US3748350A - Coupling with a palladium salt - Google Patents
Coupling with a palladium salt Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3748350A US3748350A US00888904A US3748350DA US3748350A US 3748350 A US3748350 A US 3748350A US 00888904 A US00888904 A US 00888904A US 3748350D A US3748350D A US 3748350DA US 3748350 A US3748350 A US 3748350A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- coupling
- palladium
- hydrogen fluoride
- aromatic compounds
- reaction
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 title abstract description 17
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 title abstract description 13
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 title abstract description 13
- 150000002940 palladium Chemical class 0.000 title description 10
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 abstract description 29
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorane Chemical compound F KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 22
- 229910000040 hydrogen fluoride Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 22
- 150000001491 aromatic compounds Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 20
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 15
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical class [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 12
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 abstract description 8
- 239000007822 coupling agent Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 30
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- LQNUZADURLCDLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrobenzene Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 LQNUZADURLCDLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- -1 nitro, carboxy Chemical group 0.000 description 11
- 238000001030 gas--liquid chromatography Methods 0.000 description 10
- YJVFFLUZDVXJQI-UHFFFAOYSA-L palladium(ii) acetate Chemical compound [Pd+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O YJVFFLUZDVXJQI-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 10
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Naphthalene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- ZUOUZKKEUPVFJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenyl Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 ZUOUZKKEUPVFJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 7
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N O-Xylene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1C CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 6
- MWPLVEDNUUSJAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N anthracene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC3=CC=CC=C3C=C21 MWPLVEDNUUSJAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- WPYMKLBDIGXBTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 WPYMKLBDIGXBTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- QPJVMBTYPHYUOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl benzoate Chemical compound COC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 QPJVMBTYPHYUOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyridine Chemical compound C1=CC=NC=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000004305 biphenyl Substances 0.000 description 4
- 235000010290 biphenyl Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- RFFLAFLAYFXFSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-dichlorobenzene Chemical compound ClC1=CC=CC=C1Cl RFFLAFLAYFXFSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- QAFJHDNFUMKVIE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2'-dinitrobiphenyl Chemical group [O-][N+](=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=C1[N+]([O-])=O QAFJHDNFUMKVIE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000005711 Benzoic acid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 235000010233 benzoic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- GWZCCUDJHOGOSO-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=C1C(O)=O GWZCCUDJHOGOSO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 3
- CGTYPNOFVGYUED-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl 2-(2-methoxycarbonylphenyl)benzoate Chemical group COC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)OC CGTYPNOFVGYUED-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229940095102 methyl benzoate Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- LNETULKMXZVUST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-naphthoic acid Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(C(=O)O)=CC=CC2=C1 LNETULKMXZVUST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YNQLUTRBYVCPMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylbenzene Chemical compound CCC1=CC=CC=C1 YNQLUTRBYVCPMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- URLKBWYHVLBVBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Para-Xylene Chemical group CC1=CC=C(C)C=C1 URLKBWYHVLBVBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004642 Polyimide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- MVPPADPHJFYWMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorobenzene Chemical compound ClC1=CC=CC=C1 MVPPADPHJFYWMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RWGFKTVRMDUZSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N cumene Chemical compound CC(C)C1=CC=CC=C1 RWGFKTVRMDUZSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- IVSZLXZYQVIEFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N m-xylene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC(C)=C1 IVSZLXZYQVIEFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229940078552 o-xylene Drugs 0.000 description 2
- LPNBBFKOUUSUDB-UHFFFAOYSA-N p-toluic acid Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(C(O)=O)C=C1 LPNBBFKOUUSUDB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BHZSLLSDZFAPFH-UHFFFAOYSA-L palladium(2+);difluoride Chemical compound F[Pd]F BHZSLLSDZFAPFH-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- JKDRQYIYVJVOPF-FDGPNNRMSA-L palladium(ii) acetylacetonate Chemical compound [Pd+2].C\C([O-])=C\C(C)=O.C\C([O-])=C\C(C)=O JKDRQYIYVJVOPF-FDGPNNRMSA-L 0.000 description 2
- JQPTYAILLJKUCY-UHFFFAOYSA-N palladium(ii) oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Pd+2] JQPTYAILLJKUCY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920001721 polyimide Polymers 0.000 description 2
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WBODDOZXDKQEFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,3,4-tetramethyl-5-phenylbenzene Chemical group CC1=C(C)C(C)=CC(C=2C=CC=CC=2)=C1C WBODDOZXDKQEFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OCJBOOLMMGQPQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-dichlorobenzene Chemical compound ClC1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1 OCJBOOLMMGQPQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PLAZTCDQAHEYBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-nitrotoluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1[N+]([O-])=O PLAZTCDQAHEYBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YTBRNEUEFCNVHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4,4'-dichlorobiphenyl Chemical class C1=CC(Cl)=CC=C1C1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1 YTBRNEUEFCNVHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YXBIAYXZUDJVEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(3,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,2-dimethylbenzene Chemical group C1=C(C)C(C)=CC=C1C1=CC=C(C)C(C)=C1 YXBIAYXZUDJVEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NPDACUSDTOMAMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-Chlorotoluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1 NPDACUSDTOMAMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZPTVNYMJQHSSEA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-nitrotoluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C1 ZPTVNYMJQHSSEA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FFNIBCSVYDOSAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 6,6-dinitro-1-phenylcyclohexa-1,3-diene Chemical group [O-][N+](=O)C1([N+]([O-])=O)CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 FFNIBCSVYDOSAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FERIUCNNQQJTOY-UHFFFAOYSA-M Butyrate Chemical compound CCCC([O-])=O FERIUCNNQQJTOY-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- FERIUCNNQQJTOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butyric acid Natural products CCCC(O)=O FERIUCNNQQJTOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Ca+2] UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Fluoride anion Chemical compound [F-] KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- FEXQDZTYJVXMOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropyl benzoate Chemical compound CC(C)OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 FEXQDZTYJVXMOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M Propionate Chemical compound CCC([O-])=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000008064 anhydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000004945 aromatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- YCOXTKKNXUZSKD-UHFFFAOYSA-N as-o-xylenol Natural products CC1=CC=C(O)C=C1C YCOXTKKNXUZSKD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZDZHCHYQNPQSGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N binaphthyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C12)C1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C12 ZDZHCHYQNPQSGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001628 calcium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001110 calcium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229930007927 cymene Natural products 0.000 description 1
- GHVNFZFCNZKVNT-UHFFFAOYSA-N decanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCC(O)=O GHVNFZFCNZKVNT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003085 diluting agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 description 1
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- SNHMUERNLJLMHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N iodobenzene Chemical compound IC1=CC=CC=C1 SNHMUERNLJLMHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- OJURWUUOVGOHJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl 2-[(2-acetyloxyphenyl)methyl-[2-[(2-acetyloxyphenyl)methyl-(2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)amino]ethyl]amino]acetate Chemical compound C=1C=CC=C(OC(C)=O)C=1CN(CC(=O)OC)CCN(CC(=O)OC)CC1=CC=CC=C1OC(C)=O OJURWUUOVGOHJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- YCWSUKQGVSGXJO-NTUHNPAUSA-N nifuroxazide Chemical group C1=CC(O)=CC=C1C(=O)N\N=C\C1=CC=C([N+]([O-])=O)O1 YCWSUKQGVSGXJO-NTUHNPAUSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WWZKQHOCKIZLMA-UHFFFAOYSA-M octanoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCC([O-])=O WWZKQHOCKIZLMA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- HFPZCAJZSCWRBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N p-cymene Chemical compound CC(C)C1=CC=C(C)C=C1 HFPZCAJZSCWRBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910003445 palladium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GPNDARIEYHPYAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N palladium(ii) nitrate Chemical compound [Pd+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O GPNDARIEYHPYAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 125000001436 propyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000012429 reaction media Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000000000 tetracarboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- SIOVKLKJSOKLIF-HJWRWDBZSA-N trimethylsilyl (1z)-n-trimethylsilylethanimidate Chemical compound C[Si](C)(C)OC(/C)=N\[Si](C)(C)C SIOVKLKJSOKLIF-HJWRWDBZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000026 trimethylsilyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])[Si]([*])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F7/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 4 or 14 of the Periodic Table
- C07F7/02—Silicon compounds
- C07F7/08—Compounds having one or more C—Si linkages
- C07F7/18—Compounds having one or more C—Si linkages as well as one or more C—O—Si linkages
- C07F7/1896—Compounds having one or more Si-O-acyl linkages
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C17/00—Preparation of halogenated hydrocarbons
- C07C17/26—Preparation of halogenated hydrocarbons by reactions involving an increase in the number of carbon atoms in the skeleton
- C07C17/263—Preparation of halogenated hydrocarbons by reactions involving an increase in the number of carbon atoms in the skeleton by condensation reactions
- C07C17/269—Preparation of halogenated hydrocarbons by reactions involving an increase in the number of carbon atoms in the skeleton by condensation reactions of only halogenated hydrocarbons
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C2/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms
- C07C2/76—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms by condensation of hydrocarbons with partial elimination of hydrogen
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C201/00—Preparation of esters of nitric or nitrous acid or of compounds containing nitro or nitroso groups bound to a carbon skeleton
- C07C201/06—Preparation of nitro compounds
- C07C201/12—Preparation of nitro compounds by reactions not involving the formation of nitro groups
Definitions
- This invention relates to a process of coupling aromatic compounds toproduce polynuclear aromatic compounds and more particularly to a process of coupling aromatic compounds containing electronegative groups whereby the coupling is primarily ortho to said groups.
- aryl compounds can be coupled by means of palladium salts but when the process is applied to aromatic compounds containing electronegative groups, the major coupling takes place in the meta or para position. It has previously been possible to couple such aryl compounds in the ortho position only by processes involving several steps, including the preparation of an intermediate compound having a metallo group in the position ortho to the electrouegative group.
- aryl compounds containing electronegative groups such as nitro, carboxy, and carboalkoxy, can be coupled in the ortho position in a simple one-step operation by using a palladium salt as the coupling agent and carrying out the reaction in liquid hydrogen fluoride.
- aromatic compounds i.e., a benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, etc., compound, containing a nitro, carboxy, or carboalkoxy group can be coupled in the ortho position.
- aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, naphthalene, biphenyl, anthracene, etc., and their monoand dialkyl-substituted derivatives such as toluene, o-, m-, and p-xylene, ethylbenzene, cumene, cymene, etc., nitro-substituted aryls such as nitrobenzene, o-nitrotoluene, p-nitrotoluene, etc., carboxy-substituted aryls such as benzoic acid, 0-, mand p-toluic acid, naphthoic acid, etc., halogen-substituted aryls such as chloro-, bromo-, fluoroand iodo-benzene, 1,2-dichlorobenzene, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, o-, mand p-chlor
- the process of this invention can be carried out at any convenient temperature but generally will be carried out within the range of from about 20 to about 150 C.
- the preferred temperature will depend on the reactivity of the aromatic compound being coupled, the more reactive ones being run at the lower temperatures and the less reactive ones at the higher temperatures. In some cases the temperature to be used will depend upon the desired isomer that will be produced.
- Suflicient pressure will be applied at the prevailing temperature to maintain the hydrogen fluoride in the liquid phase. Thus, the pressure will range from slightly above atmospheric at 20 C. to about p.s.i.g. at a reaction temperature of C.
- any palladium salt that has substantial solubility in the liquid hydrogen fluoride reaction medium or that is converted to a fluoride or to a complex in the hydrogen fluoride can be used as the coupling agent in the process of this invention.
- the palladium salts, or compounds that are converted to such in situ are the palladium salts of alkanoic acids having 2 to 10 carbon atoms such as palladium acetate, propionate, butyrate, octanoate, decanoate, etc., palladium fluoride, palladium nitrate, palladium oxide, palladium metal, palladium acetylacetonate, etc.
- the amount of the palladous salt can be varied over a wide range, but generally will be within the range of from about 0.5 mole per mole of aromatic compound to about 1 mole per 10 moles of aromatic compound.
- the process is generally carried out under substantially anhydrous conditions.
- palladous oxide there will, of course, be water formed during the reaction.
- anhydrous conditions are not essential and water in amounts up to about 20% or more of the hydrogen fluoride diluent can be tolerated without adversely affecting the reaction, although at the higher amounts the reaction rate is reduced.
- EXAMPLE 1 A polyethylene reaction vessel equipped with a magnetic stirrer was charged with 1.0 g. of palladium acetate and 10 ml. of liquid hydrogen fluoride. To the stirred solution held at 10 C. was added 5 ml. of benzene. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to 18 C. and was stirred for 1 hour. The hydrogen fluoride was then removed by evaporation under a stream of nitrogen at room temperature. Five ml. of hexane was then added and the solution on analysis by gas-liquid chromatography was found to contain 1.8% w./v. of biphenyl.
- Example 2 The procedure of Example 1 was repeated except that 5 ml. of toluene was substituted for the benzene used in that example. Gas-liquid chromatography showed the hexane solution to contain 1.6% w./v. of p,p'-bitoly1.
- Example 3 The procedure of Example 1 was repeated except that 5 ml. of o-xylene was substituted for the benzene used in that example. Gas-liquid chromatography showed the hexane solution to contain 3.3% w./v. of 3,4,3',4'-tetramethylbiphenyl and 0.3% w./v. of another isomer of tetramethylbiphenyl.
- Example 4 The procedure of Example 1 was repeated except that 2.0 ml. of nitrobenzene was substituted for the benzene used in that example and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 weeks. After removing the hydrogen fluoride, there was added to the reaction mixture 100 ml. of acetone. Analysis of the acetone solution by gas-liquid chromatography showed it to contain 0.86% w./v. of 2,2-dinitrobiphenyl, which is 78% of the theoretical yield. A small amount of solid calcium chloride was added to the acetone solution to neutralize any remaining hydrogen fluoride and to absorb any water. The mixture was filtered, the acetone evaporated and the product recrystallized to yield the 2,2'-dinitrobiphenyl having a melting point of 122-124 C.
- EXAMPLE 5 The procedure of Example 4 was repeated except that methyl benzoate was used in place of nitrobenzene and at the end of the reaction period, after removal of the hydrogen fluoride, 100 ml. of methanol was added in place of acetone. Analysis of the methanol solution by'gasliquid chromatography showed it to contain 0.93% w./v. of 2,2'-dicarbomethoxy biphenyl (the dimethyl ester of diphenic acid), which is 75% of the theoretical yield.
- EXAMPLE 6 A mixture of 1.0 g. of palladium acetate, 2.0 g. of benzoic acid and ml. of liquid hydrogen fluoride, in a polyethylene reaction vessel equipped with a magnetic stirrer, was stirred at room temperature for 4 days. The hydrogen fluoride was removed by evaporation and 20 ml. of pyridine was added, followed by 1.0 ml. of N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide. Analysis by gas-liquid chromatography showed the pyridine solution to contain the bis(trimethylsilyl) ester of diphenic acid.
- EXAMPLE 7 A mixture of 1 ml. of nitrobenzene, 5.0 ml. of liquid hydrogen fluoride and 1.0 millimole of palladium acetylacetonate, in a Teflon-lined reaction vessel equipped with a magnetic stirrer was stirred for 4 hours at 50 C. After removal of the hydrogen fluoride, 10 ml. of acetone was added. Analysis by gas-liquid chromatography showed the acetone solution to contain 1.5% w./v. of 2,2'-dinitrobiphenyl, i.e., a 68% conversion based on palladium.
- Example 7 was repeated except that 1 ml. of methyl benzoate was substituted for the nitrobenzene used in that example and after removal of the hydrogen fluoride, 10 m1. of methanol was added in place of acetone. Analysis of the methanol solution by gas-liquid chromatography showed it to contain 1.4% w./v. of 2,2'-dicarbomethoxybiphenyl, i.e., a 58% conversion based on palladium.
- Example 9 The procedure of Example 1 was repeated except that 2.0 g. of biphenyl was substituted for the benzene used in that example and the residue after removal of the hydrogen fluoride was treated with 5 ml. of hot acetic acid.
- the hot acetic acid was shown to contain quaterphenyl by gas-liquid chromatography.
- Example 10 The procedure of Example 1 was repeated except that 2.0 g. of naphthalene was substituted for the benzene and 4 millimoles of palladium fluoride was used in place of the palladium acetate used in that example. After removal of the hydrogen fluoride the residue was treated with hot ethanol. Binaphthyl was found in the hot ethanol by gasliquid chromatography.
- the process of this invention makes it possible to produce diaryl compounds having wide utility.
- the dinitro-diaryls can be reduced to the corresponding diaminodiaryls useful in the preparation of polyamides and polyimides.
- the tetraalkyldiaryls can be oxidized to tetracarboxylic acids and their anhydrides, useful for the preparation of polyimides and the dicarboxylic-diaryls are useful for the preparation of polyesters, polyamides, and polyimidazoles.
- Many other uses for the polyfunctional diaryls produced will be obvious to those skilled in the art.
- the process for producing a diaryl compound by a coupling reaction which process comprises contacting an aromatic compound having the formula RArX where Ar is an aromatic nucleus, X is H, an alkyl of 1 to 3 carbon atoms, halogen, nitro, carboxy, or carboalkoxy and R is H or an a'lkyl of 1 to 3 carbon atoms or halogen when X is halogen, with, as the sole coupling agent, a palladium salt in liquid hydrogen fluoride, the amount of said palladium salt being from about 0.1 to about 0.5 mole per mole of said aromatic compound being coupled.
- the palladium salt is a palladous salt of an alkanoic acid containing 2 to 10 carbon atoms.
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Abstract
A PROCESS IS PROVIDED FOR THE COUPLING OF AROMATIC COMPOUNDS TO PRODUCE POLYNUCLEAR AROMATIC COMPOUNDS WHEREIN THE REACTION IS CARRIED OUT IN LIQUID HYDROGEN FLUORIDE WITH A PALLADIUM SALT AS THE SOLE COUPLING AGENT. THE PROCESS IS OF PARTICULAR IMPORTANCE IN THE COUPLING OF ELECTRONEGATIVELY SUBSTITUTED AROMATIC COMPOUNDS WHEREBY THE MAJOR COUPLING TAKES PLACE IN THE POSITION ORTHO TO THE ELECTRONEGATIVE GROUP.
Description
United States Patent 3,748,350 COUPLING WITH A PALLADIUM SALT Roy R. Josephson, West Marlborough Township, Chester County, Pa., assignor to Hercules Incorporated, Wilmington, Del. No Drawing. Filed Dec. 29, 1969, Ser. No. 888,904 Int. Cl. C07c /12, 15/14 US. Cl. 260-475 R 7 Claims ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE A process is provided for the coupling of aromatic compounds to produce polynuclear aromatic compounds wherein the reaction is carried out in liquid hydrogen fluoride with a palladium salt as the sole coupling agent. The process is of particular importance in the coupling of electronegatively substituted aromatic compounds whereby the major coupling takes place in the position ortho to the electronegative group.
This invention relates to a process of coupling aromatic compounds toproduce polynuclear aromatic compounds and more particularly to a process of coupling aromatic compounds containing electronegative groups whereby the coupling is primarily ortho to said groups.
It is well known that aryl compounds can be coupled by means of palladium salts but when the process is applied to aromatic compounds containing electronegative groups, the major coupling takes place in the meta or para position. It has previously been possible to couple such aryl compounds in the ortho position only by processes involving several steps, including the preparation of an intermediate compound having a metallo group in the position ortho to the electrouegative group.
Now in accordance with this invention it has been found that aryl compounds containing electronegative groups such as nitro, carboxy, and carboalkoxy, can be coupled in the ortho position in a simple one-step operation by using a palladium salt as the coupling agent and carrying out the reaction in liquid hydrogen fluoride.
While the process of this invention can be applied to the coupling of a wide variety of aromatic compounds which have a labile hydrogen atom, it is surprising and unique when applied to an electronegatively substituted aryl compound in producing an ortho coupling reaction in place of the normal para coupling reaction. Thus aromatic compounds, i.e., a benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, etc., compound, containing a nitro, carboxy, or carboalkoxy group can be coupled in the ortho position.
Any aromatic compound having the formula where Ar is any aromatic nucleus such as that of henzene, naphthalene, biphenyl, anthracene, etc., X is H or an alkyl of 1 to 3 carbon atoms, halogen, nitro, carboxy or carboalkoxy, where the alkoxy group contains 1 to 3 carbon atoms, and R is H or an alkyl of 1 to 3 carbon atoms or can be halogen when X is halogen can be coupled by the process of this invention. Exemplary of these aromatic compounds are aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, naphthalene, biphenyl, anthracene, etc., and their monoand dialkyl-substituted derivatives such as toluene, o-, m-, and p-xylene, ethylbenzene, cumene, cymene, etc., nitro-substituted aryls such as nitrobenzene, o-nitrotoluene, p-nitrotoluene, etc., carboxy-substituted aryls such as benzoic acid, 0-, mand p-toluic acid, naphthoic acid, etc., halogen-substituted aryls such as chloro-, bromo-, fluoroand iodo-benzene, 1,2-dichlorobenzene, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, o-, mand p-chlorotoluene, etc., and carboalkoxy-substituted aryls such as methyl,
3,748,350 Patented July 24, 1973 ethyl, propyl, and isopropyl benzoate, and the corresponding esters of the toluic acids, naphthoic acid, etc.
The process of this invention can be carried out at any convenient temperature but generally will be carried out within the range of from about 20 to about 150 C. The preferred temperature will depend on the reactivity of the aromatic compound being coupled, the more reactive ones being run at the lower temperatures and the less reactive ones at the higher temperatures. In some cases the temperature to be used will depend upon the desired isomer that will be produced. Suflicient pressure will be applied at the prevailing temperature to maintain the hydrogen fluoride in the liquid phase. Thus, the pressure will range from slightly above atmospheric at 20 C. to about p.s.i.g. at a reaction temperature of C.
Any palladium salt that has substantial solubility in the liquid hydrogen fluoride reaction medium or that is converted to a fluoride or to a complex in the hydrogen fluoride, can be used as the coupling agent in the process of this invention. Exemplary of the palladium salts, or compounds that are converted to such in situ, are the palladium salts of alkanoic acids having 2 to 10 carbon atoms such as palladium acetate, propionate, butyrate, octanoate, decanoate, etc., palladium fluoride, palladium nitrate, palladium oxide, palladium metal, palladium acetylacetonate, etc. While a stoichiometric amount of the palladous salt is required for the coupling reaction, i.e., 1 mole per 2 moles of the aromatic compound being coupled, the palladium metal that is formed can be reoxidized. Hence the amount of palladous salt can be varied over a wide range, but generally will be within the range of from about 0.5 mole per mole of aromatic compound to about 1 mole per 10 moles of aromatic compound.
The process is generally carried out under substantially anhydrous conditions. However, if palladous oxide is used, there will, of course, be water formed during the reaction. In any event, anhydrous conditions are not essential and water in amounts up to about 20% or more of the hydrogen fluoride diluent can be tolerated without adversely affecting the reaction, although at the higher amounts the reaction rate is reduced.
The following examples will illustrate the process of this invention. All parts and percentages are by weight unless otherwise indicated.
EXAMPLE 1 A polyethylene reaction vessel equipped with a magnetic stirrer was charged with 1.0 g. of palladium acetate and 10 ml. of liquid hydrogen fluoride. To the stirred solution held at 10 C. was added 5 ml. of benzene. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to 18 C. and was stirred for 1 hour. The hydrogen fluoride was then removed by evaporation under a stream of nitrogen at room temperature. Five ml. of hexane was then added and the solution on analysis by gas-liquid chromatography was found to contain 1.8% w./v. of biphenyl.
EXAMPLE 2 The procedure of Example 1 was repeated except that 5 ml. of toluene was substituted for the benzene used in that example. Gas-liquid chromatography showed the hexane solution to contain 1.6% w./v. of p,p'-bitoly1.
EXAMPLE 3 The procedure of Example 1 was repeated except that 5 ml. of o-xylene was substituted for the benzene used in that example. Gas-liquid chromatography showed the hexane solution to contain 3.3% w./v. of 3,4,3',4'-tetramethylbiphenyl and 0.3% w./v. of another isomer of tetramethylbiphenyl.
3 EXAMPLE 4 The procedure of Example 1 was repeated except that 2.0 ml. of nitrobenzene was substituted for the benzene used in that example and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 weeks. After removing the hydrogen fluoride, there was added to the reaction mixture 100 ml. of acetone. Analysis of the acetone solution by gas-liquid chromatography showed it to contain 0.86% w./v. of 2,2-dinitrobiphenyl, which is 78% of the theoretical yield. A small amount of solid calcium chloride was added to the acetone solution to neutralize any remaining hydrogen fluoride and to absorb any water. The mixture was filtered, the acetone evaporated and the product recrystallized to yield the 2,2'-dinitrobiphenyl having a melting point of 122-124 C.
EXAMPLE 5 The procedure of Example 4 was repeated except that methyl benzoate was used in place of nitrobenzene and at the end of the reaction period, after removal of the hydrogen fluoride, 100 ml. of methanol was added in place of acetone. Analysis of the methanol solution by'gasliquid chromatography showed it to contain 0.93% w./v. of 2,2'-dicarbomethoxy biphenyl (the dimethyl ester of diphenic acid), which is 75% of the theoretical yield.
EXAMPLE 6 A mixture of 1.0 g. of palladium acetate, 2.0 g. of benzoic acid and ml. of liquid hydrogen fluoride, in a polyethylene reaction vessel equipped with a magnetic stirrer, was stirred at room temperature for 4 days. The hydrogen fluoride was removed by evaporation and 20 ml. of pyridine was added, followed by 1.0 ml. of N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide. Analysis by gas-liquid chromatography showed the pyridine solution to contain the bis(trimethylsilyl) ester of diphenic acid.
EXAMPLE 7 A mixture of 1 ml. of nitrobenzene, 5.0 ml. of liquid hydrogen fluoride and 1.0 millimole of palladium acetylacetonate, in a Teflon-lined reaction vessel equipped with a magnetic stirrer was stirred for 4 hours at 50 C. After removal of the hydrogen fluoride, 10 ml. of acetone was added. Analysis by gas-liquid chromatography showed the acetone solution to contain 1.5% w./v. of 2,2'-dinitrobiphenyl, i.e., a 68% conversion based on palladium.
EXAMPLE 8 Example 7 was repeated except that 1 ml. of methyl benzoate was substituted for the nitrobenzene used in that example and after removal of the hydrogen fluoride, 10 m1. of methanol was added in place of acetone. Analysis of the methanol solution by gas-liquid chromatography showed it to contain 1.4% w./v. of 2,2'-dicarbomethoxybiphenyl, i.e., a 58% conversion based on palladium.
EXAMPLE 9 The procedure of Example 1 was repeated except that 2.0 g. of biphenyl was substituted for the benzene used in that example and the residue after removal of the hydrogen fluoride was treated with 5 ml. of hot acetic acid. The hot acetic acid was shown to contain quaterphenyl by gas-liquid chromatography.
EXAMPLE 10 The procedure of Example 1 was repeated except that 2.0 g. of naphthalene was substituted for the benzene and 4 millimoles of palladium fluoride was used in place of the palladium acetate used in that example. After removal of the hydrogen fluoride the residue was treated with hot ethanol. Binaphthyl was found in the hot ethanol by gasliquid chromatography.
4 EXAMPLE 11 A polyolefin reaction vessel equipped with a magnetic stirrer was charged with 0.03 mole of palladium acetate, 0.12 mole of chlorobenzene and 20 ml. of hydrogen fluoride. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 6 hours. The hydrogen fluoride was removed by evaporation and the residue was extracted with hot benzene. Distillation of the benzene solution yielded 2.9 g. of the mixed isomers of dichlorobiphenyl having a boiling point range of -200 C. at 3 mm. pressure. This was a 43.3% conversion based on palladium.
The process of this invention makes it possible to produce diaryl compounds having wide utility. For example, the dinitro-diaryls can be reduced to the corresponding diaminodiaryls useful in the preparation of polyamides and polyimides. The tetraalkyldiaryls can be oxidized to tetracarboxylic acids and their anhydrides, useful for the preparation of polyimides and the dicarboxylic-diaryls are useful for the preparation of polyesters, polyamides, and polyimidazoles. Many other uses for the polyfunctional diaryls produced will be obvious to those skilled in the art.
What I claim and desire to protect by Letters Patent is:
1. The process for producing a diaryl compound by a coupling reaction, which process comprises contacting an aromatic compound having the formula RArX where Ar is an aromatic nucleus, X is H, an alkyl of 1 to 3 carbon atoms, halogen, nitro, carboxy, or carboalkoxy and R is H or an a'lkyl of 1 to 3 carbon atoms or halogen when X is halogen, with, as the sole coupling agent, a palladium salt in liquid hydrogen fluoride, the amount of said palladium salt being from about 0.1 to about 0.5 mole per mole of said aromatic compound being coupled.
2. The process of claim 1 wherein the palladium salt is a palladous salt of an alkanoic acid containing 2 to 10 carbon atoms.
3. The process of claim 2 wherein the palladous salt is palladium acetate.
4. The process of claim 1 for producing 2,2'-dinitrobiphenyl which comprises contacting nitrobenzene with palladium acetate.
5. The process of claim 1 for producing 2,2'-dicarbomethoxybiphenyl which comprises contacting methyl benzoate with palladium acetate.
6. The process of claim 1 for producing diphenic acid which comprises contacting benzoic acid with palladium acetate.
7. The process of claim 1 for producing tetramethyldiphenyl which comprises contacting o-xylene with palladium acetate.
References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,401,207 9/1968 Selwitz 260670 3,481,997 12/1969 Vanderwerlf 260670 3,145,237 8/1964 Van Helden 260'--649 3,316,290 4/1967 Fenton 260-484 3,413,352 11/1968 Heck 260--515 P 3,539,622 11/1970 Heck 260515 P 3,547,790 12/1970 Dannels et a1 260649 D OTHER REFERENCES Dannels et al., Reductive Coupling-CA, vol. 71 (1969).
Ichikawa et al., Oxidative Coupling-CA 70 (1969).
LORRAINE A. WEINBERGER, Primary Examiner R. D. KELLY, Assistant Examiner U.S. Cl. X.R.
260515, P, 645, 649 R, 649 D, 670
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Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4879008A (en) * | 1987-11-09 | 1989-11-07 | Eastman Kodak Company | Preparation of bidentate ligands |
US4879416A (en) * | 1987-11-23 | 1989-11-07 | Eastman Kodak Company | Preparation of bidentate ligands |
US4912276A (en) * | 1988-10-25 | 1990-03-27 | Eastman Kodak Company | Preparation of biaryl compounds |
US5026886A (en) * | 1988-01-25 | 1991-06-25 | Eastman Kodak Company | Preparation of bidentate ligands |
US5496893A (en) * | 1991-08-19 | 1996-03-05 | Maxdem Incorporated | Macromonomers having reactive side groups |
-
1969
- 1969-12-29 US US00888904A patent/US3748350A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4879008A (en) * | 1987-11-09 | 1989-11-07 | Eastman Kodak Company | Preparation of bidentate ligands |
US4879416A (en) * | 1987-11-23 | 1989-11-07 | Eastman Kodak Company | Preparation of bidentate ligands |
US5026886A (en) * | 1988-01-25 | 1991-06-25 | Eastman Kodak Company | Preparation of bidentate ligands |
US4912276A (en) * | 1988-10-25 | 1990-03-27 | Eastman Kodak Company | Preparation of biaryl compounds |
US5496893A (en) * | 1991-08-19 | 1996-03-05 | Maxdem Incorporated | Macromonomers having reactive side groups |
US5512630A (en) * | 1991-08-19 | 1996-04-30 | Maxdem Incorporated | Macromonomers having reactive side groups |
US5539048A (en) * | 1991-08-19 | 1996-07-23 | Maxdem Incorporated | Macromonomers having reactive side groups |
US5625010A (en) * | 1991-08-19 | 1997-04-29 | Maxdem Incorporated | Macromonomers having reactive side groups |
US5830945A (en) * | 1991-08-19 | 1998-11-03 | Maxdem, Incorporated | Macromonomers having reactive side groups |
US5869592A (en) * | 1991-08-19 | 1999-02-09 | Maxdem Incorporated | Macromonomers having reactive side groups |
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