US3809145A - Process for the production of permanent magnets - Google Patents

Process for the production of permanent magnets Download PDF

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Publication number
US3809145A
US3809145A US00264399A US26439972A US3809145A US 3809145 A US3809145 A US 3809145A US 00264399 A US00264399 A US 00264399A US 26439972 A US26439972 A US 26439972A US 3809145 A US3809145 A US 3809145A
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United States
Prior art keywords
charge
magnetic field
melting
melting zone
magnetic material
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Expired - Lifetime
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US00264399A
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English (en)
Inventor
Schafer W Kuhlmann
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Preussag AG
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Preussag AG
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Priority claimed from DE19712129592 external-priority patent/DE2129592C/de
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F41/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing or assembling magnets, inductances or transformers; Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing materials characterised by their magnetic properties
    • H01F41/02—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing or assembling magnets, inductances or transformers; Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing materials characterised by their magnetic properties for manufacturing cores, coils, or magnets
    • H01F41/0253—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing or assembling magnets, inductances or transformers; Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing materials characterised by their magnetic properties for manufacturing cores, coils, or magnets for manufacturing permanent magnets
    • H01F41/0273—Imparting anisotropy
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
    • C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C30B13/00—Single-crystal growth by zone-melting; Refining by zone-melting
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
    • C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C30B13/00—Single-crystal growth by zone-melting; Refining by zone-melting
    • C30B13/16—Heating of the molten zone
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
    • C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C30B29/00—Single crystals or homogeneous polycrystalline material with defined structure characterised by the material or by their shape
    • C30B29/10—Inorganic compounds or compositions
    • C30B29/46—Sulfur-, selenium- or tellurium-containing compounds
    • C30B29/48—AIIBVI compounds wherein A is Zn, Cd or Hg, and B is S, Se or Te
    • C30B29/50—Cadmium sulfide
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
    • C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C30B29/00—Single crystals or homogeneous polycrystalline material with defined structure characterised by the material or by their shape
    • C30B29/10—Inorganic compounds or compositions
    • C30B29/52—Alloys
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F1/00—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties
    • H01F1/01—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials
    • H01F1/03—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity
    • H01F1/032—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of hard-magnetic materials
    • H01F1/04—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of hard-magnetic materials metals or alloys

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT Permanent magnets having high coercivity forces and remanence are produced by melting and cooling a charge of magnetic material in a strong magnetic field.
  • the invention relates to a process for the production of permanent magnets.
  • the object of the invention is to provide a simple process for the production of permanent magnetsv having improved magnetic properties, particularly, magnets having high coercivity'forces or high remanences.
  • the object of this invention is achieved by a process for the production of permanent magnets wherein a charge of magnet material is melted and cooled in a strong magnetic field. It is particularly convenient and preferred toeffect the melting of the charge in a migrating zone, the transition from'the liquid phase to the rigid phase occurring in the center of the strong magnetic field.
  • the aligning of the Weiss zones is effected by a magnetic field when the individual molecules of the magnet material exhibit their maximum mobility, i.e., whenthe material is in the melted, fluid state.
  • the material isgiven a preferred direction of magnetization in the directionof the lines of flux ofthe applied magnetic field, so that the magnetic properties are substantially improved.
  • the Weiss domains are at a small angle relative to one another and are usually uniformly aligned. As a result, the magnetic properties are at an optimum.
  • a further development in the process of this invention is that there is conducted through the charge a current of such intensity that it is capable of heating the charge to a temperature above the melting point.
  • the charge is then cooled, after passing through the melting zone, to a temperature below the'melting point.
  • the envelope about the charge can be kept particularly thin so that the inner diameter of an electromagnet, preferably a superconductive magnet, can be correspondingly small and the field intensity in the charge particularly great.
  • the charge is surrounded in the region before the melting zone by a heat-insulating envelope.
  • the drawing shows, in principle, a device for carrying out zone melting.
  • a charge 3 which is, for example, in the form of a Co R rod which is to be subjectedto zone melting.
  • the electrodes 1' and 2 can move with the charge 3 in the direction of arrows 5 through an envelope 4 cooled with water.
  • the direction of movement is vertical and the other parts are arranged correspondingly. It is possible to have this direction with cruciblefree zone melting, wherein the charge is brought to a liquid state only over a short region, and is held together by the surface tension of the liquid.
  • the charge may also be held in a concentric ceramic tube 6made of, for example, Y O :in the case of (305R, so that it can be brought to the liquid state over a longer region.
  • a concentric ceramic tube 6 made of, for example, Y O :in the case of (305R, so that it can be brought to the liquid state over a longer region.
  • Y O Y O :in the case of (305R)
  • the charge may also be held in a concentric ceramic tube 6made of, for example, Y O :in the case of (305R, so that it can be brought to the liquid state over a longer region.
  • Y O in the case of (305R)
  • the envelope 4 is surrounded by a superconductive magnet 10, the center of which is in the region of the transition from the liquid phase to the solid phase, said region lying in the direction of movement of the charge 3 as it moves in the direction of the arrows 5, and between the ends of the ceramic tubes 6 and 7 and the casing 4. Subsequently, the casing 4 is again narrowed. This means that the center of the superconductive magnet is situated in the transition region between heat insulation and heat dissipation.
  • the superconductive magnet 10 consists of a plurality of superconductors l1 (so-called pan cakes), consisting, for example, of Nb Sn or vGa which are cooled by a radiation shield 12 and a helium bath 13.
  • an electric current of sufficient intensity is sent through the charge so that the charge 3 is liquefied within the art.
  • the strong magnetic field of the superconductive magnet 10 effects substantial alignment of the Weiss domains, or gives them a parallel form. Since this alignment is particularly important when the re-solidification is effected in the region between the downstream end of the ceramic tubes 6 and 7 and the beginning of the narrowed portion of the envelope used for cooling, this region is located in the center of the superconductive magnet 10.
  • the permanent magnet thus produced- is given a preferred direction of magnetization in the direction of the lines of flux of the superconductive magnet 10. Therefore, the magnetic properties obtained are good, with especially high coercivity force and remanence.
  • R in Co R refers to a rare earth. See for example, 1971 lntermag Conference; IEE Transactions on Magnetics, The Preparation of RG Permanent Magnet Alloys, page 423 (1971) the teachings of which are incorporated by reference herein. Further, the strong magnetic field used in producing the permanent magnets is held at a value of about 50-250 kilogauss and is maintained at that value until solidification occurs.
  • a process for production of a permanent magnet from a charge of magnetic material comprising the steps of:
  • continuously subjecting said interface of said melting ing step further includes insulating a second portion of c said charge with a heat-insulating envelope, said melting zone substantially aligning with said heat-insulating envelope.
  • a process as caimed in claim 1 further comprising the steps of placing said charge in an air-tight container and filling said container with an inert gas.
  • said magnetic material of said charge is Co -,R, wherein R is a rare earth metal.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Superconductors And Manufacturing Methods Therefor (AREA)
  • Hard Magnetic Materials (AREA)
US00264399A 1971-06-15 1972-06-15 Process for the production of permanent magnets Expired - Lifetime US3809145A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19712129592 DE2129592C (de) 1971-06-15 Verfahren zur Herstellung von Permanentmagneten

Publications (1)

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US3809145A true US3809145A (en) 1974-05-07

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US00264399A Expired - Lifetime US3809145A (en) 1971-06-15 1972-06-15 Process for the production of permanent magnets

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US (1) US3809145A (enrdf_load_html_response)
DD (1) DD97510A5 (enrdf_load_html_response)
FR (1) FR2141966A1 (enrdf_load_html_response)
NL (1) NL7208095A (enrdf_load_html_response)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3911997A (en) * 1972-12-20 1975-10-14 Sumitomo Metal Ind Magnetic apparatus for metal casting
US4665970A (en) * 1985-11-20 1987-05-19 O.C.C. Company Limited Method of producing a metallic member having a unidirectionally solidified structure
WO1997018916A1 (fr) * 1995-11-24 1997-05-29 Dmitry Alexandrovich Djudkin Procede de coulee de metal
US20150136588A1 (en) * 2013-11-17 2015-05-21 Dan Steinberg Apparatus with Cold Anode for High-Temperature Electrolytic Hydrogen Loading and Hydrogen Generation

Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2380616A (en) * 1940-06-20 1945-07-31 Snock Jacob Louis Magnetic system
US2398018A (en) * 1941-09-26 1946-04-09 Linley Anthony Manufacture of permanent magnets
FR979695A (fr) * 1948-01-28 1951-04-30 Philips Nv Procédé de fabrication d'aimants permanents anisotropes
US2773923A (en) * 1953-01-26 1956-12-11 Raytheon Mfg Co Zone-refining apparatus
US3163523A (en) * 1962-06-27 1964-12-29 Sylvania Electric Prod Method of purifying germanium
US3246373A (en) * 1962-06-22 1966-04-19 United States Steel Corp Magnetic stirring device and method
US3322183A (en) * 1964-06-09 1967-05-30 William C Johnston Process for producing nucleation and for controlling grain size in ingots and castings
US3464812A (en) * 1966-03-29 1969-09-02 Massachusetts Inst Technology Process for making solids and products thereof

Patent Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2380616A (en) * 1940-06-20 1945-07-31 Snock Jacob Louis Magnetic system
US2398018A (en) * 1941-09-26 1946-04-09 Linley Anthony Manufacture of permanent magnets
FR979695A (fr) * 1948-01-28 1951-04-30 Philips Nv Procédé de fabrication d'aimants permanents anisotropes
US2773923A (en) * 1953-01-26 1956-12-11 Raytheon Mfg Co Zone-refining apparatus
US3246373A (en) * 1962-06-22 1966-04-19 United States Steel Corp Magnetic stirring device and method
US3163523A (en) * 1962-06-27 1964-12-29 Sylvania Electric Prod Method of purifying germanium
US3322183A (en) * 1964-06-09 1967-05-30 William C Johnston Process for producing nucleation and for controlling grain size in ingots and castings
US3464812A (en) * 1966-03-29 1969-09-02 Massachusetts Inst Technology Process for making solids and products thereof

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3911997A (en) * 1972-12-20 1975-10-14 Sumitomo Metal Ind Magnetic apparatus for metal casting
US4665970A (en) * 1985-11-20 1987-05-19 O.C.C. Company Limited Method of producing a metallic member having a unidirectionally solidified structure
WO1997018916A1 (fr) * 1995-11-24 1997-05-29 Dmitry Alexandrovich Djudkin Procede de coulee de metal
US20150136588A1 (en) * 2013-11-17 2015-05-21 Dan Steinberg Apparatus with Cold Anode for High-Temperature Electrolytic Hydrogen Loading and Hydrogen Generation

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE2129592A1 (enrdf_load_html_response) 1972-07-20
DE2129592B2 (de) 1972-07-20
FR2141966A1 (enrdf_load_html_response) 1973-01-26
DD97510A5 (enrdf_load_html_response) 1973-05-05
NL7208095A (enrdf_load_html_response) 1972-12-19

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