US3785875A - Zinc-cadmium antimonide single crystal anisotropic thermoelement - Google Patents

Zinc-cadmium antimonide single crystal anisotropic thermoelement Download PDF

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US3785875A
US3785875A US00184275A US3785875DA US3785875A US 3785875 A US3785875 A US 3785875A US 00184275 A US00184275 A US 00184275A US 3785875D A US3785875D A US 3785875DA US 3785875 A US3785875 A US 3785875A
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thermoelement
anisotropic
single crystal
electromotive force
crystal
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US00184275A
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A Samoilovich
K Soliichuk
E Osipov
I Pilat
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10N10/00—Thermoelectric devices comprising a junction of dissimilar materials, i.e. devices exhibiting Seebeck or Peltier effects
    • H10N10/80—Constructional details
    • H10N10/85—Thermoelectric active materials
    • H10N10/851—Thermoelectric active materials comprising inorganic compositions
    • H10N10/853—Thermoelectric active materials comprising inorganic compositions comprising arsenic, antimony or bismuth

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  • the present invention relates to devices converting thermal energy into an electric potential, and, more particularly, it relates to anisotropic thermoelements.
  • thermoelements thermocouples
  • thermoelements manufactured both of metals and semiconductors, however suffer from a number of inherent disadvantages.
  • the disadvantages are low electromotive force, interdiffusion from one element into the other, counter thermal electromotive force due to mixed conductivity, transition resistances at places of the element contacts (thermoelement commutation effect), low reliability and short service life due to the presence of layers between the thermoelement members and diffusion between elements.
  • thermoelements consisting of a single crystal of CdSb compound (Patent Applications filed by the present Applicants in the U.S., FRG and Japan), wherein some of the above-mentioned difficulties can be overcome.
  • thermoelements feature a relatively high internal resistance, which reduces the power yielded by the thermoelement.
  • the anisotropy obtained of thermal electromotive force above room temperature does not exceed Au 150 mu v/deg.
  • the main object of the present invention is to provide a small-sized anisotropic thermoelement featuring high sensitivity, increased reliability and extended service life, by using a single crystal of special composition.
  • an anisotropic thermoelement manufactured from one single crystal possessing anisotropic thermal electromotive force in at least two mutually perpendicular directions while the temperature gradient applied to said single crystal at some angle relative the direction of anisotrophy of the thermal electromotive force causes the emergence of electromotive force in a direction perpendicular to that of the temperature gradient applied;
  • the anisotropic thermoelement proposed herein provides for the increse of electromotive force produced by at least several times as compared with the known thermocouples. As compared to the known anisotropic thermoelement manufactured from CdSb the proposed thermoelement provides for electromotive force exceeding by 50 per cent of that of conventional thermoelements of the same size and for the same temperature differences; the maximum yielded power of the proposed thermoelement exceeds by over one order of that yielded by a conventional CdSb thermoelement of the same size.
  • the proposed anisotropic thermoelement is simple in design, reliable in operation, has a prolonged service life, does not age, and is small in size.
  • thermoelements have found wide application in measurement technology, automatics and instrument making. They can be used in designing high-sensitivity instruments for registering various irradiations, measuring temperature gradients and heat fluxes, as well as thermal converters in electric measuring instruments etc.
  • FIG. illustrates a single crystal in section, showing X, Y, and Z-axes, which represent respectively direction of crystallographic axes direction of electromotive force obtained and, direction of the applied temperature gradient
  • FIG. 3 shows the thermal electromotive force of a thermoelement, manufactured from a single crystal of p-type Zn Cd Sb solid solution, as a function of the applied temperature difference; and
  • FIG. 4 shows load characteristics at different temperatures for a thermoelement manufactured from a single crystal of p-type Zn CdMSb solid solution.
  • a single crystal possessing anisotropic thermal electromotive force is considered hereinbelow.
  • the thermal emf tensor has at least two different components, that is, the thermal electromotive force is different in two mutually perpendicular directions.
  • the thermal emf anisotropy is usually connected with crystallographic directions.
  • Let a tensor component denote thermal electromotive force along the crystallographic axis tensor component a denote thermal electromotive force of the single crystal l occurring along the crystallographic axis (010) (FIG.
  • T is temperature. .As seen from the formula (I the maximum electromotive can be obtained at (b 45. With the linear temperature distribution over the crystal along Z-axis and at (1: 45, the formula (1 takes the following form:
  • T and T are temperatures at opposite facets of the crystal
  • b is the size of the crystal on Z-axis (thickness).
  • the value of the emerging thermal electromotive force depends not only a upon the properties of the material and temperature difference, as is the case with conventional thermoelements, but is proportional to the crystal length and inversely proportional to the crystal thickness b. Therefore, the required value of electromotive force can be obtained (other things being equal) by simply selecting the element dimensions. This provides for the possibility of obtaining greater values of electromotive force.
  • thermoelements were manufactured from single crystals of Zn,Cd, ,,Sb (where x O0.1) solid solutions grown by the horizontal zonal recrystallization technique with seeding.
  • Zn Cd Sb were carried out measurements of anisotropy of electric, the thermoelecric and galvanomagnetic properties.
  • the proposed material for manufacturing anisotropic thermoelements possesses the greatest anisotropy of thermal electromotive force.
  • thermoelement 3 shows the electromotive force of a thermoelement (a 0.82 cm, b 0.12 cm, c 0.1 cm) manufactured from a single crystal of Zn Cd Sb solid solution as a function of the applied temperature difference.
  • the obtained linear dependence of electromotive force at the thermoelement output upon the applied temperature difference is of particular importance in obtaining linear scale of measuring instruments manufactured on the basis of said thermoelements.
  • the maximum thermal electromotive force is attained at the temperature difference T T, 154 K. and is equal to 108 mv.
  • thermoelements consist in that, owing to the employment of single crystals of Zn Cd Sb solid solution featuring highly anisotropic thermal electromotive force, properties electromotive force values exceeding by about 50 per cent of that of thermoelements of the same size and at the same temperature differences applied but manufactured on the basic CdSb single crystal, could be obtained.
  • the present results are not optimal and can be improved by increasing the ratio a/b of the anisotropic thermoelement and the temperature gradient applied.
  • thermoelement load characteristics (FIG. 4) were plotted at different temperatures. As seen from the peaks of the load characteristics, the maximum internal resistance of 86 ohm corresponds to 313 K. and the minimum internal resistance of 41 ohm corresponds to 373 K.
  • the maximum yielded power is 71.2 mu w which exceeds by over one order that yielded by a similar but conventional thermoelement of the same size manufactured of CdSb; for a thermoelement manufactured of CdSb the maximum anisotropy of thermal electromotive force is 150 v/deg as compared to 245 mu v/deg at similar temperatures for a thermoelement Of zno cdn gsb.
  • thermoelements can be modified to further utilize the possibilities of obtaining greater electromotive forces.
  • the temperature difference set can be increased, the thermoelement thickness reduced, and the overall length extended.
  • An antisotropic thermoelement formed of a single crystal with anisotropic thermal emf characteristics, for producing an emf responsive to and determined by a temperature differential applied to the crystal, said crystal having first, second and third substantially perpendicular crystallographic axes and corresponding first, second and third values of thermal emfs that can be produced along said respective axes, the crystal having a thickness in a first direction (Z) extending in a plane defined by those two of said axes (001 and 010) between which the difference of thermal emfs is the maximum, said direction being inclined at a predetermined angle to one of the axes defining said plane, means for applying a predetermined temperature gradient to said crystal in said first direction, and means for tapping a generated output emf in a second direction (Y) defining a length of the crystal, said second direction extending in said plane defined by said axes (001 and 010) between which the difference of thermal emfs is the maximum and being perpendicular to the first
  • thermoelement as claimed in claim 1 where said length of the crystal is greater than its said thickness.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Crystals, And After-Treatments Of Crystals (AREA)
US00184275A 1970-01-02 1971-09-27 Zinc-cadmium antimonide single crystal anisotropic thermoelement Expired - Lifetime US3785875A (en)

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE2000088A DE2000088C3 (de) 1970-01-02 1970-01-02 Anisotropes Thermoelement
FR7002748A FR2076750A5 (enExample) 1970-01-02 1970-01-27
US18427571A 1971-09-27 1971-09-27

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Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3920480A (en) * 1972-03-17 1975-11-18 Lukyan Ivanovich Anatychuk Monocrystalline anisotropic thermoelement having shorted EMF vector in the direction coincident with that of the thermal flux
US4042047A (en) * 1975-10-06 1977-08-16 Ingersoll-Rand Company Raise boring head having fluid traversing means
US5808233A (en) * 1996-03-11 1998-09-15 Temple University-Of The Commonwealth System Of Higher Education Amorphous-crystalline thermocouple and methods of its manufacture
EP1223411A1 (en) * 2001-01-12 2002-07-17 Lidact GmbH Universal sensor for measuring shear stress, mass flow or velocity of a fluid or gas, for determining a number of drops, or detecting drip or leakage
US20050045702A1 (en) * 2003-08-29 2005-03-03 William Freeman Thermoelectric modules and methods of manufacture
MD4333C1 (ro) * 2012-12-20 2015-09-30 ИНСТИТУТ ЭЛЕКТРОННОЙ ИНЖЕНЕРИИ И НАНОТЕХНОЛОГИЙ "D. Ghitu" АНМ Termoelement anizotrop monocristalin de tip transversal
WO2019053318A1 (en) * 2017-09-12 2019-03-21 Lappeenrannan-Lahden Teknillinen Yliopisto Lut METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING GRADIENT THERMAL FLOW SENSOR
RU2765967C1 (ru) * 2021-06-08 2022-02-07 Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение науки Институт проблем механики им. А.Ю. Ишлинского Российской академии наук (ИПМех РАН) Способ калибровки датчиков теплового потока вращающимся зеркалом с переменной скоростью
RU2766410C1 (ru) * 2021-06-08 2022-03-15 Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение науки Институт проблем механики им. А.Ю. Ишлинского Российской академии наук (ИПМех РАН) Способ лазерной калибровки датчиков теплового потока с имитацией экспериментальной нагрузки

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102012217535A1 (de) * 2012-09-27 2014-03-27 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Gasturbine mit einem Wärmeflusssensor

Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3920480A (en) * 1972-03-17 1975-11-18 Lukyan Ivanovich Anatychuk Monocrystalline anisotropic thermoelement having shorted EMF vector in the direction coincident with that of the thermal flux
US4042047A (en) * 1975-10-06 1977-08-16 Ingersoll-Rand Company Raise boring head having fluid traversing means
US5808233A (en) * 1996-03-11 1998-09-15 Temple University-Of The Commonwealth System Of Higher Education Amorphous-crystalline thermocouple and methods of its manufacture
EP1223411A1 (en) * 2001-01-12 2002-07-17 Lidact GmbH Universal sensor for measuring shear stress, mass flow or velocity of a fluid or gas, for determining a number of drops, or detecting drip or leakage
US20050045702A1 (en) * 2003-08-29 2005-03-03 William Freeman Thermoelectric modules and methods of manufacture
MD4333C1 (ro) * 2012-12-20 2015-09-30 ИНСТИТУТ ЭЛЕКТРОННОЙ ИНЖЕНЕРИИ И НАНОТЕХНОЛОГИЙ "D. Ghitu" АНМ Termoelement anizotrop monocristalin de tip transversal
WO2019053318A1 (en) * 2017-09-12 2019-03-21 Lappeenrannan-Lahden Teknillinen Yliopisto Lut METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING GRADIENT THERMAL FLOW SENSOR
CN111108356A (zh) * 2017-09-12 2020-05-05 拉普兰塔-拉登理工大学 用于制造梯度热通量传感器的方法
RU2765967C1 (ru) * 2021-06-08 2022-02-07 Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение науки Институт проблем механики им. А.Ю. Ишлинского Российской академии наук (ИПМех РАН) Способ калибровки датчиков теплового потока вращающимся зеркалом с переменной скоростью
RU2766410C1 (ru) * 2021-06-08 2022-03-15 Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение науки Институт проблем механики им. А.Ю. Ишлинского Российской академии наук (ИПМех РАН) Способ лазерной калибровки датчиков теплового потока с имитацией экспериментальной нагрузки

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FR2076750A5 (enExample) 1971-10-15
DE2000088C3 (de) 1973-11-29
DE2000088B2 (de) 1973-05-03
DE2000088A1 (de) 1971-07-08

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