US3785807A - Method for producing a master alloy for use in aluminum casting processes - Google Patents

Method for producing a master alloy for use in aluminum casting processes Download PDF

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US3785807A
US3785807A US00137986A US3785807DA US3785807A US 3785807 A US3785807 A US 3785807A US 00137986 A US00137986 A US 00137986A US 3785807D A US3785807D A US 3785807DA US 3785807 A US3785807 A US 3785807A
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titanium
alloy
melt
boron
aluminum
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S Backerud
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BACKERUD INNOVATION BOX 5035 S-181 05 LIDINGO SWEDEN A SWEDISH CORP AB
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Granges Aluminium AB
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C21/00—Alloys based on aluminium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
    • C22C1/02—Making non-ferrous alloys by melting
    • C22C1/03—Making non-ferrous alloys by melting using master alloys

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method for producing a master alloy which can be added to an aluminum melt before the melt solidifies, thereby to obtain finer grain size of the cast aluminum product with subsequent increase in the quality of the same.
  • the master alloys previously used have comprised mainly titanium, boron and a combination of titanium and boron.
  • Typical master alloys contain 2-l0 percent by weight titanium in aluminum, 0.3-5 percent by weight boron in aluminum and 2-10 percent by weight titanium together with 0.3-5 percent by weight boron in aluminum.
  • a usual composition is one containing 5 percent by weight titanium and 1 percent by weight boron in aluminum. Master alloys of this type are available commercially.
  • Master alloys containing titanium and boron are normally produced by dissolving the required quantities of titanium and boron in an aluminum melt at temperatures in excess of approximately L200 C.
  • the boron is added in the form of a boron salt, normally potassium borofluoride (KBF).
  • KBF potassium borofluoride
  • the boron salt is dissociated in the melt and the liberated boron then rapidly combines with the titanium present in the melt. It is also possible to disperse tine-grain titanium diboride in the melt.
  • a master alloy which is intended to be added to an aluminum melt to afford a grain refining effect during the solidification period, an aluminum melt containing 0.02-6 percent by weight titanium and 0.0l-2 percent by weight boron being produced, in which the boron is bound to the titanium in the form of titanium diboride, by either first dissolving titanium at a temperature such that the quantity added passes into solution, and then adding boron, or by dispersing titanium boride in an aluminum melt, and the method is characterized by the step of maintaining the melt containing titanium diboride at a temperature between the melting point of the mixture and 900 C while stirring the melt and for a period of time of at least min utes and at most 9 hours.
  • the titanium content of the master alloy is preferably 0.2-2 percent by weight and the boron content is preferably.0.l-l percent by weight and the temperature used during the dissolution phase is from l,200 to l,500 C.
  • the alloy is then cooled to the holding temperature between the melting point and 900 C.
  • a preferred holding temperature is 680-720 C and apreferred holding time is from 45 minutes to 2.5 hours.
  • the pre-alloy can be used directly or subsequent to solidifying, although it is normal practice to decant the molten master alloy to prevent the formation of large agglomerates of titanium diboride and other impurities from accompanying the master alloy.
  • Al Ti It is thus necessary to exceed the solubility limit or liquiduscurve in the constitutional diagram for Al Ti, which can be effected by raising the concentration of titanium or by changing the position of the solubility curve by means of appropriate additives. In this way, Al Ti will crystallize around the TiB grains and form small crystals, which constitute the actual crystallization nuclei. The formation of Al Ti takes place during the holding time at the aforementioned temperature interval of the invention.
  • the titanium content of the master alloy is of such magnitude that Al Ti can be formed in the whole melt, large quantities of Al Ti crystals will be formed, which when the master alloy is used will dissolve and give high titanium contents to the final product, but will of course also act as crystallization nuclei to a lesser extent, owing to the fact that these crystals will become considerably larger and fewer than those which are formed around the TiB -grains.
  • the initally irregular grains of TiB will, after approximately 1 hour, have been embraced by a more regularly shaped crystal shell comprising substantially Al Ti.
  • the formed crystals added to the aluminum melt are able to refine the grains rapidly and effectively. If the master alloy is not subjected to the crystallization of Al Ti around the TiB -particles during the holding period and during simultaneous agitation of the system, TiB will form aggregates which will be practically totally precipitated out by gravitational separation, and will either not be included during the casting process or will be entrained with the casting material, thereby rendering its use impossible for, for example, foil rolling, where the agglomerated TiB -particles cause the foil to be torn during the rolling operation.
  • the new master alloy of the present invention can be used in considerably small quantities or with a lower content of titanium and boron, since it is possible to utilize actively all the titanium and boron present therein.
  • the final, desired aluminum melt can be considered totally as a master alloy and that the melt can be treated in a manner whereby titanium and boron are first dissolved at higher temperatures and the whole melt than maintained at a temperature of approximately 700 C for a period of 1 hour under agitation. in this way grain refinement would be equivalent to that obtained with the master alloy of the present invention.
  • Such treatment of an aluminum melt is expensive, extremely difficult to carry out technically and gives an undesirable content of titanium in the product. It is, instead, particularly desirable to produce a master alloy which can be used in continuous casting processes externally of the furnace in a special container or in the actual pouring stream.
  • the master alloy of the present invention is particularly suited for this purpose, since it can be passed to the melt just before the melt is to be transferred to the mould and intimately blended with the melt. In this way, the grain refining agent is able to exert its influence immediately and a superior product is obtained with a considerably smaller total quantity of titanium and boron in the finished product.
  • a method for preparing a master alloy intended to be added to an aluminum melt for refining the grains of the aluminum during solidification thereof comprising the steps of a. preparing an alloy melt consisting essentially of 0.02-6 percent by weight of titanium and 0.0l-2 percent by weight of boron, the balance being aluminum and wherein the boron is bound to titanium in the form of titanium diboride, and
  • cooling step comprises cooling the alloy melt to a temperature below the melting point of the alloy and then reheating the cooled alloy to a temperature between the melting point of said alloy and 900 C.
  • a method according to claim 2 wherein the step of cooling the alloy melt to a temperature below the melting point of the alloy comprises casting the alloy melt into cooled moulds.
  • step of preparing the alloy melt comprises dispersing titanium diboride in molten aluminum.
  • step of preparing the alloy melt comprises adding titanium and boron to molten aluminum at a temperature above about l,200 C.

Abstract

A method for producing a master alloy for use in aluminum casting processes in which an aluminum melt containing 0.02-6 percent by weight titanium and 0.01-2 percent by weight boron is produced under conditions under which the boron is bound to titanium in the form of titanium diboride, whereafter the melt containing titanium diboride is held under agitation at a temperature ranging from the melting point of the material to 900* C for a period of at least 15 minutes and at most 9 hours.

Description

United States Patent [1 1 Backerud Jan. 15, 1974 METHOD FOR PRODUCING A MASTER ALLOY FOR USE IN ALUMINUM CASTING PROCESSES [75] Inventor: Stig Lennart Backerud, Akersberga,
Sweden [73] Assignee: Granges Aluminium AB,
Kubikenborg, Fack, Sundsvall, Sweden [22] Filed: Apr. 27, 1971 [21] Appl. No.: 137,986
[30] Foreign Application Priority Data Apr. 28, 1970 Sweden 5881/70 [52] US. Cl. 75/138, 75/68 R [5 l] Int. Cl C22c 1/02 [58] Field of Search 75/138, 135, 68 R [56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,464,816 9/1969 Biddulph 75/1 38 2,578,098 l2/l95l Southard 75/138 Primary Examiner-Richard 0. Dean AttorneyWaters, Roditi, Schwartz & Nissen [57] ABSTRACT 9 Claims, No Drawings METHOD FOR PRODUCING A MASTER ALLOY FOR USE IN ALUMINUM CASTING PROCESSES The present invention relates to a method for producing a master alloy which can be added to an aluminum melt before the melt solidifies, thereby to obtain finer grain size of the cast aluminum product with subsequent increase in the quality of the same.
It is known that in order to obtain a satisfactory product from an aluminum casting process, for example, it is necessary to add a substance which facilitates the formation of crystals during the period of solidification, the substance preventing the aluminum melt from solidifying to a coarse-crystal product. To this 'end, different grain refining substances are generally incorporated in the aluminum as master alloys, which are added to the aluminum melt in solid form, for example in the form of small ingots or a wire which is continuously fed into the melt. The master alloy may also be added in a molten state.
The master alloys previously used have comprised mainly titanium, boron and a combination of titanium and boron. Typical master alloys contain 2-l0 percent by weight titanium in aluminum, 0.3-5 percent by weight boron in aluminum and 2-10 percent by weight titanium together with 0.3-5 percent by weight boron in aluminum. A usual composition is one containing 5 percent by weight titanium and 1 percent by weight boron in aluminum. Master alloys of this type are available commercially.
lt has now been surprisingly found that by producing a titanium-boron-aluminum master alloy in a special manner it is possible to improve considerably the grain refinement while using considerably lower total quantities of titanium and boron than has been possible with the hitherto commercially available master alloys.
Master alloys containing titanium and boron are normally produced by dissolving the required quantities of titanium and boron in an aluminum melt at temperatures in excess of approximately L200 C. When practicing this method, it is first necessary to dissolve a specific quantity of titanium before adding the boron. The boron is added in the form of a boron salt, normally potassium borofluoride (KBF The boron salt is dissociated in the melt and the liberated boron then rapidly combines with the titanium present in the melt. It is also possible to disperse tine-grain titanium diboride in the melt. In accordance with the present invention there is produced a master alloy which is intended to be added to an aluminum melt to afford a grain refining effect during the solidification period, an aluminum melt containing 0.02-6 percent by weight titanium and 0.0l-2 percent by weight boron being produced, in which the boron is bound to the titanium in the form of titanium diboride, by either first dissolving titanium at a temperature such that the quantity added passes into solution, and then adding boron, or by dispersing titanium boride in an aluminum melt, and the method is characterized by the step of maintaining the melt containing titanium diboride at a temperature between the melting point of the mixture and 900 C while stirring the melt and for a period of time of at least min utes and at most 9 hours.
If large quantities of titanium, for example of the order of 10 percent by weight, are to be dissolved, it is necessary, for thermodynamic reasons, that the temperature during the dissolution phase reaches at least 1,200 C. Consequently, it is naturally necessary to cool the aluminum melt rapidly down to a temperature below 900 C, in order to prevent the occurrence of undesirable reactions. Since it is difficult to rapidly cool the alloy to a temperature immediately above the melting point a particularly suitable method for carrying out such a cooling process is one in which alloy is cast in small, water-cooled moulds, whereafter the metal is remelted at a temperature below 900 C.
The titanium content of the master alloy is preferably 0.2-2 percent by weight and the boron content is preferably.0.l-l percent by weight and the temperature used during the dissolution phase is from l,200 to l,500 C. The alloy is then cooled to the holding temperature between the melting point and 900 C. A preferred holding temperature is 680-720 C and apreferred holding time is from 45 minutes to 2.5 hours. Subsequent to the heat treatment process, the pre-alloy can be used directly or subsequent to solidifying, although it is normal practice to decant the molten master alloy to prevent the formation of large agglomerates of titanium diboride and other impurities from accompanying the master alloy.
The conditions prevailing in the aluminum-titanium system are evident from available constitutional diagrams, from which it can be seen that pure aluminum solidifies at approximately 660 C and that a peritectic solidification line exists from a titanium content of roughly 0.5 percent by weight at 665 C to the stoichiometric composition for Al Ti at roughly 37.5 percent by weight Ti. In order that Al Ti can be formed, the content of Ti at 665 C must thus be at least 0.15 percent by weight. At 900 C the liquid solubility for titanium equals 1 percent.
When titanium and boron are dissolved in aluminum, a compound between titanium and boron, TiB is rapidly formed, Al Ti crystallizing out at reduced temperature during the holding period to embrace the compound. The formation of Al Ti presumes that the concentration of Ti in the system exceeds the content necessary for forming Al Ti at the temperatures in question. In this particular instance, a titanium concentration gradient is obtained around the TiB grains. This concentration gradient is obtained as a result of the fact that titanium is disassociated from titanium diboride and is replaced therein with aluminum. This enables the titanium diboride and aluminum diboride to have the same crystal structure and to replace each other in the crystal lattice.
It is thus necessary to exceed the solubility limit or liquiduscurve in the constitutional diagram for Al Ti, which can be effected by raising the concentration of titanium or by changing the position of the solubility curve by means of appropriate additives. In this way, Al Ti will crystallize around the TiB grains and form small crystals, which constitute the actual crystallization nuclei. The formation of Al Ti takes place during the holding time at the aforementioned temperature interval of the invention. If the titanium content of the master alloy is of such magnitude that Al Ti can be formed in the whole melt, large quantities of Al Ti crystals will be formed, which when the master alloy is used will dissolve and give high titanium contents to the final product, but will of course also act as crystallization nuclei to a lesser extent, owing to the fact that these crystals will become considerably larger and fewer than those which are formed around the TiB -grains.
The initally irregular grains of TiB will, after approximately 1 hour, have been embraced by a more regularly shaped crystal shell comprising substantially Al Ti. The formed crystals added to the aluminum melt are able to refine the grains rapidly and effectively. If the master alloy is not subjected to the crystallization of Al Ti around the TiB -particles during the holding period and during simultaneous agitation of the system, TiB will form aggregates which will be practically totally precipitated out by gravitational separation, and will either not be included during the casting process or will be entrained with the casting material, thereby rendering its use impossible for, for example, foil rolling, where the agglomerated TiB -particles cause the foil to be torn during the rolling operation. For the same reason, a large quantity of TiB will fall to the bottom of the furnace without fulfilling its function as a grain refining agent, whereupon it becomes necessary to add the TiB in excessive quantities, which considerably impairs the economy of aluminum casting processes using this agent. A large addition of grain refining agent also causes a large quantity of titanium to be dissolved in the melt. An increase in the titanium content of aluminum gives rise to several undesirable effects, such as the formation of feathery grains and changes in the conductivity of the final product,
The new master alloy of the present invention can be used in considerably small quantities or with a lower content of titanium and boron, since it is possible to utilize actively all the titanium and boron present therein.
it is obvious that the final, desired aluminum melt can be considered totally as a master alloy and that the melt can be treated in a manner whereby titanium and boron are first dissolved at higher temperatures and the whole melt than maintained at a temperature of approximately 700 C for a period of 1 hour under agitation. in this way grain refinement would be equivalent to that obtained with the master alloy of the present invention. However, such treatment of an aluminum melt is expensive, extremely difficult to carry out technically and gives an undesirable content of titanium in the product. It is, instead, particularly desirable to produce a master alloy which can be used in continuous casting processes externally of the furnace in a special container or in the actual pouring stream. The master alloy of the present invention is particularly suited for this purpose, since it can be passed to the melt just before the melt is to be transferred to the mould and intimately blended with the melt. In this way, the grain refining agent is able to exert its influence immediately and a superior product is obtained with a considerably smaller total quantity of titanium and boron in the finished product.
What I claim is:
l. A method for preparing a master alloy intended to be added to an aluminum melt for refining the grains of the aluminum during solidification thereof comprising the steps of a. preparing an alloy melt consisting essentially of 0.02-6 percent by weight of titanium and 0.0l-2 percent by weight of boron, the balance being aluminum and wherein the boron is bound to titanium in the form of titanium diboride, and
b. maintaining the alloy melt at a temperature between the melting point of the alloy and 900 C. for a period of time of at least 15 minutes and at most 9 hours with agitation until the grains of titanium diboride in the alloy become embraced by a crystal shell comprising substantially Al Ti.
2. A method according to claim 1 wherein the cooling step comprises cooling the alloy melt to a temperature below the melting point of the alloy and then reheating the cooled alloy to a temperature between the melting point of said alloy and 900 C.
3. A method according to claim 2 wherein the step of cooling the alloy melt to a temperature below the melting point of the alloy comprises casting the alloy melt into cooled moulds.
4. A method according to claim 1, wherein the titanium is present in an amount of 002-2 percent by weight, based on the total weight of the alloy.
5. A method according to claim 1, wherein the boron is present in an amount of 0.0l-l percent by weight, based on the total weight of the alloy.
6. A method according to claim 1, wherein the alloy melt is maintained at a temperature of 680720 C.
7. A method according to claim 6, wherein the alloy melt is maintained at 680-720 C for from 45 minutes to 2.5 hours.
8. A method according to claim 1 wherein the step of preparing the alloy melt comprises dispersing titanium diboride in molten aluminum.
9. A method according to claim 1 wherein the step of preparing the alloy melt comprises adding titanium and boron to molten aluminum at a temperature above about l,200 C.

Claims (8)

  1. 2. A method according to claim 1 wherein the cooling step comprises cooling the alloy melt to a temperature below the melting point of the alloy and then re-heating the cooled alloy to a temperature between the melting point of said alloy and 900* C.
  2. 3. A method according to claim 2 wherein the step of cooling the alloy melt to a temperature below the melting point of the alloy comprises casting the alloy melt into cooled moulds.
  3. 4. A method according to claim 1, wherein the titanium is present in an amount of 0.02-2 percent by weight, based on the total weight of the alloy.
  4. 5. A method according to claim 1, wherein the boron is present in an amount of 0.01-1 percent by weight, based on the total weight of the alloy.
  5. 6. A method according to claim 1, wherein the alloy melt is maintained at a temperature of 680*-720* C.
  6. 7. A method according to claim 6, wherein the alloy melt is maintained at 680*-720* C for from 45 minutes to 2.5 hours.
  7. 8. A method according to claim 1 wherein the step of preparing the alloy melt comprises dispersing titanium diboride in molten aluminum.
  8. 9. A method according to claim 1 wherein the step of preparing the alloy melt comprises adding titanium and boron to molten aluminum at a temperature above about 1,200* C.
US00137986A 1970-04-28 1971-04-27 Method for producing a master alloy for use in aluminum casting processes Expired - Lifetime US3785807A (en)

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US3961995A (en) * 1973-04-04 1976-06-08 Aluminum Pechiney Mother alloy of aluminum, titanium and boron and process for fabrication
US4298408A (en) * 1980-01-07 1981-11-03 Cabot Berylco Inc. Aluminum-titanium-boron master alloy
FR2568589A1 (en) * 1984-08-02 1986-02-07 Cabot Corp ALUMINUM GRAIN REFINER CONTAINING DOUBLE CRYSTALS
DE3608713A1 (en) * 1985-03-25 1986-10-09 Cabot Corp., Boston, Mass. GRAIN IMPROVERS FOR ALUMINUM CONTAINING SILICON
US4751048A (en) * 1984-10-19 1988-06-14 Martin Marietta Corporation Process for forming metal-second phase composites and product thereof
US4772452A (en) * 1986-12-19 1988-09-20 Martin Marietta Corporation Process for forming metal-second phase composites utilizing compound starting materials
US4800065A (en) * 1986-12-19 1989-01-24 Martin Marietta Corporation Process for making ceramic-ceramic composites and products thereof
GB2162540B (en) * 1984-06-22 1989-05-04 Cabot Corp Aluminum grain refiner containing "duplex" crystals
US4915908A (en) * 1984-10-19 1990-04-10 Martin Marietta Corporation Metal-second phase composites by direct addition
US4916030A (en) * 1984-10-19 1990-04-10 Martin Marietta Corporation Metal-second phase composites
US4915902A (en) * 1984-10-19 1990-04-10 Martin Marietta Corporation Complex ceramic whisker formation in metal-ceramic composites
US4917964A (en) * 1984-10-19 1990-04-17 Martin Marietta Corporation Porous metal-second phase composites
US4985202A (en) * 1984-10-19 1991-01-15 Martin Marietta Corporation Process for forming porous metal-second phase composites
US5028301A (en) * 1989-01-09 1991-07-02 Townsend Douglas W Supersaturation plating of aluminum wettable cathode coatings during aluminum smelting in drained cathode cells
US5055256A (en) * 1985-03-25 1991-10-08 Kb Alloys, Inc. Grain refiner for aluminum containing silicon
US5057150A (en) * 1989-05-03 1991-10-15 Alcan International Limited Production of aluminum master alloy rod
US5217816A (en) * 1984-10-19 1993-06-08 Martin Marietta Corporation Metal-ceramic composites
US5227045A (en) * 1989-01-09 1993-07-13 Townsend Douglas W Supersaturation coating of cathode substrate
DE4327227A1 (en) * 1993-08-13 1995-02-16 Schaedlich Stubenrauch Juergen Grain refining agent, its manufacture and use
US5415708A (en) * 1993-06-02 1995-05-16 Kballoys, Inc. Aluminum base alloy and method for preparing same
US5453244A (en) * 1992-07-16 1995-09-26 Daido Metal Company Ltd. Aluminum alloy bearing
US6073677A (en) * 1995-11-21 2000-06-13 Opticast Ab Method for optimization of the grain refinement of aluminum alloys
WO2001036700A1 (en) * 1999-09-10 2001-05-25 Sigworth Geoffrey K Method for grain refinement of high strength aluminum casting alloys
WO2001042521A1 (en) * 1999-12-10 2001-06-14 Alcan Technology & Management Ltd. Method for producing an aluminum-titanium-boron prealloy for use as a grain refiner
US20030179846A1 (en) * 1999-09-09 2003-09-25 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. Aluminum composite material, manufacturing method therefor, and basket and cask using the same
US6645321B2 (en) 1999-09-10 2003-11-11 Geoffrey K. Sigworth Method for grain refinement of high strength aluminum casting alloys
WO2007052174A1 (en) 2005-11-02 2007-05-10 Tubitak Process for producing a grain refining master alloy
CN102978481A (en) * 2012-11-21 2013-03-20 常州大学 Method for preparing boron-modified commercially pure aluminum with high strength and conductivity
CN102994788A (en) * 2012-11-21 2013-03-27 常州大学 Method for refining pure aluminum of Al-5% Ti intermediate alloy
WO2013072898A2 (en) 2011-11-18 2013-05-23 Tubitak Grain refinement, aluminium foundry alloys
CN107400808A (en) * 2017-08-10 2017-11-28 兰州理工大学 A kind of Al Ti C Nb intermediate alloys and its preparation method and application
CN110358948A (en) * 2019-06-11 2019-10-22 上海交通大学 A kind of aluminium-titanium diboride-phosphorus intermediate alloy and preparation method thereof

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US4873054A (en) * 1986-09-08 1989-10-10 Kb Alloys, Inc. Third element additions to aluminum-titanium master alloys
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US5935295A (en) * 1997-10-16 1999-08-10 Megy; Joseph A. Molten aluminum treatment
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US6689489B2 (en) 1999-10-07 2004-02-10 Isg Technologies, Inc. Composition for controlling spangle size, a coated steel product, and a coating method
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US3961995A (en) * 1973-04-04 1976-06-08 Aluminum Pechiney Mother alloy of aluminum, titanium and boron and process for fabrication
US4298408A (en) * 1980-01-07 1981-11-03 Cabot Berylco Inc. Aluminum-titanium-boron master alloy
GB2162540B (en) * 1984-06-22 1989-05-04 Cabot Corp Aluminum grain refiner containing "duplex" crystals
US4612073A (en) * 1984-08-02 1986-09-16 Cabot Corporation Aluminum grain refiner containing duplex crystals
FR2568589A1 (en) * 1984-08-02 1986-02-07 Cabot Corp ALUMINUM GRAIN REFINER CONTAINING DOUBLE CRYSTALS
US5217816A (en) * 1984-10-19 1993-06-08 Martin Marietta Corporation Metal-ceramic composites
US5059490A (en) * 1984-10-19 1991-10-22 Martin Marietta Corporation Metal-ceramic composites containing complex ceramic whiskers
US4751048A (en) * 1984-10-19 1988-06-14 Martin Marietta Corporation Process for forming metal-second phase composites and product thereof
US4985202A (en) * 1984-10-19 1991-01-15 Martin Marietta Corporation Process for forming porous metal-second phase composites
US4917964A (en) * 1984-10-19 1990-04-17 Martin Marietta Corporation Porous metal-second phase composites
US4915902A (en) * 1984-10-19 1990-04-10 Martin Marietta Corporation Complex ceramic whisker formation in metal-ceramic composites
US4915908A (en) * 1984-10-19 1990-04-10 Martin Marietta Corporation Metal-second phase composites by direct addition
US4916030A (en) * 1984-10-19 1990-04-10 Martin Marietta Corporation Metal-second phase composites
GB2174103B (en) * 1985-03-25 1989-06-21 Cabot Corp Grain refiner for aluminum containing silicon
US5055256A (en) * 1985-03-25 1991-10-08 Kb Alloys, Inc. Grain refiner for aluminum containing silicon
GB2174103A (en) * 1985-03-25 1986-10-29 Cabot Corp Grain refiner for aluminum containing silicon
DE3608713A1 (en) * 1985-03-25 1986-10-09 Cabot Corp., Boston, Mass. GRAIN IMPROVERS FOR ALUMINUM CONTAINING SILICON
US4772452A (en) * 1986-12-19 1988-09-20 Martin Marietta Corporation Process for forming metal-second phase composites utilizing compound starting materials
US4800065A (en) * 1986-12-19 1989-01-24 Martin Marietta Corporation Process for making ceramic-ceramic composites and products thereof
US5028301A (en) * 1989-01-09 1991-07-02 Townsend Douglas W Supersaturation plating of aluminum wettable cathode coatings during aluminum smelting in drained cathode cells
US5227045A (en) * 1989-01-09 1993-07-13 Townsend Douglas W Supersaturation coating of cathode substrate
US5057150A (en) * 1989-05-03 1991-10-15 Alcan International Limited Production of aluminum master alloy rod
US5453244A (en) * 1992-07-16 1995-09-26 Daido Metal Company Ltd. Aluminum alloy bearing
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SE349331B (en) 1972-09-25
NO130016B (en) 1974-06-24
CA941170A (en) 1974-02-05
DE2119516B2 (en) 1979-08-16
NL7105406A (en) 1971-11-01
BE766421A (en) 1971-09-16
DE2119516C3 (en) 1980-04-24
GB1333957A (en) 1973-10-17
FR2090888A5 (en) 1972-01-14
NL176376C (en) 1985-04-01

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