US3748370A - Spacer-damper for conductors of overhead electric lines - Google Patents

Spacer-damper for conductors of overhead electric lines Download PDF

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Publication number
US3748370A
US3748370A US00273512A US3748370DA US3748370A US 3748370 A US3748370 A US 3748370A US 00273512 A US00273512 A US 00273512A US 3748370D A US3748370D A US 3748370DA US 3748370 A US3748370 A US 3748370A
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
spacer
support member
bar
arm
arm means
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US00273512A
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English (en)
Inventor
P Dalia
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
INNOCENTE RIGANTI DI INNOCENTE
OFFICINE MECCANICHE INNOCENTE RIGANTI DI INNOCENTE E FR RIGANTI IT
Original Assignee
INNOCENTE RIGANTI DI INNOCENTE
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
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Publication date
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Publication of US3748370A publication Critical patent/US3748370A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02G—INSTALLATION OF ELECTRIC CABLES OR LINES, OR OF COMBINED OPTICAL AND ELECTRIC CABLES OR LINES
    • H02G7/00—Overhead installations of electric lines or cables
    • H02G7/12—Devices for maintaining distance between parallel conductors, e.g. spacer
    • H02G7/125—Damping spacers
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T403/00—Joints and connections
    • Y10T403/32—Articulated members
    • Y10T403/32606—Pivoted
    • Y10T403/32861—T-pivot, e.g., wrist pin, etc.
    • Y10T403/32918—T-pivot, e.g., wrist pin, etc. fork and tongue
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T403/00—Joints and connections
    • Y10T403/45—Flexibly connected rigid members
    • Y10T403/454—Connecting pin traverses radially interposed elastomer

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT A spacer for conductors of overhead electric lines has a rigid frame on which two or more arms are mounted equally spaced from each other. Corresponding to each arm, there is provided an elongated polygonal bar mounted on the frame.
  • Each arm has a ring member having an inner surface arranged so as to substantially surround the bar the inner surface having a polygonal cross-section with each comer of the inner surface being arranged opposite a different side of the bar.
  • Rubber members are placed between the sides of the bar and the inner surface so as to resiliently support the arm on the bar and while the rubber members deform permit movement of the arm while being urged to a '20 Claims, 5 Drawing Figures PATENTEDJUL24I975 SHEET 1 [IF 3 u n n m 1*... u I
  • the present invention relates to spacers, and particularly to a spacer for use with bundled conductors of overhead electric lines, and more specifically to a device of the type which simultaneously serves as a spacer of at least two conductors as well as a damper of the mechanical vibrations which may arise in the conductors.
  • Single conductors of bundled conductors, also called subconductors hereinafter, of overhead electric lines must be maintained at a required mutual distance from each other. This mutual distance must generally be so maintained all along the electric line, i.e. all along any span between adjacent towers.
  • Phenomena in principle similar to those arising in lines equipped with one single conductor for each circuit, may occur in bundled conductors, which phenomena often act to prevent the maintenance of the required mutual distances.
  • the first phenomenon produces relatively small vibrations of the subconductors, generally caused by light winds, these vibrations having high frequencies and small amplitudes.
  • Another pheriomenon results in the substantial vibration of the entire conductor bundle or of a single conductor.
  • This vibration is characterized in violent and very wide or great amplitude oscillations and is often caused by strong winds striking the conductors, particularly when the same are covered by ice or snow.
  • the bundle of conductors may be displaced such large distances at' any particular points'as to cause contact between conductors of different circuits and, consequently, result in short-circuit discharges.
  • the known spacers do not provide the above mentioned relative mobility and so, very often, cause the breaking of the spacers themselves and/or the breaking of the subconductor strands.
  • Different known spacers have been proposed. Some of these known spacers are in form of an elastic body with rigid clamps. Other known spacers have rigid bodies with elastic or jointed clamps. However, almost all of them, to a greater or lesser degree, are defective inthe above desired characteristic and therefore are not entirely suitable forthe intended purpose. Furthermore, a number of known spacers serve as spacers only and do not simultaneously damp the vibrations. Damping apparatus are also known but these have the disadvantage of requiring previous knowledge of the approximate magnitude'or estimate of the vibration conditions of the conductors this knowledge often not being available and difficult to obtain.
  • dampers The efficiency of these known dampers is a maximum when all of the expected conditions actually prevail, while their efficiency decreases rapidly when the real conditions depart from the expected ones. This may frequently happen as a result of the manner in which the dampers are installed, i.e. whether they are properly positioned along the spans according to previously calculated or empirical data. So, according to probability, one or more dampers installed on each span may fail to achieve their purpose.
  • a spacer for bundled conductors of overhead electric lines comprises a rigid support member having first bearing means. At least two spaced arm means are provided, each arm means being oriented in a predetermined position relative to said support member and arranged to hold 'at least one conductor and having second bearing means spaced from said first bearing means.
  • Resilient means are positioned between said first and second bearing means for supporting said arm means on said support member, and arranged to deform in response to relative movements between said arm means and said sup port member from said predetermined positionnAccordingly, said resilient means exerts forces on said bearing means in response to deformation to restore said support member and said arm means to their predetermined relative position.
  • said rigid support member comprises a frame, and for each arm a bar mounted on the frame.
  • Said bar has an axis and a plurality of sides parallel to said axis.
  • Said arm means comprises a rigid member having an inner surface arranged substantially coaxially around said bar. Said sides of said bar and said inner surface are spaced from each other and respectively form said first and second bearing means.
  • said inner surface has a cross-section of a polygon having a number of sides equal to the number of sides of said bar, each two sides of the polygon forming a vertex which is positioned opposite a respective side of the bar.
  • Each vertex is rounded and substantially has a cross-section of a parabola, each parabolic section and each respective pposite side of said bar together defining a seat, and each resilient means being positioned in respective seats in a precompressed state so that said resilient means are free to roll in said seat when said arm means turns relative to said bar about the axis of the latter.
  • FIG. 1 is a fragmented front elevational view, partly in section, of a conductor carrying arm forming part of the spacer in accordance with the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a side view, partly in section, of the arm shown in FIG. 1 taken on line XX of FIG. 1 with the arm rotated approximately 45;
  • FIGS. 3, 4 and are front elevational views of spacers in accordance with the present invention, for use on twin, three or four conductor lines, respectively.
  • the spacer in accordance with the present invention is provided with a plurality of articulated arms each of which is constructed identically as the others one of these arms is illustrated in FIG. I and identified with reference numeral 1.
  • This arm clamps a conductor, as is to be described.
  • the arm 1 comprises an upper portion, as viewed in FIG. 1, which is in the form of an annular member or ring 2 having an inner surface 2a.
  • the inner surface 2a surrounds a passage which advantageously has a cross-section resembling a regular polygon having a number of internal sides selected in accordance with considerations still to be described. Adjacent ones of the sides of the polygon bounded by the internal surface 2a join to form a corner.
  • the corners are rounded in the form of parabolic sections 3.
  • the arm 1 is mounted for movement on a frame 4, the latter carrying all the arms, as can best be seen in FIGS. 3-5.
  • the frame 4 is arranged to receive a bar 5 which is rigidly fixed to the frame by means of a bolt 50.
  • the bar 5 is fixedly mounted in the frame 4 against movement relative to the latter.
  • the bar 5 has a square crosssection and therefore has four sides. Each of the sides is longitudinal and substantially parallel to the axis of the bar 5 which is coaxial with the axis of the bolt 5a.
  • the inner surface 2a is provided with a number of side surface portions which is selected in a specific manner. This method of selection is to provide the inner surface 2a with as many sides as has the bar 5. However, the bar 5 is so oriented in relation to the inner surface 2a so that the parabolic sections 3 are located oppositely to the sides of the bar 5.
  • a resilient means in the form of a rubber member 6.
  • the rubber members 6 are desirably precompressed to some extent and resiliently support the ring 2 on the bar 5 of the frame 4.
  • the ring 2, and therefore the arm 1 can rotate angularly about the axis of the bar 5.
  • the spaces or seats formed between each bar surface or side and a parabolic section 3 have a maximum size.
  • each seat decreases in cross-sectional area.
  • Such a decrease in the area causes further compression of the rubber members 6 such further compression generating restoring forces which act upon both the bar 5 and on the inner surface 20 in such a manner so as to restore the relative position of the articulated arm 1 to its predetermined position.
  • stop means which comprise a stop 7 mounted on the ring 2 for movement therewith and stops 8 to each side of the stop 7 which are fixedly mounted on the frame 4.
  • the stop 7 is made of rigid material or hard material and the stops 8 are made of resilient material.
  • the lower portion of the arm 1 shown in FIG. 1, includes a subconductor clamp 9 which is arranged to clamp and hold at least one conductor in a wellknown manner.
  • Each clamp 9 has an aperture or cylindrical opening 9a whose axis is substantially parallel to the axis of the bar 5. Referring to FIG. 2, the clamp 9 is shown to hold a conductor 10, as during normal use.
  • the rubber members 6 may have the shapes of cylindrical sections. However, the rubber members may take any other preferred form including spheres, etc.
  • a rubber member 6 is shown in section and positioned between a side of the bar 5 and the inner surface 2a.
  • a pair of plates 11 is provided which extend across the clearance between the inner surface 2a and the sides of the bar 5.
  • the bar 5 has an axial length which is greater than that of the ring 2 so that the bar extends axially beyond the ring, as can best be seen in FIG. 2.
  • grooves 12 are provided opposite each edge of the bar. In this manner, the am 1 can move in the directions generally indicated by the lines XX and YY as well as angularly rotating about the axes of the bar 5.
  • a recess or space 13 is provided by spacing the walls 4a from each other a distance which is greater than the length of the ring 2.
  • the ring 2 can move axially towards the left or the right, as viewed in FIG. 2, until the plates 11 come into contact with a respective inner wall 4a of the frame. During such axial movement, the rubber member 6 rubs against the faces or sides of the square bar 5.
  • the construction of the joint is suchflthat the natural elastic hysteresis of the rubber members is increased by the friction occurring during compression while the rubber members roll and are compressed in their seats simultaneously with the rotation of the arms.
  • the friction also causes a lag in the elastic response of the rubber members the more these rubber members are compressed or confined into smaller spaces or seats, the more is the elastic hysteresis and the efficiency of the damping effect.
  • the transition from the area in which the rubber members 6 are compressed normally to the area in which the samerubber members are still more compressed causes a flex point in the strength curve of the device. This feature, in particular, prevents the device or spacer from remaining in resonant or oscillating conditions.
  • the spacer-damper is made differently for different applications, i.e., insofar as shape, dimensions and weight are concerned.
  • Another feature of the present invention favorably effects the uniform performance of the novel spacers and the resistance of its components to fatigue and the durability .of uniform performance. This feature is achieved in that only the rubber members or resilient means-perform the brunt of the work bybeing compressed. and absorb most. of the stresses.
  • the, articulated joint in accordance with the present invention makes it possible for the arms to oscillate or angularly turn in a plane perpendicular to the bundle center-line as well as to move in other directions including directions outside the plane of FIG. 1.
  • the grooves 12 of FIG. I are provided, so as to afford room for the edges of the bar in those positions in which the edges are closer to the inner surface 2a of the ring 2.
  • the articulated joint is also provided'with elastic limit stops, consisting of a stop 7 protruding from the ring 2 which is arranged to engage with the elastic stop 8 fixed on the frame in a suitable position, as described above.
  • This limit means avoids the rigid stopping of the arm at both ends of each oscillation.
  • a further advantage of the present invention is that its articulated joint makes it possible to slide the arm 1, together with the rubber members 6, along the bar 5' in the space 13 shown in FIG. 2, as described above. Such axial movement may take place in any of the two directions parallel to the bundle center lines. Such sliding of the arm 1 may occur after the installation of the spacerdamper on a bundled conductor. This sliding, which would occur automatically in response to the subconductor action on the arm of the spacer-damper, maintains the clamp aperture 9a or the axis thereof parallel with the axis of the bar 5 as well as with the axes of the other apertures mounted on the frame 4.
  • a number of devices may be installed on each span so that, in addition to essential properties, as above specifled, the probability will beincreased that at least'one of the installed devices will be positioned in an antinode, or in the vicinity of an antinode, of the sinusoidal diagram of the conductor vibration to thereby place it in the best of positions suitable todamp vibrations.
  • first and second bearing means comprise a plurality of spaced first and second elongated surfaces respectively.
  • a spacer is defined in claim 2, wherein said resilient means is substantially configurated in the form of cylinders having axes substantially parallel to said surfaces.
  • a spacer for conductors of overhead electric lines comprising a rigid support member including a frame and a bar mounted on said frame, said bar having an axis and a plurality of sides which extend parallel to said axis and contribute first bearing means; at least two spaced arm means oriented in a predetermined position relative to said support member, each of said arm means having second bearing means spaced from said first bearing means, said arm means including a ring member having an inner surface arranged substantially coaxially about said bars, said inner surface being spaced from said sides and constituting said second bearing means, each of said arm means being arranged to hold at least one conductor; and resilient means positioned between said first and second bearing means for supporting said arm means on said support member, said resilient means being arranged to deform in response to relative movements between said arm means and said support member from said predetermined position, whereby said resilient means exerts forces on said bearing means in response to deformation to restore said support member and said arm means to their predetermined position.
  • each corner is rounded and substantially has a cross section of a parabola.
  • each side of said bar is in a position of a chord of a respective oppositely positioned parabolic section.
  • each parabolic section and each respective opposite side of said bar together define a seat, and wherein said resilient means are positioned in said seats in a precompressed state, so that said resilient means are arranged to move a limited degree in said seats when said arm means turns relative to said bar about the axis of the latter.
  • said holding means comprise plates extending between said sides of said bar and at least said inner surface of said ring member.
  • each arm means is provided with a clamping member, each clamping member having a substantially cylindrical aperture with an axis substantially parallel to said axis of said bar, said axes of said apertures remaining substantially parallel to said axis of said bar in all axial positions of said ring member on said bar, whereby stresses are prevented in said frame as a result of axial movements of one or more ring members.
  • a spacer for conductors of overhead electric lines comprising a rigid support member having first bearing means and an axis; at least two spaced arm means oriented in a predetermined position relative to said support member, said arm-means being arranged for angular movement about said axis relative to said support member and each having second bearing means spaced from said first bearing means, each of said arm means being arranged to hold at least one conductor; resilient means positioned between said first and second bearing means for supporting said arm means on said support member, said resilient means being arranged to deform in response to relative movements of said arm means and said support member from said predetermined position, whereby said resilient means exerts forces on said bearing means in resaid support member, said stop means including a rigid lected degree.

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  • Suspension Of Electric Lines Or Cables (AREA)
US00273512A 1971-09-07 1972-07-20 Spacer-damper for conductors of overhead electric lines Expired - Lifetime US3748370A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
IT2829171 1971-09-07

Publications (1)

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US3748370A true US3748370A (en) 1973-07-24

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US00273512A Expired - Lifetime US3748370A (en) 1971-09-07 1972-07-20 Spacer-damper for conductors of overhead electric lines

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US (1) US3748370A (it)
AR (1) AR200243A1 (it)
AT (1) AT333364B (it)
AU (1) AU473092B2 (it)
BE (1) BE786073A (it)
BR (1) BR7205831D0 (it)
DE (1) DE2234721A1 (it)
ES (1) ES404705A1 (it)
FR (1) FR2152533B1 (it)
GB (1) GB1396750A (it)
NL (1) NL7208464A (it)
ZA (1) ZA724911B (it)

Cited By (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4188502A (en) * 1978-12-18 1980-02-12 Hydro-Quebec Spacer-damper
US4480149A (en) * 1982-12-06 1984-10-30 Aluminum Company Of America Lightweight frame-type elastomer damping spacer
US4523053A (en) * 1983-12-23 1985-06-11 Aluminum Company Of America Vibration damper
US4527008A (en) * 1983-12-23 1985-07-02 Aluminum Company Of America Vibration damper for overhead conductor
US4533785A (en) * 1982-09-17 1985-08-06 Innocente Riganti Officine Meccaniche S.P.A. Spacer-damper for a bundled conductor for an electric line
WO2012108857A1 (en) * 2011-02-09 2012-08-16 Sinanis George S Mite control honey bee apparatus
US20150014050A1 (en) * 2011-12-30 2015-01-15 Aldo Tufari Space Dampers for Four-Conductors Bundles
US9444240B2 (en) 2012-11-20 2016-09-13 Marmon Utility, Llc Aerial cable spacer apparatus with rollers and associated methods thereof
US20180026430A1 (en) * 2016-07-19 2018-01-25 Marmon Utility, Llc High Voltage Aerial Cable Spacer
US10217547B1 (en) * 2017-08-30 2019-02-26 Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. Power cable
US10367343B2 (en) * 2015-10-16 2019-07-30 State Grid Henan Electric Power Research Institute Rigid-collision-free transmission line spacer clamp connection structure
US20210066901A1 (en) * 2019-08-28 2021-03-04 Furukawa Electric Power Systems Co., Ltd. Overhead transmission line spacer
CN113595004A (zh) * 2021-08-04 2021-11-02 山东光大线路器材有限公司 防振锤阻尼钢绞线结构参数的自适应匹配方法及其系统
US20220255307A1 (en) * 2020-07-10 2022-08-11 Marmon Utility Llc Aerial cable spacer insulator

Families Citing this family (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
IT962511B (it) * 1972-08-03 1973-12-31 Cantamessa L Distanziatore per fasci di condut tori per linee elettriche aeree
GB2118446A (en) * 1982-03-16 1983-11-02 Record Playground Equipment Li Playground equipment
DE3610885A1 (de) * 1986-04-02 1987-10-15 Bergner Richard Gmbh Co Selbstdaempfender feldabstandhalter fuer buendelleiter
BR8801958A (pt) * 1988-04-22 1989-11-14 Plp Produtos Para Linhas Prefo Articulacao mecanica para amortecimento de vibracoes
GB9402775D0 (en) * 1994-02-14 1994-04-06 Preformed Line Products Great Spacer damper for electrical cables

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3475544A (en) * 1967-05-03 1969-10-28 Dunlop Co Ltd Conductor spacers for multi-conductor electrical overhead transmission lines
US3567841A (en) * 1969-10-29 1971-03-02 Asabi Denki Kk Damper spacer for use with bundle conductors
US3613104A (en) * 1970-06-05 1971-10-12 Burndy Corp Spacer damper
US3617609A (en) * 1970-11-19 1971-11-02 Aluminum Co Of America Conductor vibration damping device

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3475544A (en) * 1967-05-03 1969-10-28 Dunlop Co Ltd Conductor spacers for multi-conductor electrical overhead transmission lines
US3567841A (en) * 1969-10-29 1971-03-02 Asabi Denki Kk Damper spacer for use with bundle conductors
US3613104A (en) * 1970-06-05 1971-10-12 Burndy Corp Spacer damper
US3617609A (en) * 1970-11-19 1971-11-02 Aluminum Co Of America Conductor vibration damping device

Cited By (22)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4188502A (en) * 1978-12-18 1980-02-12 Hydro-Quebec Spacer-damper
US4533785A (en) * 1982-09-17 1985-08-06 Innocente Riganti Officine Meccaniche S.P.A. Spacer-damper for a bundled conductor for an electric line
US4480149A (en) * 1982-12-06 1984-10-30 Aluminum Company Of America Lightweight frame-type elastomer damping spacer
US4523053A (en) * 1983-12-23 1985-06-11 Aluminum Company Of America Vibration damper
US4527008A (en) * 1983-12-23 1985-07-02 Aluminum Company Of America Vibration damper for overhead conductor
WO2012108857A1 (en) * 2011-02-09 2012-08-16 Sinanis George S Mite control honey bee apparatus
US8272921B2 (en) 2011-02-09 2012-09-25 Mite Zapper, Llc Beehive frame and comb foundation for controlling varroa mites
US20150014050A1 (en) * 2011-12-30 2015-01-15 Aldo Tufari Space Dampers for Four-Conductors Bundles
US9685771B2 (en) * 2011-12-30 2017-06-20 A. Salvi & C. S.P.A. Space dampers for four-conductors bundles
US9444240B2 (en) 2012-11-20 2016-09-13 Marmon Utility, Llc Aerial cable spacer apparatus with rollers and associated methods thereof
US10367343B2 (en) * 2015-10-16 2019-07-30 State Grid Henan Electric Power Research Institute Rigid-collision-free transmission line spacer clamp connection structure
US20180026430A1 (en) * 2016-07-19 2018-01-25 Marmon Utility, Llc High Voltage Aerial Cable Spacer
US10218162B2 (en) * 2016-07-19 2019-02-26 Marmon Utility, Llc High voltage aerial cable spacer
US10217547B1 (en) * 2017-08-30 2019-02-26 Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. Power cable
US20190066873A1 (en) * 2017-08-30 2019-02-28 Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. Power cable
US20210066901A1 (en) * 2019-08-28 2021-03-04 Furukawa Electric Power Systems Co., Ltd. Overhead transmission line spacer
US11855434B2 (en) * 2019-08-28 2023-12-26 Furukawa Electric Power Systems Co., Ltd. Overhead transmission line spacer
US20220255307A1 (en) * 2020-07-10 2022-08-11 Marmon Utility Llc Aerial cable spacer insulator
US11482847B2 (en) * 2020-07-10 2022-10-25 Marmon Utility Llc Aerial cable spacer insulator
US11502494B2 (en) * 2020-07-10 2022-11-15 Marmon Utility Llc Aerial cable spacer insulator
CN113595004A (zh) * 2021-08-04 2021-11-02 山东光大线路器材有限公司 防振锤阻尼钢绞线结构参数的自适应匹配方法及其系统
CN113595004B (zh) * 2021-08-04 2022-08-26 山东光大线路器材有限公司 防振锤阻尼钢绞线结构参数的自适应匹配方法及其系统

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB1396750A (en) 1975-06-04
BR7205831D0 (pt) 1973-07-03
DE2234721A1 (de) 1973-03-22
AR200243A1 (es) 1974-10-31
ZA724911B (en) 1973-04-25
AT333364B (de) 1976-11-25
ES404705A1 (es) 1975-06-16
FR2152533B1 (it) 1977-01-14
NL7208464A (it) 1973-03-09
AU473092B2 (en) 1976-06-10
ATA717572A (de) 1976-03-15
FR2152533A1 (it) 1973-04-27
BE786073A (fr) 1972-11-03
AU4557272A (en) 1974-02-21

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