US3752664A - Metallic sound conductor or sound radiator - Google Patents

Metallic sound conductor or sound radiator Download PDF

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Publication number
US3752664A
US3752664A US00084308A US3752664DA US3752664A US 3752664 A US3752664 A US 3752664A US 00084308 A US00084308 A US 00084308A US 3752664D A US3752664D A US 3752664DA US 3752664 A US3752664 A US 3752664A
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sound
alloys
metallic
attenuation
conductor
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US00084308A
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S Steinemann
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Institut Straumann AG
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Institut Straumann AG
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03H—IMPEDANCE NETWORKS, e.g. RESONANT CIRCUITS; RESONATORS
    • H03H9/00—Networks comprising electromechanical or electro-acoustic elements; Electromechanical resonators
    • H03H9/30—Time-delay networks
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C14/00—Alloys based on titanium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C27/00—Alloys based on rhenium or a refractory metal not mentioned in groups C22C14/00 or C22C16/00
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C27/00—Alloys based on rhenium or a refractory metal not mentioned in groups C22C14/00 or C22C16/00
    • C22C27/02—Alloys based on vanadium, niobium, or tantalum
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C30/00—Alloys containing less than 50% by weight of each constituent

Definitions

  • T ypical values for three well-known materials are shown in Table I.
  • the present invention relates to a sound conductor and, more particularly to a metallic low-loss sound conductor or sound radiator.
  • an electric signal is transformed into a sound wave by piezoelectric, magnetostrictive or other transducers.
  • the sound wave propagates as an elastic longitudinal or shear wave through a sound transmitter which may be a rod, a band or a Wire. Subsequently another transducer re-transforms the sound wave into an electric signal of predetermined delay time.
  • Conventional sound transmitting media are glasses, mercury, aluminum alloys, nickel or temperature-compensating alloys such as Ni-span etc.
  • the characteristics of such materials must include low attenuation, homogeneity, the lowest possible temperature coefiicient of a wave Velocity, low propagation Velocity in order to permit a compact design, and possibly a high couplng factor for magnetostrictive excitation and detection. The totality of these requirements can be attained only to a limited extent.
  • Low-loss materials for sound transmitters are also required in ultrasonics, for the processing of hard materials, for material testing, for echo sounding devices and so on.
  • Sound transmitters for such purposes are at present made of anticorodal, brass, titanium alloys and so on.
  • quartz in contrast to metallic sound transmitters, quartz has an extremely low attenuation.
  • quartz cannot be fashioned into various shapes such as are often required; for delay lines quartz is conventionally used in the form of a rod or a polygon.
  • Metallic sound transmitters on the other hand, can be given any desired shape. Metals also have greater resistance to fatigue; this is an important consideration in sound conductors which must transrnt high interstices of sound. The advantages are offset, however, by the greater sound attenuation in rnetals.
  • an object of the present invention to overcome the drawbacks of prior art by providng a metallic sound transmitter which combines the desirable sound transmitting properties of amorphous quartz-that is, low attenuationwith malleability which permits any desired Shape of a sound conductor, and with a low temperature coefiicient of elasticity, that is of the wave Velocity.
  • Another object is to provide a metallic sound transmitter of low propagation Velocity which permits compact design.
  • a further object is to provide a metallic sound transmitter of great strength and stability.
  • an elastically isotropic sound transmitter which is made of one of a number of metal alloys.
  • the sound transmitter according to the invention is formed of several alloys whose electron concentrations correspond to an anisotropy coeflicient of 1. This implies that the sound wave propagates with equal Velocity in all directions and losses because of the randomly oriented grain structure in polycrystalline metals as obliterated.
  • FIG. 1 is a diagram which shows the attenuation a of sound as a function of the frequency
  • FIG. 2 is a diagram which shows the anisotropy factor A of a number of alloys as a function of the electron per atom ratio e/a;
  • Region (2)-between 1-10 kHz. Thermoelastic relaxation loss in polycrystalline substances of Zener effect. In a polycrystalline material the randomly oriented elastically anisotropic grains are homogenously compressed and dilated which results in different local temperatures and relaxation loss due to heat flow.
  • Region (3 )-moderate frequencies Relaxation phenomena due to dislocation motions and interactions between chemical and structural lattice defects; in general attenuation is low, except in ferromagnetic materials.
  • Regions (4), (5) and (6) Sound scattering and sound diffusion in polycrystalline material, due to the fact that in those substances the randomly orieted elastically anisotropic grains do not have identical sound impedance so that sound is scattered (like light) or diffused by reflection.
  • the attenuation depends on parameters like the average diameter of grains, on the frequency and on the elastic anisotropy coefficient.
  • region (7) which includes still higher frequencies there is hysteresis loss and thermoelastic relaxation; the latter vares as the second power of the frequency. Its absolute value is determined by the specific heat and thermal conductivity of the material.
  • the attenuation in the regions (2), (4), (5) and (6) is a function of the elastic anisotropy of the material.
  • C. Zener Elasticity and Anelasticity of Metals the University of Chicago Press, Chicago-London 1948; W. P. Mason: Physical Acoustics and the Properties of Solids, D. Van Nostrand Company, Princeton-Toronto-London-New York, 1958; R. T. Smith and R. W. B. Stephens: Effects of Anisotropy on Ultrasonic Propagation in Solids, edited Standford, Fearson and McG'onnagle Progress in Applied Materials Research, vol. 5, pp. 41-64, 1964, Heywood Book Temple Press Book London.
  • elastically isotropics metals are not known (tungsten, though elastically isotropic, has a high density and is moreover not suitable as a construction material).
  • the value Q CP is obtained through measurements of a single crystal (and under certain ass'umptions, of a polycrystalline substance) where CS and CP are the independent shear moduli.
  • FIG. 2 shows the results of systematic measurements of the anisotropy factor A as a function of the ratio of free electrons per atom e/ a (also called the electron concentration) of various alloys.
  • anisotropy can be represented by the ratio e/a uniformly, that is iudependently of the components, as a band contribution to the elasticity; thus the so-called rigid band model is valid for the anisotropy factor, provided that the band contribution is high which shows, for example, in a high magnetic susceptibility of more than 50-10 6 EME/mol or in a high specific heat at low temperatures.
  • a metallic sound conductor or sound radiator comprises an alloy in which the electron per atom ratio e/w lies between 4.4 and 5.2, preferably between 4.5 and 4.9. At least of the atoms, and advantageously up to of the atoms of the alloys which are contemplated, are selected from the elements of groups IV, V and VI of the transition metals. It is particularly advantageous to include an alloy in a single-phase state. Suitable components are thus Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Nb, Mo, Hf, Ta and W.
  • the following tabulation shows several alloys according to the present invention, together with their e/a values.
  • the percentage values always refer to atom percent.
  • FIG. 3 shows additional examples for ternary alloys.
  • the solid lines in the shaded areas, that is in the regions of the contemplated alloys, represent those alloys for which A 1.
  • Such elements as for example Al, Cu
  • the shaded area of FIG. 1 represents the attenuation values of the inventive elastically isotropic alloys which are V10 to JAOOO of the atte-nuation values of traditional anisotropic metals. Furthermore, the sound propagation Velocity in these alloys is lower, so that shorter lines can be used for any desired delay time.
  • sound conductors according to the present invention are preferably used in the form of cylinders or wires.
  • Exctation and detection of the acoustic oscillations is effected through piezoelectric or magnetostrictive transducers.
  • the isotropic alloys are used in the form of cylinders or horns.
  • the alloys are produced by smelting the component elements in an arc furnace or an electron beam furnace and subjecting them to traditional processing by forging, extruding rolling, drawing (either hot or cold) and heat treating. Unavoidable fiuctuations of the concentrations are relatvely insgnificant because the anisotropy constant A varies only slowly with the ratio e/a.
  • (d) it consists essentially of an alloy of transition metals, at least 70 atom percent of said transition lmetals being selected from the transition metals of Groups IV, V and VI of the Periodic Table, and
  • said alloy having an electron concentration (e/a) in the range of 4.4-5.2.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
  • Soundproofing, Sound Blocking, And Sound Damping (AREA)
  • Transducers For Ultrasonic Waves (AREA)
US00084308A 1970-07-13 1970-10-27 Metallic sound conductor or sound radiator Expired - Lifetime US3752664A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

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CH1057170A CH526346A (de) 1970-07-13 1970-07-13 Metallischer Schall-Leiter oder Schallstrahler

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US3752664A true US3752664A (en) 1973-08-14

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US (1) US3752664A (OSRAM)
CH (1) CH526346A (OSRAM)
DE (1) DE2134924C3 (OSRAM)
FR (1) FR2101600A5 (OSRAM)
GB (1) GB1345812A (OSRAM)

Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5509933A (en) * 1989-12-21 1996-04-23 Smith & Nephew Richards, Inc. Medical implants of hot worked, high strength, biocompatible, low modulus titanium alloys
US5562730A (en) * 1989-12-21 1996-10-08 Smith & Nephew Richards, Inc. Total artificial heart device of enhanced hemocompatibility
US5573401A (en) * 1989-12-21 1996-11-12 Smith & Nephew Richards, Inc. Biocompatible, low modulus dental devices
US5674280A (en) * 1989-12-21 1997-10-07 Smith & Nephew, Inc. Valvular annuloplasty rings of a biocompatible low elastic modulus titanium-niobium-zirconium alloy
US5683442A (en) * 1989-12-21 1997-11-04 Smith & Nephew, Inc. Cardiovascular implants of enhanced biocompatibility
US5820707A (en) * 1995-03-17 1998-10-13 Teledyne Industries, Inc. Composite article, alloy and method
US5868879A (en) * 1994-03-17 1999-02-09 Teledyne Industries, Inc. Composite article, alloy and method
US5871595A (en) * 1994-10-14 1999-02-16 Osteonics Corp. Low modulus biocompatible titanium base alloys for medical devices
US5954724A (en) * 1997-03-27 1999-09-21 Davidson; James A. Titanium molybdenum hafnium alloys for medical implants and devices
US20150260686A1 (en) * 2014-03-14 2015-09-17 Fbs, Inc. System and method for testing shell and tube heat exchangers for defects

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
RU2117068C1 (ru) * 1995-07-12 1998-08-10 Сергей Герасимович Федотов Способ получения высокодемпфирующих титановых сплавов

Cited By (18)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5713947A (en) * 1989-12-21 1998-02-03 Smith & Nephew, Inc. Cardiovascular implants of enhanced biocompatibility
US5782910A (en) * 1989-12-21 1998-07-21 Smith & Nephew, Inc. Cardiovascular implants of enhanced biocompatibility
US5573401A (en) * 1989-12-21 1996-11-12 Smith & Nephew Richards, Inc. Biocompatible, low modulus dental devices
US5674280A (en) * 1989-12-21 1997-10-07 Smith & Nephew, Inc. Valvular annuloplasty rings of a biocompatible low elastic modulus titanium-niobium-zirconium alloy
US5676632A (en) * 1989-12-21 1997-10-14 Smith & Nephew Richards, Inc. Ventricular assist devices of enhanced hemocompatibility
US5683442A (en) * 1989-12-21 1997-11-04 Smith & Nephew, Inc. Cardiovascular implants of enhanced biocompatibility
US5685306A (en) * 1989-12-21 1997-11-11 Smith & Nephew, Inc. Flexible, biocompatible, metal alloy catheter
US5690670A (en) * 1989-12-21 1997-11-25 Davidson; James A. Stents of enhanced biocompatibility and hemocompatibility
US5562730A (en) * 1989-12-21 1996-10-08 Smith & Nephew Richards, Inc. Total artificial heart device of enhanced hemocompatibility
US5509933A (en) * 1989-12-21 1996-04-23 Smith & Nephew Richards, Inc. Medical implants of hot worked, high strength, biocompatible, low modulus titanium alloys
US5716400A (en) * 1989-12-21 1998-02-10 Smith & Nephew, Inc. Cardiovascular implants of enhanced biocompatibility
US5868879A (en) * 1994-03-17 1999-02-09 Teledyne Industries, Inc. Composite article, alloy and method
US5871595A (en) * 1994-10-14 1999-02-16 Osteonics Corp. Low modulus biocompatible titanium base alloys for medical devices
US5820707A (en) * 1995-03-17 1998-10-13 Teledyne Industries, Inc. Composite article, alloy and method
US5954724A (en) * 1997-03-27 1999-09-21 Davidson; James A. Titanium molybdenum hafnium alloys for medical implants and devices
US6200685B1 (en) 1997-03-27 2001-03-13 James A. Davidson Titanium molybdenum hafnium alloy
US20150260686A1 (en) * 2014-03-14 2015-09-17 Fbs, Inc. System and method for testing shell and tube heat exchangers for defects
US9671373B2 (en) * 2014-03-14 2017-06-06 Koch Heat Transfer Company, Lp System and method for testing shell and tube heat exchangers for defects

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Publication number Publication date
DE2134924B2 (de) 1974-08-01
DE2134924A1 (de) 1972-01-20
GB1345812A (en) 1974-02-06
DE2134924C3 (de) 1975-03-27
FR2101600A5 (OSRAM) 1972-03-31
CH526346A (de) 1972-08-15

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