elevation of a chamber containing a kidney coil, the chamber being arranged for dialysis;
FIG. 3 is a sectional view in elevation of the chamber of FIG. 2 arranged for a storage mode;
FIG. 4 is a partial section taken along line 4-4 of FIG. 3; and
FIG. 5 is a plan view taken along line 5-5 of FIG. 4.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT FIG. 1 shows schematically a typical hemodialysis apparatus. For purpose of simplicity, various reagent injecting devices and other apparatus not essential for the explanation of the present invention have been omitted. The apparatus includes a kidney tank coil holder 10 which receives a Kolff dialysis membrane element 12 generally referred to as a kidney coil. The coil is surrounded by an inflatable cuff 14. This cuff seals off the kidney coil from the wall of the tank, thereby causing dialysis fluid pumped from storage tank 16 by pump 18 into the kidney tank coil through the supporting mesh 20 where it washes the walls of membranes 22 (FIG. 2). An inlet tube is connected to the patients arterial system and supplies blood by means of blood pump P to coil inflow tubes 34. It is conventional to use a pair of parallel membrane tubes in the kidney coil apparatus. The outflow from the kidney coil passes through tubes through a bubble trap chamber T and to tube 38 which is connected to the patients venous system. .At the present time all devices on the outlet side of coupling members 40 are disposed of after one use. On the other hand, the inlet tube 30, resterilized as explained hereinafter, may be reused three times in conjunction with this invention. Using the apparatus and procedure described hereinafter the kidney coil may be reused approximately six times. As liquid is pumped from the storage tank into the kidney tank coil holder, the overflow or waste liquid is run out to a disposal drain (not shown).
Referring now to FIG. 2, there is shown a chamber of this invention. This chamber is preferably made of a transparent material which can be sterilized, such as glass or suitable plastics, such as polymethylmethacryate. This chamber is comprised of a tubular shell member 40 having affixed thereto a base portion 42. Extending from base portion 42 there is a tubular member 44 adapted to be coupled to the conduit leading to the pump and sealed thereto by means of teflon cuff 45. Openings 43 admit fluid to the interior of the tubular member 44. The size of openings 43 should be at least equal to the cross-sectional area of the tube member 44.
Lever 50 pivots on pivot shaft 51 raising hollow shaft 52 to lift valve 53 and O ring 54 away from seat 55. In this condition dialysis fluid from pump 18 is permitted to flow into the chamber. Lever arm 50 is coupled by means of linkage 58 to actuating knob 59. Linkage 58 includes members 61, 61 joined by a tension spring 61. The knob is provided with a shaft which may be positioned in detent slot 60 as shown in FIG. 4, to maintain a cover member 62 in an open position. Pressure of the dialysis fluid lifts the coil 12 against stop 27. In this condition the patient is subjected to the dialysis treatment.
Preparation for Storage Upon completion of the hemodialysis procedure the blood in the coil is discharged to the patient by pumping normal saline through the line. Thereafter the patient is disconnected from the venous line and pumping continued until air has completely evacuated the saline from the coil. The coil is then disconnected from the venous line. The two coupling fittings 40 at the end of the coil line are then placed in the bottom of the central core of the coil. The pneumatic cuff surrounding the coil is deflated and the end 17 of the pneumatic cuff line 19 is placed on the surface of the kidney coil. The bifurcated arterial lines 30, 30' are then disconnected from the coil line 34 at connectors 33 and are connected to opposite ends of the fittings 50, 51 which extend through the cover 62 of the chamber. The bottom valve 53 is then closed against ring seal 54. The cover 62 is closed against 0 ring 62 and clamped by means of clamp members 63 which seat in grooves 65 (FIG.
The coil is now filled with sterilizing solution. The patients end of the arterial line A is connected to a one liter container of sterilizing solution and approximately a liter of sterilizing solution is pumped into the coil and overflows into the chamber. The sterilizing solution is allowed to rise several inches into the intravenous tubing connected to the T-tube 39 of the arterial line A. Below the upper level of the sterilizing solution the intravenous tubing is closed by clamp 31 and cut at point C.
When only a few ccs remain within the one liter container pumping is stopped and the arterial line A disconnected from the one liter container.
The patients end of the arterial line A is connected to the top of fitting 52. The other end of fitting 52 is exposed to the inside of the chamber. In order to connect the male fittings at the three ends of the arterial line to the simple tubular stainless steel fittings 50, 51 and 52 extending through the top of the chamber, standard polyvinylchloride couplings are provided. For clarity the couplings are not shown in FIGS. 4 and 5.
The chamber is now prepared and ready for storage in a storage rack awaiting its next use. Where the apparatus is used by a single patient as in home dialysis, the patient may simply leave the chamber with the coil in the dialysis machine for storage. Thus it will be ready for reuse without any movement of the chamber. Reuse of the Coil Chamber 41 is placed in the dialysis machine and the arterial lines 34 connected to the blood pump 32. The
bottom valve 53 is opened to discharge the contents of the chamber and the dialysis machine is simultaneously placed, in the upper compartment drain mode. 500 ccs of sterile normal saline is then pumped through the coil when the lid still sealed. The lid is then opened and the venous ends of the coil removed and connected to a new venous line. The pneumatic cuff is then inflated to the desired pressure shown on gage G by bulb B and the lid semi-closed as described above at the start of the cycle. Another 500 ccs of saline is pumped through the coil while dialyzing the coil against water in the upper compartment. The coil effluent is then tested to make certain that the sterilizing solution has been removed. Such tests are standard practice and form no part of the present invention. The apparatus is now ready for dialysis of the patient.
The sterilizing solution employed should not have any deleterious eflects on the membrane. Presently it is preferred to use a sterilizing solution containing about 3.5 parts of formaldehyde by weight and water to make parts total. This sterilizing solution and procedure has been found suitable for use, for example, with Travenol Dialyzers such as the Ultraflow and Chronocoil 90 made by Travenol Laboratory, Morton Grove, Illinois.
The sterilizing solution employed has been found to increase the burst strength of the kidney coil membrane.
Thus there has been disclosed an improved method of hemodialysis, a method of reusing an artificial kidney coil, a method of improving the burst strength of an artificial kidney membrane, and an apparatus which is simple to use, avoids handling of the artificial kidney coil, and permits sterilization of the artificial kidney coil.
The chamber may be made of glass, polymethylmethacrylate, polycarbonate or other plastics which can be sterilized and which will be resistant to the fluids to which it would be exposed in use.
It will be appreciated that only one form of the device has been disclosed and that other hardware such as other mechanical latches, valves, etc., may be employed without departing from the spirit of the inventron.
I claim:
1. An apparatus for use with a hemodialysis machine having an outlet port for supplying a hemodialysis fluid,
a. Anl open chamber for receiving an artificial kidney cor b. conduit means extending from the bottom of said chamber adapted to mate with the outlet port of the hemodialysis machine,
c. valve means for selectively closing said conduit means; and
d. cover means for sealing closed said open chamber.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said cover is hinged to said chamber.
3. The apparatus of claim 2 having means for latching the cover in a partially open position.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said chamber is formed of transparent material.
15. The apparatus of claim 4 wherein said material is g ass.
6. The apparatus of claim 4 wherein said material is a plastics resistant to solutions employed in hemodialysis.
7. The apparatus of claim 1 including conduit means extending through the cover for receiving tubes connected to said artificial kidney coil.

Claims (7)

1. An apparatus for use with a hemodialysis machine having an outlet port for supplying a hemodialysis fluid, a. An open chamber for receiving an artificial kidney coil, b. conduit means extending from the bottom of said chamber adapted to mate with the outlet port of the hemodialysis machine, c. valve means for selectively closing said conduit means; and d. cover means for sealing closed said open chamber.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said cover is hinged to said chamber.
3. The apparatus of claim 2 having means for latching the cover in a partially open position.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said chamber is formed of transparent material.
5. The apparatus of claim 4 wherein said material is glass.
6. The apparatus of claim 4 wherein said material is a plastics resistant to solutions employed in hemodialysis.
7. The apparatus of claim 1 including conduit means extending through the cover for receiving tubes connected to said artificial kidney coil.
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Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3140256A (en) * 1957-09-30 1964-07-07 Standard Oil Co Separation process
US3357565A (en) * 1965-12-23 1967-12-12 Burger Robert Clinical dialyzer having a flow path decreasing in width
US3508662A (en) * 1969-01-21 1970-04-28 Extracorporeal Med Spec Disposable,low-prime,spirally wound,artificial kidney
US3712475A (en) * 1970-08-31 1973-01-23 Baxter Laboratories Inc Positive pressure lid for dialyzer apparatus

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3140256A (en) * 1957-09-30 1964-07-07 Standard Oil Co Separation process
US3357565A (en) * 1965-12-23 1967-12-12 Burger Robert Clinical dialyzer having a flow path decreasing in width
US3508662A (en) * 1969-01-21 1970-04-28 Extracorporeal Med Spec Disposable,low-prime,spirally wound,artificial kidney
US3712475A (en) * 1970-08-31 1973-01-23 Baxter Laboratories Inc Positive pressure lid for dialyzer apparatus

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
Pollard et al., A Technique for Storage and Multiple Re Use of the Kiil Dialyzer and Blood Tubing, Transactions of the American Society of Artificial Internal Organs, Vol. XIII, 1967, copy in Gp. 176, pages 24 28 relied on. *

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