US3735131A - Fluorescent penetrant composition and method - Google Patents
Fluorescent penetrant composition and method Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3735131A US3735131A US00221403A US3735131DA US3735131A US 3735131 A US3735131 A US 3735131A US 00221403 A US00221403 A US 00221403A US 3735131D A US3735131D A US 3735131DA US 3735131 A US3735131 A US 3735131A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- water
- soluble
- oil
- dye
- dyestuff
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 10
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title description 5
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000007850 fluorescent dye Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene oxide Chemical compound C1CO1 IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 abstract description 11
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 abstract description 10
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005282 brightening Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 2
- DZNJMLVCIZGWSC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3',6'-bis(diethylamino)spiro[2-benzofuran-3,9'-xanthene]-1-one Chemical compound O1C(=O)C2=CC=CC=C2C21C1=CC=C(N(CC)CC)C=C1OC1=CC(N(CC)CC)=CC=C21 DZNJMLVCIZGWSC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940028356 diethylene glycol monobutyl ether Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000007689 inspection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- JCGNDDUYTRNOFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxolane-2,4-dione Chemical compound O=C1COC(=O)C1 JCGNDDUYTRNOFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012216 screening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/84—Systems specially adapted for particular applications
- G01N21/88—Investigating the presence of flaws or contamination
- G01N21/91—Investigating the presence of flaws or contamination using penetration of dyes, e.g. fluorescent ink
Definitions
- the fluorescent penetrant inspection process consists essentially of (1) application to the surface of a test body of a liquid composition in which has been dissolved fluorescent dyestuff, (2) removal of the liquid penetrant composition from the surface of the test body after sufficient time has elapsed for the liquid penetrant to work its way into and fill pores and other discontinuities such as cracks open to the surface in such a manner that the liquid penetrant in the discontinuities remains, and (3) examination of the surface, after drying (and after, in many cases, application of a developing agent), under an ultraviolet or black light in a darkened area for glowing points or lines or areas which mark locations of discontinuities.
- the inspector wants to find discontinuities of beyond a certain depth or flaws in a certain pattern or shape.
- flaw marks glow in approximately the same magnitude of intensity. It is extremely difficult for the eye to distinguish any difference in intensity.
- a field of glowing pin points on the surface may or may not be cause for rejection of the part being inspected. If the inspector incorrectly judges them to be of a magnitude which justifies discarding a part, there is a financial loss. On the other hand, if he incorrectly judges them not of consequence and there is a subsequent breakdown of the part in service, the loss may be catastrophic.
- My invention assists in distinguishing the relevant from the nonrelevant defect. It includes the use of a water-free liquid which is nonetheless water-soluble and water-absorbing into which has been introduced watersoluble fluorescent dyestuff which is not in true solution but in a colloidal type suspension or beyond, as well as one or more oil-soluble fluorescent dyestuffs in solution which oil-soluble fluorescent dyestuffs are of a lighter shade than the water-soluble.
- This liquid is applied to the surface, flushed from the surface with water; the surface is dried and then inspected under black light. When the water from the wash mixes with the liquid, the water-soluble fluorescent dyestuff goes into solution and its color becomes evident.
- the wash there is some water absorption by the penetrant which has remained in the crack. This absorption is at the surface interface and the entrapped penetrant adjacent to the surface which has absorbed water places the water-soluble dyestuff into solution. If
- the flaw is shallow and the bulk of the entrapped penetrant, therefore, close to the surface, the color of the water-soluble dyestuff will predominate, screening out or absorbing the emission of the oil-soluble dyestuff.
- the water from the rinse step will not be absorbed into the lower level and the water-soluble dyestuff in the lower level will not be in solution and will not be fluorescing, and the oil-soluble dyestuff since it is in solution throughout all levels of the entrapped penetrant liquid will dominate.
- a formula I have used with success to distinguish between hot tears and nonrelevant pores in turbine blades is 30 parts by volume of an ethoxylated linear alcohol having 7 moles of ethylene oxide, 20 parts by volume of Diethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether, and 50 parts of an aliphatic petroleum solvent into which has been dispersed 2 percent by weight of Rhodamine B Extra Base, and into which has been dissolved V2 of 1 percent by weight of Fluorescent Brightening Agent and 1 /2 percent by weight of Fluorescent Brightening Agent 68.
- a nonaqueous water-miscible penetrating liquid which includes an oil base and a water-soluble dye, which fluoresces under black light when in solution, dispersed therein and one or more oil-soluble dyes, which fluoresce under black light" when in solution, in solution therein, which oil-soluble dye(s) fluoresce either singly or in combination in a lighter shade than the water-soluble dye, which liquid will absorb water.
- a water-free water-soluble penetrating liquid containing an oil base and a water-soluble fluorescent dye dispersed therein and an oil-soluble dye dissolved therein with the water-soluble dye having an absorptive spectra for the oil-soluble dye.
- a nonaqueous liquid containing 10 to 50 parts by volume of an ethoxylated linear alcohol having 6 to 10 moles of ethylene oxide in which a water-soluble dye has been dispersed therein and an oil-soluble dye dissolved therein with the water-soluble dye having an absorptive spectra for the oil-soluble dye.
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Investigating Materials By The Use Of Optical Means Adapted For Particular Applications (AREA)
Abstract
An Oil-Base Water-Absorbing Fluorescent Dyestuff Carrying Fluid used for testing metal which not only locates surface defects such as cracks but distinguishes between flaw depths and, consequently, flaw relevancy by means of combining different color water-soluble and oil-soluble fluorescent dyestuffs is disclosed in this invention. A process step in the use of this fluid is water washing of the surface to remove fluid which has not become entrapped in a surface discontinuity. During this step, fluid entrapped in shallow defects absorbs a relatively high percentage of water which activates the water-soluble dyestuff while fluid in deep defects remains substantially water free and the water-soluble dyestuff remains substantially inactive. Thus, shallow defects fluoresce the color of the watersoluble dyestuff and deep defects fluoresce the color of the oilsoluble dyestuff.
Description
United States Patent 91 Sherwin 5] May 22, 1973 [5 FLUORESCENT PENETRANT Primary Examiner-James W. Lawrence COMPOSITION AND METHOD Assistant Examiner-Harold A. Dixon [76] Inventor: Amos G. Sherwin, 8330 Gainford Street, Downey, Calif. 90240 [57] ABSTRACT An Oil-Base Water-Absorbing Fluorescent Dyestuff [22] Flled' 1972 Carrying Fluid used for testing metal which not only [21] Appl. No.: 221,403 locates surface defects such as cracks but distinguishes between flaw depths and, consequently, flaw relevancy by means of combining different color water-solu- [52] U.S. Cl. ..250/71 T, 252/3012 ble and oil soluble fluorescent dyestuffs is disclosed in [51] I131. Cl. 21/16 this i i A process p the use of this fluid i [58] Field of Search ..250/71 T; 252/3012 water washing of the Surface to remove fluid which has not become entrapped in a surface discontinuity. References Cited During this step, fluid entrapped in shallow defects absorbs a relatively high percentage of water which ac- UNITED STATES PATENTS tivates the water-soluble dyestuff while fluid in deep 3,108,187 10/1963 Thombury ..250/71 T defects remains substantially water free and the water- 3,543,570 12/1970 Fijalkowski ..250/71 T soluble dyestuff remains substantially inactive. Thus, 3,456,110 7/1969 Diperstein ..250/71 T shallow defects fluoresce the color of the water-solu- 3,558,332 1/1971 j ble dyestuff and deep defects fluoresce the color of 2,635,329 4/1953 Deforest ..250/71 T the oil soluble dyestuffl 3,028,338 4/1962 Parker ..250/71 T 5 Claims, No Drawings FLUORESCENT PENETRANT COMPOSITION AND METHOD This invention is concerned with an improved fluorescent penetrant for finding flaws in metal and other insoluble surfaces. It provides a method of ascertaining the relevancy of a surface discontinuity in relation to the metal or material strength as revealed by the fluoresccnt penetrant process.
The fluorescent penetrant inspection process consists essentially of (1) application to the surface of a test body of a liquid composition in which has been dissolved fluorescent dyestuff, (2) removal of the liquid penetrant composition from the surface of the test body after sufficient time has elapsed for the liquid penetrant to work its way into and fill pores and other discontinuities such as cracks open to the surface in such a manner that the liquid penetrant in the discontinuities remains, and (3) examination of the surface, after drying (and after, in many cases, application of a developing agent), under an ultraviolet or black light in a darkened area for glowing points or lines or areas which mark locations of discontinuities.
Not all discontinuities are of consequence and, in
general, the inspector wants to find discontinuities of beyond a certain depth or flaws in a certain pattern or shape. However, regardless of depth, flaw marks glow in approximately the same magnitude of intensity. It is extremely difficult for the eye to distinguish any difference in intensity. A field of glowing pin points on the surface may or may not be cause for rejection of the part being inspected. If the inspector incorrectly judges them to be of a magnitude which justifies discarding a part, there is a financial loss. On the other hand, if he incorrectly judges them not of consequence and there is a subsequent breakdown of the part in service, the loss may be catastrophic.
My invention assists in distinguishing the relevant from the nonrelevant defect. It includes the use ofa water-free liquid which is nonetheless water-soluble and water-absorbing into which has been introduced watersoluble fluorescent dyestuff which is not in true solution but in a colloidal type suspension or beyond, as well as one or more oil-soluble fluorescent dyestuffs in solution which oil-soluble fluorescent dyestuffs are of a lighter shade than the water-soluble. This liquid is applied to the surface, flushed from the surface with water; the surface is dried and then inspected under black light. When the water from the wash mixes with the liquid, the water-soluble fluorescent dyestuff goes into solution and its color becomes evident. During the wash, there is some water absorption by the penetrant which has remained in the crack. This absorption is at the surface interface and the entrapped penetrant adjacent to the surface which has absorbed water places the water-soluble dyestuff into solution. If
the flaw is shallow and the bulk of the entrapped penetrant, therefore, close to the surface, the color of the water-soluble dyestuff will predominate, screening out or absorbing the emission of the oil-soluble dyestuff. However, if the flaw is deep, the water from the rinse step will not be absorbed into the lower level and the water-soluble dyestuff in the lower level will not be in solution and will not be fluorescing, and the oil-soluble dyestuff since it is in solution throughout all levels of the entrapped penetrant liquid will dominate.
A formula I have used with success to distinguish between hot tears and nonrelevant pores in turbine blades is 30 parts by volume of an ethoxylated linear alcohol having 7 moles of ethylene oxide, 20 parts by volume of Diethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether, and 50 parts of an aliphatic petroleum solvent into which has been dispersed 2 percent by weight of Rhodamine B Extra Base, and into which has been dissolved V2 of 1 percent by weight of Fluorescent Brightening Agent and 1 /2 percent by weight of Fluorescent Brightening Agent 68.
What is claimed is:
1. A nonaqueous water-miscible penetrating liquid which includes an oil base and a water-soluble dye, which fluoresces under black light when in solution, dispersed therein and one or more oil-soluble dyes, which fluoresce under black light" when in solution, in solution therein, which oil-soluble dye(s) fluoresce either singly or in combination in a lighter shade than the water-soluble dye, which liquid will absorb water.
2. A water-free water-soluble penetrating liquid containing an oil base and a water-soluble fluorescent dye dispersed therein and an oil-soluble dye dissolved therein with the water-soluble dye having an absorptive spectra for the oil-soluble dye.
3. A liquid as in claim 2 but with more than one oilsoluble fluorescent dye.
4. A nonaqueous liquid containing 10 to 50 parts by volume of an ethoxylated linear alcohol having 6 to 10 moles of ethylene oxide in which a water-soluble dye has been dispersed therein and an oil-soluble dye dissolved therein with the water-soluble dye having an absorptive spectra for the oil-soluble dye.
5. A method in which a water-free water-miscible penetrating liquid with a water-soluble fluorescent dye suspended therein and one or more oil-soluble fluorescent dyes dissolved therein with the water-soluble fluobeen retained.
Claims (4)
- 2. A water-free water-soluble penetrating liquid containing an oil base and a water-soluble fluorescent dye dispersed therein and an oil-soluble dye dissolved therein with the water-soluble dye having an absorptive spectra for the oil-soluble dye.
- 3. A liquid as in claim 2 but with more than one oil-soluble fluorescent dye.
- 4. A nonaqueous liquid containing 10 to 50 parts by volume of an ethoxylated linear alcohol having 6 to 10 moles of ethylene oxide in which a water-soluble dye has been dispersed therein and an oil-soluble dye dissolved therein with the water-soluble dye having an absorptive spectra for the oil-soluble dye.
- 5. A method in which a water-free water-miscible penetrating liquid with a water-soluble fluorescent dye suspended therein and one or more oil-soluble fluorescent dyes dissolved therein with the water-soluble fluorescent dye being a darker shade than the oil-soluble dye(s) is applied to a test body, allowed to dwell on the test body for sufficient time to enter surface discontinuities, and then rinsed from the surface with water, followed by drying of the surface and examination under ''''black light'''' for glowing marks where penetrant has been retained.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US22140372A | 1972-01-27 | 1972-01-27 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US3735131A true US3735131A (en) | 1973-05-22 |
Family
ID=22827687
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US00221403A Expired - Lifetime US3735131A (en) | 1972-01-27 | 1972-01-27 | Fluorescent penetrant composition and method |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US3735131A (en) |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6427544B1 (en) * | 2001-03-14 | 2002-08-06 | United Technologies Corporation | Environmentally friendly ultra-high sensitivity liquid penetrant inspection process and system |
| US20040102343A1 (en) * | 2002-11-21 | 2004-05-27 | Requejo Luz P | Dual colorants |
| US20130020507A1 (en) * | 2010-06-17 | 2013-01-24 | Life Technologies Corporation | Methods for Detecting Defects in Inorganic-Coated Polymer Surfaces |
| US20170261313A1 (en) * | 2016-03-09 | 2017-09-14 | Ubiqd, Llc | Fluorescent liquid penetrants and methods of nondestructive testing |
Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2635329A (en) * | 1950-05-16 | 1953-04-21 | Magnaflux Corp | Method of detecting cracks in porous surfaces |
| US3028338A (en) * | 1958-11-07 | 1962-04-03 | Switzer Brothers | Composition for detecting surface discontinuities |
| US3108187A (en) * | 1960-08-02 | 1963-10-22 | Purex Corp Ltd | Flaw detection method using fluorescent penetrant and a fluorescent developer |
| US3456110A (en) * | 1967-03-28 | 1969-07-15 | Testing Systems Inc | Flaw detection fluid and method for detecting flaws in solid surfaces |
| US3543570A (en) * | 1967-11-21 | 1970-12-01 | Magnaflux Corp | Aqueous base penetrant composition and method |
| US3558882A (en) * | 1968-12-31 | 1971-01-26 | Magnaflux Corp | Water miscible penetrant remover |
-
1972
- 1972-01-27 US US00221403A patent/US3735131A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2635329A (en) * | 1950-05-16 | 1953-04-21 | Magnaflux Corp | Method of detecting cracks in porous surfaces |
| US3028338A (en) * | 1958-11-07 | 1962-04-03 | Switzer Brothers | Composition for detecting surface discontinuities |
| US3108187A (en) * | 1960-08-02 | 1963-10-22 | Purex Corp Ltd | Flaw detection method using fluorescent penetrant and a fluorescent developer |
| US3456110A (en) * | 1967-03-28 | 1969-07-15 | Testing Systems Inc | Flaw detection fluid and method for detecting flaws in solid surfaces |
| US3543570A (en) * | 1967-11-21 | 1970-12-01 | Magnaflux Corp | Aqueous base penetrant composition and method |
| US3558882A (en) * | 1968-12-31 | 1971-01-26 | Magnaflux Corp | Water miscible penetrant remover |
Cited By (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6427544B1 (en) * | 2001-03-14 | 2002-08-06 | United Technologies Corporation | Environmentally friendly ultra-high sensitivity liquid penetrant inspection process and system |
| US20040102343A1 (en) * | 2002-11-21 | 2004-05-27 | Requejo Luz P | Dual colorants |
| WO2004048481A2 (en) * | 2002-11-21 | 2004-06-10 | S. C. Johnson & Son, Inc. | Dual colorants |
| WO2004048481A3 (en) * | 2002-11-21 | 2004-12-29 | Johnson & Son Inc S C | Dual colorants |
| US7001875B2 (en) * | 2002-11-21 | 2006-02-21 | S.C.Johnson & Son, Inc. | Dual colorants |
| US9310315B2 (en) | 2007-12-17 | 2016-04-12 | Life Technologies Corporation | Methods for detecting defects in inorganic-coated polymer surfaces |
| US20130020507A1 (en) * | 2010-06-17 | 2013-01-24 | Life Technologies Corporation | Methods for Detecting Defects in Inorganic-Coated Polymer Surfaces |
| US20170261313A1 (en) * | 2016-03-09 | 2017-09-14 | Ubiqd, Llc | Fluorescent liquid penetrants and methods of nondestructive testing |
| US10082387B2 (en) * | 2016-03-09 | 2018-09-25 | UbiQD, Inc. | Fluorescent liquid penetrants and methods of nondestructive testing |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| US2920203A (en) | Fluorescent penetrant inspection materials and methods | |
| US4858465A (en) | Water washable contaminant detection and labeling compositions and method for utilizing same | |
| US2953530A (en) | Method and compositions for detecting flaws | |
| US2478951A (en) | Flaw detection fluid | |
| USRE35395E (en) | Leak detection in heating, ventilating and air conditioning systems using an environmentally safe material | |
| US2806959A (en) | Method of detecting surface discontinuities | |
| US2405078A (en) | Method and compositions for locating surface discontinuities | |
| US4152592A (en) | Water washable dye penetrant composition and method for utilizing same | |
| US3735131A (en) | Fluorescent penetrant composition and method | |
| US2635329A (en) | Method of detecting cracks in porous surfaces | |
| US3108187A (en) | Flaw detection method using fluorescent penetrant and a fluorescent developer | |
| US3748469A (en) | Nonaqueous developer composition for penetrant inspection and method for employing same | |
| US3981185A (en) | Postemulsifiable dye penetrant system and method for using same | |
| US3915885A (en) | Water washable dye penetrant composition and method utilizing same | |
| US3117227A (en) | Method of flow detection using visible light sensitive phosphors | |
| US3184596A (en) | Flaw detection method using a liquid solvent developer | |
| US4641518A (en) | Process for the non-destructive inspection of surface defects | |
| US2472522A (en) | Leak detection | |
| US2636127A (en) | Method of detecting cracks in porous surfaces | |
| USRE26888E (en) | Alburger process for fluorescence detection of extremely thin tracer films | |
| US3311479A (en) | Penetrant inspection process and compositions | |
| US3114039A (en) | Self-developing penetrant method of flaw detection and penetrant therefor | |
| US3636759A (en) | Process of penetrant inspection | |
| US4375384A (en) | Method for penetrant inspection employing an etchant penetrant | |
| US3415112A (en) | Water-free penetrant inspection process and materials |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| AS | Assignment |
Owner name: RONALD SHERWIN, CALIFORNIA Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:JOYCE SHERWIC, EXECUTIVE;REEL/FRAME:018545/0616 Effective date: 20060818 |