US3738379A - Control valve with semi-automatically indexed valve element - Google Patents
Control valve with semi-automatically indexed valve element Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3738379A US3738379A US00167926A US3738379DA US3738379A US 3738379 A US3738379 A US 3738379A US 00167926 A US00167926 A US 00167926A US 3738379D A US3738379D A US 3738379DA US 3738379 A US3738379 A US 3738379A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- valve element
- detent
- return
- valve
- neutral
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16K—VALVES; TAPS; COCKS; ACTUATING-FLOATS; DEVICES FOR VENTING OR AERATING
- F16K11/00—Multiple-way valves, e.g. mixing valves; Pipe fittings incorporating such valves
- F16K11/02—Multiple-way valves, e.g. mixing valves; Pipe fittings incorporating such valves with all movable sealing faces moving as one unit
- F16K11/06—Multiple-way valves, e.g. mixing valves; Pipe fittings incorporating such valves with all movable sealing faces moving as one unit comprising only sliding valves, i.e. sliding closure elements
- F16K11/065—Multiple-way valves, e.g. mixing valves; Pipe fittings incorporating such valves with all movable sealing faces moving as one unit comprising only sliding valves, i.e. sliding closure elements with linearly sliding closure members
- F16K11/07—Multiple-way valves, e.g. mixing valves; Pipe fittings incorporating such valves with all movable sealing faces moving as one unit comprising only sliding valves, i.e. sliding closure elements with linearly sliding closure members with cylindrical slides
- F16K11/0704—Multiple-way valves, e.g. mixing valves; Pipe fittings incorporating such valves with all movable sealing faces moving as one unit comprising only sliding valves, i.e. sliding closure elements with linearly sliding closure members with cylindrical slides comprising locking elements
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F15B11/00—Servomotor systems without provision for follow-up action; Circuits therefor
- F15B11/08—Servomotor systems without provision for follow-up action; Circuits therefor with only one servomotor
- F15B11/15—Servomotor systems without provision for follow-up action; Circuits therefor with only one servomotor with special provision for automatic return
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T137/00—Fluid handling
- Y10T137/2496—Self-proportioning or correlating systems
- Y10T137/2544—Supply and exhaust type
- Y10T137/2554—Reversing or 4-way valve systems
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T137/00—Fluid handling
- Y10T137/8593—Systems
- Y10T137/86485—Line condition change responsive release of valve
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T137/00—Fluid handling
- Y10T137/8593—Systems
- Y10T137/86493—Multi-way valve unit
- Y10T137/86574—Supply and exhaust
- Y10T137/8667—Reciprocating valve
- Y10T137/86694—Piston valve
- Y10T137/8671—With annular passage [e.g., spool]
Definitions
- control valve which, upon initial manually effected actuation to cause operation of a fluid motor in one direction, is thereafter automatically operable to first effect motor operation in the opposite direction and to finally bring the motor to rest.
- a control valve for a reversible fluid motor such as a double acting cylinder, which can be actuated in consequence of a manual act to initiate a power stroke of the cylinder, and which is thereafter automatically operable to effect the retraction stroke of the cylinder and cessation of cylinder operation upon completion of the retraction stroke.
- FIG. I is a more or less diagrammatic sectional view of a hydraulic control valve embodying the principles of this invention, showing the valve element thereof in neutral;
- FIG. 2 is a view similar to FIG. 1, showing the valve element moved to an actuated position to initiate a work cycle;
- FIG. 3 is a view similar to FIG. 2 but showing the valve element in a position reversing the operation of the governed cylinder;
- FIG. 4 is a view similar to FIG. 1, illustrating a holdin-neutral control valve embodying this invention.
- the numeral 5 generally designates the body of a control valve for governing the operation'of a reversible fluid motor such as the hydraulic cylinder 6.
- the valve is provided with an elongated valve element 7 of the type commonly referred to as a spool, and which normally occupies a non-operating or neutral position such as seen in FIG. 1, to which it is urged by a return spring S.
- the spool is movable against the force of its return spring to each of a pair of operating positions (FIGS. 2 and 3) to effect reversal of the connections of the cylinder ports 8 and 9 with pressure fluid supply and return means.
- the valve body is provided with a bore 10 in which the valve spool 7 is axially slidably received, and a number of passages all of which intersect the bore at different locations along its length.
- These latter include a pair of service passages 11 and 12 which are shown connected with motor ports 8 and 9, respectively; pressure fluid supply means comprising a pair of inlet connected passages 13 and 14 at opposite sides of an outlet connected passage 15, and a high pressure bridge 16 also connected with the inlet and having branches 17 and 18 located inwardly adjacent to the service passages 11 and 12 respectively, but outwardly of the inlet connected passages 13 and 14; and fluid return means comprising a low pressure bridge 19 having branches 20 and 21 located outwardly adjacent to the service passages 11 and 12, respectively.
- the upstream branches 13 and 14 of the fluid supply means are communicated with the inlet of the valve to receive pump output fluid, while the downstream branch 15 is connected to the valve outlet.
- the low pressure bridge is also connected to the valve outlet, as by a passageway 22.
- the valve spool 7 is movable to each of a pair of operating positions located different distances to the right of netural, against the force of its return spring S, to provide for operation of the cylinder in opposite directions.
- a first one of these operating positions of the spool more distant from neutral, (FIG.2) the spool lands close off flow of pump fluid to the downstream branch 15 of the supply passage means and divert pump output fluid through a load holding check valve 24 to the high pressure bridge 16.
- Supply fluid thus delivered into the bridge passage flows through its left hand branch 17 to the bore 10 and to the service passage 11 through a circumferential groove 25 in the spool.
- service passage 11 is connected to cylinder port 8, in the head end of the cylinder 6, so that pressure fluid flowing thereinto effects extension of the piston rod 26, to initiate the power stroke of the cylinder. Fluid expelled from the rod end of the cylinder enters service passage 12 and flows to the return passage branch 21 then in communication therewith for return to tank.
- the operating position of the spool thus described is defined by automatically releasable detent means 28 of the type disclosed in the patent to F. H. Tennis U.S. Pat. No. 2,848,014, issued Aug. 19, 1958.
- the detent means is mounted within a tubular housing 29 which is fixed to the valve body and encircles the projecting right hand end portion of the valve spool.
- the encircled portion of the spool is hollow and its wall has one or more holes therein located in a common radial plane, to receive detent balls 30.
- a plunger 31 slidably received in the hollow end portion of the spool is biased by a spring 32 toward the valve body, to bring a cam surface thereon into spreading engagement with the balls and thus cause the same to be yieldingly urged outwardly against the inner wall of the housing 29.
- the balls can thus be snapped into axially spaced cavities 33, 34 or 35 in the housing wall, depending upon the position of the valve spool, at such times as the balls are brought into register with those cavities.
- the detent means can be readily overcome by force applied to the spool to shift the same out of its neutral position to its operating position seen in FIG. 2; and that the detent means is capable of holding the spool in either its FIG. 2 or FIG. 3 positions, against the force of the return spring S.
- the detent means can be disabled automatically to provide for release of the valve spool therefrom at times when pressure of supply fluid flowing to the cylinder rises to a predetermined kick-out value.
- the left hand end of plunger 31 is subjected either to the pressure of fluid obtaining in the inlet connected supply passage branches, or in the high pressure bridge 16, or in whichever service passage is communicated with the supply passage by the valve element.
- valve spool is provided with an elongated axial bore 36 which opens at one end to the hollow end portion of the spool through a valve seat 37, and at its other end to a crossbore 38 in the spool.
- the crossbore 38 registers with the inlet connected branch 13 of the supply passage in the rod extending operating position of the spool;
- the detent kick-out mechanism comprising the relief valve 40 and plunger 31 will be operated to effect disablement of the detent means and release of the valve spool for return movement anytime the predetermined kick-out pressure is reached in cylinder 6, and accordingly in the fluid supply passage means of the control valve.
- the kick-out pressure may be attained before the piston rod 26 of cylinder 6 reaches the end of its power stroke, depending upon the magnitude of the work load imposed upon the cylinder.
- valve spool In its second operating position, the valve spool effects reversal of the connections between the service passages and the supply and exhaust passage means.
- pressure fluid diverted to the high pressure bridge 16 in the second operating position of the valve spool will flow to service passage 12 and to the rod end of the cylinder 6, while fluid expelled from the head end of the cylinder will return to service passage 11 for flow to the exhaust passage branch 20 then in communication therewith.
- the detent kick-out mechanism comprising relief valve 40 and cam plunger 31, will be again actuated when the pressure in the rod end of the cylinder rises to the aforesaid predetermined kick-out value, as for example, when the piston rod reaches the end of its retraction stroke, to thus effect momentary disablement of the detent means and release of the valve spool for return to its neutral position.
- detent balls will be propelled outwardly into the cavity 33 when the balls are brought into registry therewith, so as to bring the valve spool to rest in its neutral position.
- control valve operates in a semi-automatic fashion. That is to say, performance of a manual act is necessary to effect movement of its spool out of neutral to its first described operating position to cause extension of the piston rod in cylinder 6 and thus initiate a work stroke of the cylinder; while the spool will be automatically stepwise returned or indexed to neutral, with a pause at its second described operating position to effect retracting motion of the piston rod.
- a work cycle is completed, of course, when the valve spool returns its neutral position, from which it can be'again advanced to its operating position located more distant from neutral to initiate another work cycle.
- valve spool need not necessarily connect the service passages to the exhaust passage in its neutral position.
- the hold-in-neutral type of spool 7 shown in FIG. 4 is capable of effecting semiautomatic operation of the cylinder in the same way as described above.
- the supply passage has been shown as comprising single upstream and downstream branches 113 and 115, respectively.
- the spool 7' is grooved so as to communicate the supply branches 113 and 115 in neutral, but to block communication therebetween in both operating positions of the spool and thus pressurize the high pressure bridge 16.
- a control valve having first and second service passages and a valve element to govern communication thereof with supply and return passage means, said control valve being chaacterized by the following:
- valve element having a neutral position toward which it is biased and in which position it communicates both service passages with the return passage means, and having a pair of working positions at the same side of neutral to effect reversal of the connections of the service passages with said supply and return passage means;
- detent means operable in each of said working positions of the valve element to releasably hold the same against return motion toward its neutral position
- a control valve having a valve element movable counter to the action of a return spring from a neutral position to first and second detent defined working positions to connect either of a pair of service passages with pressure fluid supply passage means and the other with return passage means, characterized by:
- said second and first working positions of the valve element being respectively located greater distances in the same direction from its neutral position;
- fluid pressure actuatable detent kick-out means operable in each of said working positions of the valve element, in response to attainment of a predetermined high pressure in the supply passage means, to momentarily render the detent means ineffective and thereby effect stepwise motion of the valve element to its neutral position from said first working position thereof under the action of said return spring thereon;
- a control valve having a pair of service passages and supply and return passage means, characterized by the following:
- detent means defining said operating positions of the valve element
- said detent means providing for manually effected actuation of the valve element to that one of its said operating positions more distant from neutral;
- said detent means being operable to arrest spring produced return motion of the valve element at that one of its said operating positions closer to neutral;
- detent kick-out means actuable in consequence of rise in the pressure of fluid in the supply passage means to a predetermined value to effect momentary release of the valve element from the detent means in each of said working positions of the valve element.
- a control valve having a valve element movable in one direction, counter to the action of a return spring, from a neutral position to each of a pair of working positions at the same side of neutral to selectively communicate either of a pair of service passages with pressure fluid supply passage means while concurrently connecting the non-selected service passage with fluid return means, characterized by:
- A. detent means for releasably holding the valve element in its working position more distant from neutral and operable to arrest spring propelled return motion of the valve element at the other of its working positions;
- detent kick-out means actuatable by supply fluid at an abnormally high pressure to effect release of the detent means in each of said working positions of the valve element;
Abstract
Description
Claims (5)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US16792671A | 1971-08-02 | 1971-08-02 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US3738379A true US3738379A (en) | 1973-06-12 |
Family
ID=22609391
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US00167926A Expired - Lifetime US3738379A (en) | 1971-08-02 | 1971-08-02 | Control valve with semi-automatically indexed valve element |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US3738379A (en) |
JP (1) | JPS4825223A (en) |
AU (1) | AU456415B2 (en) |
CA (1) | CA948522A (en) |
DE (1) | DE2232864C3 (en) |
FR (1) | FR2147914B1 (en) |
GB (1) | GB1375073A (en) |
Cited By (13)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4022109A (en) * | 1971-08-20 | 1977-05-10 | Deltrol Corporation | Automatic directional control valve |
US4080873A (en) * | 1974-05-23 | 1978-03-28 | Pneumo Corporation | Servoactuator |
US4191202A (en) * | 1976-10-26 | 1980-03-04 | Textron, Inc. | Polarity control valve |
US4293059A (en) * | 1979-09-05 | 1981-10-06 | Allis-Chalmers Corporation | Detent mechanism and transmission speed range selector valve |
US4367763A (en) * | 1981-03-09 | 1983-01-11 | Glen Brand | Four-way directional valve |
US4522373A (en) * | 1983-09-06 | 1985-06-11 | Clark Equipment Company | Valve detent |
US5911245A (en) * | 1998-06-09 | 1999-06-15 | Caterpillar Inc. | Flow force spool valve |
US6047732A (en) * | 1995-08-07 | 2000-04-11 | Mannesmann Rexroth Gmbh | Directional control valve |
US20040089830A1 (en) * | 2002-09-17 | 2004-05-13 | Hydraforce, Inc. | Manually operated hydraulic valve with a position detent |
US20040206407A1 (en) * | 2003-04-18 | 2004-10-21 | Sauer-Danfoss Inc. | Selectable detent relief valve |
WO2006111031A1 (en) * | 2005-04-20 | 2006-10-26 | Bucher Hydraulics Ag | Pilot valve for a hydraulic motor |
US20070028973A1 (en) * | 2003-08-04 | 2007-02-08 | Hitachi Construction Machinery Co., Ltd. | Directional control valve block |
US11313389B2 (en) * | 2018-06-06 | 2022-04-26 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Directly-controlled hydraulic directional valve |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE3134858A1 (en) * | 1981-09-03 | 1983-03-17 | Klöckner-Humboldt-Deutz AG, 5000 Köln | HYDRAULIC CONTROL UNIT |
Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2848014A (en) * | 1955-12-19 | 1958-08-19 | Hydraulic Unit Specialities Co | Detent mechanism for hydraulic control valves |
US3132668A (en) * | 1961-02-13 | 1964-05-12 | Parker Hannifin Corp | Detent release for flow control valves |
US3170377A (en) * | 1959-06-10 | 1965-02-23 | Dempster Brothers Inc | Compaction apparatus |
US3247768A (en) * | 1965-06-16 | 1966-04-26 | Hydraulic Unit Specialities Co | Interlock for hydraulic control valves and the like |
US3263574A (en) * | 1964-06-15 | 1966-08-02 | Hydraulic Unit Specialities Co | Speed and directional control valve for double acting lift cylinder |
US3568717A (en) * | 1969-09-15 | 1971-03-09 | Allis Chalmers Mfg Co | Hydraulic valve detent mechanism |
US3618634A (en) * | 1970-01-05 | 1971-11-09 | Int Harvester Co | Hydraulic control valve with flow-sensitive unlatching mechanism |
-
1971
- 1971-08-02 US US00167926A patent/US3738379A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1971-12-09 CA CA129,737A patent/CA948522A/en not_active Expired
- 1971-12-24 JP JP47004060A patent/JPS4825223A/ja active Pending
-
1972
- 1972-01-24 GB GB319872A patent/GB1375073A/en not_active Expired
- 1972-02-28 AU AU39429/72A patent/AU456415B2/en not_active Expired
- 1972-04-28 FR FR7215283A patent/FR2147914B1/fr not_active Expired
- 1972-07-05 DE DE2232864A patent/DE2232864C3/en not_active Expired
Patent Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2848014A (en) * | 1955-12-19 | 1958-08-19 | Hydraulic Unit Specialities Co | Detent mechanism for hydraulic control valves |
US3170377A (en) * | 1959-06-10 | 1965-02-23 | Dempster Brothers Inc | Compaction apparatus |
US3132668A (en) * | 1961-02-13 | 1964-05-12 | Parker Hannifin Corp | Detent release for flow control valves |
US3263574A (en) * | 1964-06-15 | 1966-08-02 | Hydraulic Unit Specialities Co | Speed and directional control valve for double acting lift cylinder |
US3247768A (en) * | 1965-06-16 | 1966-04-26 | Hydraulic Unit Specialities Co | Interlock for hydraulic control valves and the like |
US3568717A (en) * | 1969-09-15 | 1971-03-09 | Allis Chalmers Mfg Co | Hydraulic valve detent mechanism |
US3618634A (en) * | 1970-01-05 | 1971-11-09 | Int Harvester Co | Hydraulic control valve with flow-sensitive unlatching mechanism |
Cited By (16)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4022109A (en) * | 1971-08-20 | 1977-05-10 | Deltrol Corporation | Automatic directional control valve |
US4080873A (en) * | 1974-05-23 | 1978-03-28 | Pneumo Corporation | Servoactuator |
US4191202A (en) * | 1976-10-26 | 1980-03-04 | Textron, Inc. | Polarity control valve |
US4293059A (en) * | 1979-09-05 | 1981-10-06 | Allis-Chalmers Corporation | Detent mechanism and transmission speed range selector valve |
US4367763A (en) * | 1981-03-09 | 1983-01-11 | Glen Brand | Four-way directional valve |
US4522373A (en) * | 1983-09-06 | 1985-06-11 | Clark Equipment Company | Valve detent |
US6047732A (en) * | 1995-08-07 | 2000-04-11 | Mannesmann Rexroth Gmbh | Directional control valve |
US5911245A (en) * | 1998-06-09 | 1999-06-15 | Caterpillar Inc. | Flow force spool valve |
US20040089830A1 (en) * | 2002-09-17 | 2004-05-13 | Hydraforce, Inc. | Manually operated hydraulic valve with a position detent |
US20040206407A1 (en) * | 2003-04-18 | 2004-10-21 | Sauer-Danfoss Inc. | Selectable detent relief valve |
US6976504B2 (en) | 2003-04-18 | 2005-12-20 | Sauer-Danfoss Inc. | Selectable detent relief valve |
US20070028973A1 (en) * | 2003-08-04 | 2007-02-08 | Hitachi Construction Machinery Co., Ltd. | Directional control valve block |
WO2006111031A1 (en) * | 2005-04-20 | 2006-10-26 | Bucher Hydraulics Ag | Pilot valve for a hydraulic motor |
US20090078112A1 (en) * | 2005-04-20 | 2009-03-26 | Bucher Hydraulics Ag | Pilot valve for a hydraulic motor |
US7921879B2 (en) | 2005-04-20 | 2011-04-12 | Bucher Hydraulics Ag | Control valve for a hydraulic motor |
US11313389B2 (en) * | 2018-06-06 | 2022-04-26 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Directly-controlled hydraulic directional valve |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE2232864C3 (en) | 1980-08-07 |
GB1375073A (en) | 1974-11-27 |
CA948522A (en) | 1974-06-04 |
FR2147914B1 (en) | 1975-08-29 |
JPS4825223A (en) | 1973-04-02 |
AU456415B2 (en) | 1974-12-02 |
AU3942972A (en) | 1973-08-30 |
DE2232864B2 (en) | 1979-11-22 |
FR2147914A1 (en) | 1973-03-11 |
DE2232864A1 (en) | 1973-03-01 |
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Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
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AS | Assignment |
Owner name: KOEHRING COMPANY 200 EXECUTIVE DRIVE, BROOFIELD, W Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:KOEHRING COMPANY A WI CORP.;REEL/FRAME:003995/0514 Effective date: 19810505 |
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AS | Assignment |
Owner name: NORWEST BANK ST. PAUL, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:HUSCO INTERNATIONAL, INC. A CORP OF DE.;REEL/FRAME:004504/0783 Effective date: 19851206 |
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AS | Assignment |
Owner name: NORTHWESTERN NATIONAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, C/O Free format text: MORTGAGE;ASSIGNOR:HUSCO INTERNATIONAL, INC.;REEL/FRAME:004528/0361 Effective date: 19851205 Owner name: HUSCO INTERNATIONAL, INC., W239 N218 PEWAUKEE ROAD Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:KOEHRING COMPANY, A CORP OF DE.;REEL/FRAME:004509/0989 Effective date: 19851206 |
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AS | Assignment |
Owner name: NORWEST BANK MINNESOTA, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:HUSCO INTERNATIONAL, INC.;REEL/FRAME:005080/0850 Effective date: 19890301 |