US3730202A - Method of controlling an interface between two fluids - Google Patents

Method of controlling an interface between two fluids Download PDF

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Publication number
US3730202A
US3730202A US3730202DA US3730202A US 3730202 A US3730202 A US 3730202A US 3730202D A US3730202D A US 3730202DA US 3730202 A US3730202 A US 3730202A
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interface
liquid
value
sigma
fluid
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G Wolf
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J19/0006—Controlling or regulating processes
    • B01J19/002—Avoiding undesirable reactions or side-effects, e.g. avoiding explosions, or improving the yield by suppressing side-reactions
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J19/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
    • B01J19/10—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing sonic or ultrasonic vibrations
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T137/00—Fluid handling
    • Y10T137/0318—Processes
    • Y10T137/0391—Affecting flow by the addition of material or energy

Definitions

  • a further object of the invention is to provide a method of forming a stable free lower surface of a body of liquid from which surface liquid droplets may be delivered in controlled amounts and sizes.
  • the eigenmode O can be described by the relation wherein m, is a constant determined by size and shape of said boundary.
  • m is a constant determined by size and shape of said boundary.
  • the valve of b,,./g has to be less than about 0.5 1;"f- 30 with 1; being the viscosity of the fluid having the higher viscosity of said fluids, expressed in poises.
  • said value of b,,,/g has to be increased above about 0.5 1; "'f- 30, wherein the frequencyfcan be adjusted with respect to the oscillatory acceleration b,,,.
  • the present method is useful, e.g., for stabilizing a free surface of a liquid on a moving vehicle, e.g., a spacecraft, or in the field of chemical technology to control the exchange of substances between two fluids which may be liquids having opposed free surfaces between which gas or vapour diffusion takes place.
  • the present method is furthermore useful for expelling liquids into a gaseous volume in a highly controllable way under situations, where, for instance, a nozzle is not applicable because of the pressure control required there.
  • FIG. 1 shows cross-sectional views of a cup-shaped vessel containing a liquid for explaining the socalled Rayleigh-Taylor instability.
  • FIG. 2 are schematic vies of the vessel shown in FIG. 1 with the free surface of the liquid being stabilized by the method according to the invention.
  • FIG. 3 shows an apparatus for performing an embodiment of the present method in a chemical process.
  • FIG. 1 a shows a cup-shaped vessel 10, which contains a liquid 12, having a free surface 14.
  • the free surface 14 of the liquid thus represents the interface between the liquid and an adjacent medium, e.g., air.
  • the liquid is exposed to the acceleration of gravity, which is indicated by an arrow 16.
  • the surface of the liquid 14 can be stabilized by oscillating or reciprocating the vessel containing the liquid in a direction essentially perpendicular to the surface to be stabilized.
  • the vessel 10 may be rotated by an angle of against the position of FIG. 1 a without causing the liquid to flow out, although the acceleration of gravity is still acting vertically as indicated by the arrow 16. This effect is due to forced oscillations (the direction of which is indicated by doublearrow 18) of the vessel and the liquid in it.
  • the vessel 10 can even be inverted without the liquid in it flowing out, as shown in FIG. 2 b.
  • the oscillation parameters are subject to certain constraints, which depend on the vessel dimensions, the densities of the liquid and the adjoining medium, and on viscosity and surface tension of the liquid.
  • the value of Q in eq. (1) may be replaced by f mg n s/ n n). (2) where m, is a constant depending on the particular shape of the vessel t g is the acceleration acting on the system considered, e.g., the acceleration of gravity,
  • the apparaturs schematically described in FIG. 3 comprises said vessel into which liquid can be supplied by a conduit 20, having a lower open end.
  • the vessel 10' is coupled to a vibrator, indicated as block 22, which may contain an oscillating magnetic core 24 and a driving coil 26, which is excited by an A.C. voltage, adjustable in amplitude and frequency and provided by an A.C. source 28.
  • a diaphragm 30 may connect the lower opening of vessel 10 directly to the upper opening of a second vessel 32 containing another liquid 34 which may enter or leave the vessel by means of a conduit 36.
  • vessel 10 may be provided with a shutter 38 which permits filling the vessel 10' while the vibrator 22 is switched off and the shutter is moved to the position indicated by dashes, thereby closing the lower open end of vessel 10'.
  • liquid 12 After switching off the vibrator 22, the liquid 12 falls down.
  • This effect may be used for the purpose of a safety switch: during normal operation, liquid 12 is introduced into liquid 34 in an exact dosage, e.g., for controlling certain chemical and/or physical reactions in liquid 34. Under anomalous operating conditions, like a power cutoff, a large quantity of liquid 12 immediately enters liquid 34, so that the reactions occuring there are interrupted or at least reduced to a safe rate.
  • the viscosity of liquid 12 and/or its surface tension should be taken into consideration for achieving optimum results insofar as they should secure that the surface instabilities will not grow at a rate higher than that which can be stabilized by the process described.
  • the method described is not limited to the stabilization of a boundary surface between a liquid and a gas but can be applied quite generally for stabilization of boundary faces between a liquid and a medium of different, especially lower, density, such as e.g., another liquid.
  • the equations (1) to (5a) are also valid for the general case of stabilizing the interface of two fluids having different density.
  • boundary surface to be stabilized separates two liquids, they have to be substantially immiscible, otherwise no proper boundary surface could be established.
  • the vessel will enclose both liquid bodies completely, unless a further interface to be stablized is present between one of the liquids and a gas.
  • the method of the invention may even be applied to provide a certain degree of stabilization for the interface layer between two gases of different densities. Because of the high degree of miscibility of gases, the stabilization method given here will not provide permanent stabilization, but only a temporary one, meaning a certain retardation of mixing.
  • the method of the invention may even be employed for the'formation of a connected surface or boundary layer, as occurring on separation of dispersions of two media of different density, such as oil-water emulsions.
  • the force causing the instabilities in the surface to be stabilized is not restricted to gravity; the method given is also applicable to instabilities arising from acceleration forces due to varying velocities, or from electric, magnetic, and/or electromagnetic forces.
  • the method of the invention is even applicable for stabilizing a boundary surface in gravitation-free space
  • the oscillatory motion of the medium to be stabilized may be produced in various ways:
  • the vessel as a whole, or parts of it e.g., the bottom designed as a piston or a membrane), may oscillate, or the first medium may be provided with an oscillating device such as a piezoelectric crystal, an elastic cavity supplied with a medium of periodically varying pressure, a heat source effecting periodic expansion or evaporation of the first medium, etc.
  • the invention herein embraces oscillatory movement to at least one of said bodies, said movement having at least a major component nOrmal to said interface, and the maximum acceleration, b,,,, of said interface caused by said oscillatory motion, and the frequency, f, of said oscillation being such that b /g vs w /n,
  • Q disregarding viscosities and surface tensions, is the slowest growth rate of the perturbations of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability of said body of fluids subject to said acceleration g.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
US3730202D 1969-11-12 1970-08-31 Method of controlling an interface between two fluids Expired - Lifetime US3730202A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19691956938 DE1956938B2 (de) 1969-11-12 1969-11-12 Verfahren zum stabilisieren einer grenzflaeche

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DE (1) DE1956938B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4998553A (en) * 1989-01-06 1991-03-12 National Research Development Corporation Controlling particulate material
US5078504A (en) * 1989-02-06 1992-01-07 Spectrum Sciences B.V. Dispersion apparatus

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3937129A1 (de) * 1989-11-08 1991-05-16 Wilhelm Koenig Glastropfspeiser mit glasflussunterbrechung ohne zeitbegrenzung und restglasfluss

Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3334641A (en) * 1964-06-26 1967-08-08 Johnson Service Co Fluid stream control apparatus

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3334641A (en) * 1964-06-26 1967-08-08 Johnson Service Co Fluid stream control apparatus

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4998553A (en) * 1989-01-06 1991-03-12 National Research Development Corporation Controlling particulate material
US5078504A (en) * 1989-02-06 1992-01-07 Spectrum Sciences B.V. Dispersion apparatus

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE1956938C3 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1974-02-21
DE1956938B2 (de) 1973-07-19
DE1956938A1 (de) 1971-06-03

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