US3729714A - Proportional space character display including uniform character expansion - Google Patents

Proportional space character display including uniform character expansion Download PDF

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Publication number
US3729714A
US3729714A US00155982A US3729714DA US3729714A US 3729714 A US3729714 A US 3729714A US 00155982 A US00155982 A US 00155982A US 3729714D A US3729714D A US 3729714DA US 3729714 A US3729714 A US 3729714A
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character
scan line
escapement
characters
display
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US00155982A
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R Heard
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International Business Machines Corp
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International Business Machines Corp
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
    • G09G5/00—Control arrangements or circuits for visual indicators common to cathode-ray tube indicators and other visual indicators
    • G09G5/22—Control arrangements or circuits for visual indicators common to cathode-ray tube indicators and other visual indicators characterised by the display of characters or indicia using display control signals derived from coded signals representing the characters or indicia, e.g. with a character-code memory
    • G09G5/24—Generation of individual character patterns
    • G09G5/243—Circuits for displaying proportional spaced characters or for kerning
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
    • G09G1/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with cathode-ray tube indicators; General aspects or details, e.g. selection emphasis on particular characters, dashed line or dotted line generation; Preprocessing of data
    • G09G1/06—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with cathode-ray tube indicators; General aspects or details, e.g. selection emphasis on particular characters, dashed line or dotted line generation; Preprocessing of data using single beam tubes, e.g. three-dimensional or perspective representation, rotation or translation of display pattern, hidden lines, shadows
    • G09G1/14—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with cathode-ray tube indicators; General aspects or details, e.g. selection emphasis on particular characters, dashed line or dotted line generation; Preprocessing of data using single beam tubes, e.g. three-dimensional or perspective representation, rotation or translation of display pattern, hidden lines, shadows the beam tracing a pattern independent of the information to be displayed, this latter determining the parts of the pattern rendered respectively visible and invisible
    • G09G1/18—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with cathode-ray tube indicators; General aspects or details, e.g. selection emphasis on particular characters, dashed line or dotted line generation; Preprocessing of data using single beam tubes, e.g. three-dimensional or perspective representation, rotation or translation of display pattern, hidden lines, shadows the beam tracing a pattern independent of the information to be displayed, this latter determining the parts of the pattern rendered respectively visible and invisible a small local pattern covering only a single character, and stepping to a position for the following character, e.g. in rectangular or polar co-ordinates, or in the form of a framed star

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT A system for uniformally expanding a proportionally spaced character display in order to properly align the smallest characters of the character set without affecting the proportional relationship of the characters in the character set.
  • An extra vertical scan line is added to the displayed characters at an escapement increment determined by the character of the character set requiring the greatest proportion of scan line expansion per character width in order to achieve proper character definition.
  • Those characters requiring an additional unit of escapement to bev properly defined utilize the added vertical scan lines and excess added vertical scan lines are distributed in the white space" between characters.
  • the added display columns have the same affect as increasing the number of scans per unit of character escapement.
  • This invention relates to a proportionally spaced character display system and more particularly to means incorporated in such a system for properly aligning and representing displayed character symbols.
  • Prior Art display editing systems such as those exemplified by US. Pat. No. 3,248,705 utilize standard spaced character display representations to indicate to the system operator how printed lines of standard spaced characters will appear on final printed output copy.
  • the aforereferenced copending application to Robert G. Bluethman, et al discloses a display editing system utilizing proportionally spaced character representations to indicate to the operator thereof how a final printed line of proportionally spaced characters will appear upon printing a final copy.
  • Robert L. McConnell, et al describes a display editing system wherein both standard spaced character representations and proportionally spaced character representations can be alternatively selected.
  • the proportionally spaced character display is utilized when the final output copy is to be printed on a printer incorporating proportionally spaced or weighted character sets.
  • the standard display is selected when the output printer is a standard spacing printer.
  • the display device is utilized to give the operator of the display system an indication as to how the final printed copy will appear. The operator may then actuate controls to change the appearance of the displayed copy and hence the final output copy to achieve a more desirable affect.
  • the escapement increments utilized for the various printers differ from one another. That is, for example, the escapement of one printer system may be based on an escapement unit of one seventy-second inch while that of another printer may be based on an escapement unit of one-sixtieth inch.
  • the relative escapement values for characters of a character set utilizing a one seventy-second inch escapement unit differ with respect to one another as compared to the relative escapement values of characters within a set designed for a printer using a one-sixtieth inch escapement unit.
  • various printers have a print condensation mode wherein a uniform value is subtracted from the number of escapement units which define various ones of the characters in order to compress the various lines of printing.
  • Character generators of the prior art which could be utilized to generate a proportional character display are of two types.
  • One prior art device is a monoscope which displays proportional characters.
  • Various character sets could be selected for display by expanding the character font and selection device of prior art monoscopes.
  • Another prior device is one which generates a dot matrix character pattern, a unique pattern being associated with each character of a character set. While such a device is less costly than a monoscope type of display, the increased number ofcharacters which must be defined in order to display a plurality of proportionally weighted character sets necessitates greater costs.
  • the same matrix character generator can be utilized to define the same character in each of the different character sets displayed.
  • some characters cannot be properly defined since the number of scan lines necessary to define the character exceeds the number of scan lines available when the number of scan lines is equal to the escapement value of the character.
  • One solution to this problem would be to increase the number of total scan lines of the display by a factor of two. However, by doubling the density of the scan lines which define each character, the number of lines of display feasible with a given circuit speed are reduced.
  • Another solution is to add a scan line column to each character. However, this destroys the positional relationship of text in successive lines since all characters are not the same width.
  • a character generator which adds an additional vertical scan line within the line of displayed characters at a predetermined increment thereby increasing the number of scan lines available to define each character of a character set without destroying the positional relationship of characters displayed on adjacent lines.
  • the escapement value of the character of the character set which requires the most additional scan lines per width value of the character for adequate character definition is utilized to define the predetermined increment thereby assuring that each character within the display lihe which requires an additional scan line has an additional scan line available for its use in order that the character may be properly defined.
  • the added scan lines enable the same character generator to be utilized to define the characters of the various character sets.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram of the propor tional space character display system including uniform character expansion.
  • FIG. 2 is a pictorial illustration of proportionally spaced characters which are displayed by the system of FIG. 1.
  • FIG. I of the drawings the propor tional spaced character display system including uniform character expansion is depicted.
  • Characters to be displayed in lines of characters on the CRT display 11 are stored in memory I3.
  • Each successive character of a line of characters to be displayed is gated from the memory 13 through the And gate 15 to the character register 17.
  • the character in the character register provides an address input to the character generator decode unit 19 which in turn provides successive vertical scan line information which defines the character to be displayed to the scan data register 21.
  • the scan line information stored in the scan data register 2] is serialized by the serializer 23, the output of which is applied to the video amplifier 25 which, in turn, provides a blank and unblank signal to the CRT display II.
  • the character located in the character register 17 is also provided as an address input to the escapement unit decode 31.
  • This unit determines the number of escapement units associated with the character located in the character register in accordance with the character set selected. Assuming that the character in the character register 17 is defined by a number of vertical scan lines corresponding to the number of escapement units which define the character, the compare unit 33 will provide an output signal when the last vertical scan line of the character is complete. This output signal is utilized to gate the memory address counter 35 and the And gate 15 to cause the next successive character to be gated to the character register I7 from the memory 13.
  • FIG. 2 of the drawings a pictorial illustration of proportionally spaced characters displayed on the CRT display I] of FIG. I is shown.
  • each character is made from elements ofa matrix which corresponds to a dot pattern generated on the CRT display.
  • the H character depicted would be serially generated on the screen of the CRT a vertical scan line at a time. That is, as the CRT beam sweeps downwardly over the leftmost portion of the character, the beam would be unblanked for 10 successive time intervals corresponding to the 10 vertically stacked elements of the first column of the character matrix.
  • the beam would be returned to the uppermost position and caused to sweep through the elements of the second column where it would be unblanked only during its travel through the fifth vertical element. This process is repeated until the last scan line (always blank to assure adjacent character spacing) is complete, at which time the beam is advanced to form the next adjacent character, the character B.
  • a dot clock 41 is gated by an oscillator and caused to periodically advance.
  • Each dot clock time corresponds to a vertical display element so that the first ten dot clock times correspond to the ten vertical elements located within a single scan column of a character matrix. Additional dot clock times are necessary to cause return of the CRT beam back to the starting position of an adjacent vertical scan.
  • the dot clock 41 reaches a zero count, it indicates that the next successive vertical column of a character is ready to be displayed.
  • the zero" output signal of the dot clock 41 advances the column clock 43 when the dot clock reaches its zero state.
  • the column clock 43 is a binary counter providing an output indicative of the count stored therein.
  • the output of the column clock 43 provides an address input to the character generator decode unit 19 thereby controlling the scan line of information which is gated to the scan data register 21.
  • the foregoing description has related to the units which are employed to generate sequential vertical column scans to define successive characters.
  • These units with the exception ofthe escapement unit decode 31 and compare unit 33 represent a conventional character generator, as would be utilized to generate standard spaced matrix characters and are described in the aforereferenced U.S. Pat. No. 3,648,271 and in U.S. Pat. No. 3,6l8,032.
  • the escapement unit decode 31 and the compare unit 33 operate to indicate the completion of a serial character display and hence initiate the display of the next character.
  • the mode selection switch 51 would be placed in position A. Positioning the switch thusly effects successive display lines of characters which closely resemble the manner that the same lines of characters would appear on the one seventy-second inch output printer. That is, the relative widths of the displayed characters correspond to the relative widths of the printed characters and the display characters of successive lines align vertically in the same manner as those of corresponding printed lines. This positioning is achieved when the mode switch 51 is in position A by utilizing a character generator which causes a one-to-one relationship to exist between scan lines and escapement units of the characters displayed on the CRT display I I.
  • the mode selector switch 51 when the mode selector switch 51 is placed into position B thereby selecting a one seventy-second n-l character display, a signal is provided to the expansion clock 53 which is operative to cause additional scan lines to be distributed amongst the characters in a manner to be described.
  • the expansion clock is a four stage binary ring counter, with selective switching to control the number of stages utilized.
  • the secondary column clock 55 is responsive to the output signal of the And gate 57 which is, in turn, responsive to the output signal of the expansion clock 53.
  • the And gate 57 is also responsive to the zero output signal of the dot clock 41 and provides a counting signal to the secondary column clock 55 whenever a signal is provided by the expansion clock 53.
  • the secondary column clock 55 is a binary counter which provides an output signal indicative of the count stored therein.
  • the expansion clock 53 provides an output signal so long as it is not advancing to its first count. Assuming the mode selector switch 51 to be on its 8 position, the expansion clock becomes a four-stage ring counter which is advanced with each zero output from the dot clock 41. When the counter is reset to its first count, no signal is provided to the And gate 57 and hence the secondary column clock 55 does not advance with the zero output of the dot clock.
  • the count in the secondary column clock 55 will be less than the actual number of scan lines which have been effected for a character as represented by the state of the column clock 43 since the secondary column clock 55 is inhibited from advancing whenever the expansion clock resets to its first count. Since the output signal from the secondary column clock 55 is compared by the compare unit 33 with the true escapement of the character in order to terminate a character display, extra scan columns are generated under the control ofthe column clock 43. That is, the number of vertical scan lines generated by the display device II for a character corresponds to the number registered by the column clock 43 which will exceed the number registered by the secondary column clock 55.
  • the output signal of the secondary column clock is utilized to halt character generation when it corresponds to the value generated by the escapement unit decode 31, the number of extra scans per character corresponds to the difference between the value in the column clock 43 and the secondary column clock 55.
  • the extra scans are utilized to further define the character.
  • letter I which is defined as a three-unit character for a one seventy-second inch n-l display that a fourth scan will be added thereby insuring for the white space between the characters. Additionally, it can be appreciated that the same character generator decode unit 19 can be utilized to produce the letter I in both one seventy-second inch escapement display and in one seventy-second inch n-l escapement display.
  • the following table represents the relationship of escapement units in one seventy-second inch 11-] to those in one seventy-second inch for a similar character and also specifies the guaranteed minimum number and the maximum number of columns which will be available for display ot'the character when utilizing the uniform expand feature of the present invention which adds an extra scan column for each three scan columns.
  • the same character generator can be utilized for displaying characters in a one seventy-second inch representation or in a one seventy-second inch n-l representation. It can also be seen from the above table that the possible number of excess columns associated with each character having an escapement value of three in one seventy-second inch n-l is zero when the character generator utilizes the same character set as is utilized with a one seventysecond inch display. Where an eight unit one seventysecond inch n-l character is to be displayed, there are two possible excess columns. Additional white space may be added to the right-hand side of the character to thus utilize the two additional scan line columns. in the worst case, this could cause right edge character misalignment from line to line by only two scan lines and left edge misalignment by only one scan line.
  • a total of 21 scan columns would be utilized to display the letters HB of the second line causing those characters to misalign by only one scan column from that which would be expected with the final printed output.
  • the maximum misalignment which can occur by utilizing the identical character generator utilized for a one seventy-second inch character display and adding the extra scan columns is one scan column at the left edge of a character. Since the extra scan columns are uniformly added throughout each display line, the misalignment errors are not cumulative and an approximate relation ship is obtained without necessitating a separate character generator for each type of escapement displayed.
  • the expansion clock 53 has a fours counter activated which advances with each output signal from the dot clock 41 indicating the completion of a scan line.
  • this counter resets to its first count, the gat ing signal applied to the And gate 57 is removed and the secondary column clock does not advance with the output of the dot clock.
  • a fourth scan line is added. Since the column clock continues to advance, the character generator decode unit 19 is provided with a signal indicating that the next successive column is to be displayed. Assuming that a character having an escapement value of three (e.g.
  • the expansion clock 53 is set to a count of two with the line start reset signal.
  • the dot clock 41 provides an output signal which causes the column clock 43 to advance thereby addressing the second column of the t in the character generator decode unit 19.
  • the secondary column clock 55 also advances and the expansion clock 53 advances from a count of two to a count of three.
  • the second column of the letter I is then displayed causing the column clock 43 to advance to address the third column of the character in the character generator decode unit 19.
  • the secondary column clock also advances to indicate that two columns have been displayed while the expansion clock moves from a count of three to a count of four.
  • the output of the dot clock 41 causes the column clock to advance to the fourth column and causes the expansion clock 53 to advance from a four state to a one state.
  • the expansion clock 53 moves to its first count, it provides a degating signal to the And gate 57 which prevents the secondary column clock 55 from advancing. Since the value of the secondary column clock 55 does not at this time equal the value established by the escapement unit decode 31, the column clock 43 causes an additional scan to be taken.
  • the character generator is the same as that used for a one seventy-second inch escapement display and therefore has a fourth defined column (blank).
  • the dot clock provides a further signal causing the expansion clock to advance to a two state and causing the secondary column clock and the column clock to both advance.
  • the value stored in the secondary column clock is equal to that defined by the escape ment unit decode (three scans complete three escapement units) thereby causing the compare unit 33 to provide an output signal resetting the secondary column clock 55, the column clock 43, and providing a gating signal to the And gate 15 to cause the next data character to be displayed.
  • characters such as the letter B are displayed, it is possible to have two additional scans over that provided by the character generator when generating that character in a one seventy-second inch escapement display.
  • the character generator decode unit 19 is responsive to such additional scans provided by the column clock to generate blank scans.
  • a threes counter is actuated in the expansion clock 53. That is, the expansion clock 53 counts to three before resetting to one and, in this manner, causes an additional scan line to be provided for each two scan lines of display.
  • the following table is representative of escapement values of characters when utilized in a one seventy-second inch n--2 or in one-sixtieth inch n-l display and also represents the guaranteed minimum number of columns and maximum number of columns and possible excess columns.
  • a twos counter is actuated which provides an additional scan line for each scan line of display and can be utilized when it is desired to display a representation of a one-sixtieth inch n-2 escapementsystem.
  • an optimum character set can be selected for display instead of utilizing the character set associated with a one seventy-second inch escapement display.
  • characters having relative values defined under the guaranteed minimum number of columns heading of Table I can be utilized as the character set defined by the character generator decode unit 19. If such a set were utilized, it would be necessary to provide an additional mode input signal to the character generator decode unit 19 to effect the reduction in scan lines of7, 8, and 9 unit escapement characters when operating in a one seventy-second inch escapement system. That is, for example, a 10 unit letter W as defined by the character generator decode unit 19 would be reduced to a 9 unit letter W when operating in a one seventysecond inch escapement display. This could be effected in designing the character such that one scan line could be removed without affecting its overall appearance.
  • a proportionally spaced character display system comprising:
  • character set selection means for selecting one of a plurality of proportionally weighted character sets to be displayed
  • escapement decode means responsive to the character set selection means and to the storage means for defining the relative width in scan lines of each addressed character in the storage means in accordance with the character set selected;
  • character generating means responsive to each addressed character in the storage means for generating successive fixed vertical scan line segments in accordance with the addressed character, the number of vertical scan line segments generated depending upon the addressed characterscan lme adding means responswe to the character set selection means and to the character generating means for providing a scan line add signal for every predetermined number of scan lines generated when a first character set is selected and for providing no scan line add signal when a second character set is selected;
  • said character generating means being further responsive to said scan line add signal for generating an additional vertical scan line segment; character termination means responsive to the escapement decode means and the character generating means for addressing the next successively addressable character in said storage means when the number of vertical scan line segments generated by the character generator means equals the defined relative width in scan lines.

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Cited By (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4000486A (en) * 1973-10-23 1976-12-28 International Business Machines Corporation Full page, raster scan, proportional space character generator
US4031519A (en) * 1974-11-11 1977-06-21 Ibm Corporation Printer
US4070710A (en) * 1976-01-19 1978-01-24 Nugraphics, Inc. Raster scan display apparatus for dynamically viewing image elements stored in a random access memory array
US4090187A (en) * 1976-05-10 1978-05-16 Thomson-Csf Laboratories, Inc. Television titling system for producing overlapping characters
US4141079A (en) * 1975-10-14 1979-02-20 Realty & Industrial Corporation, Ltd. Electronic typographic apparatus
US4207612A (en) * 1975-10-14 1980-06-10 Realty & Industrial Corporation Electronic typographical display device with justification feature
US4240075A (en) * 1979-06-08 1980-12-16 International Business Machines Corporation Text processing and display system with means for rearranging the spatial format of a selectable section of displayed data
US4246578A (en) * 1978-02-08 1981-01-20 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Pattern generation display system
US4342096A (en) * 1980-02-15 1982-07-27 Sperry Corporation Variable pitch character generator for dot matrix printer
USRE31200E (en) * 1976-01-19 1983-04-05 Xtrak Corporation Raster scan display apparatus for dynamically viewing image elements stored in a random access memory array
US4703320A (en) * 1983-08-24 1987-10-27 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Character pattern storage and display device
US4841453A (en) * 1986-11-10 1989-06-20 Ibm Corporation Multidirectional scan and print capability
US5681121A (en) * 1983-06-23 1997-10-28 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Printer in which the amount of carriage travel can be changed for different printing types
US5724067A (en) * 1995-08-08 1998-03-03 Gilbarco, Inc. System for processing individual pixels to produce proportionately spaced characters and method of operation

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4270124A (en) * 1979-06-08 1981-05-26 International Business Machines Corporation Alphanumeric CRT display system with unitary character formation and refresh
DE3231086A1 (de) * 1982-08-20 1984-02-23 Siemens AG, 1000 Berlin und 8000 München Verfahren zur ausgabe von matrix-schriftzeichen

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US3011164A (en) * 1957-07-25 1961-11-28 Research Corp Digital expansion circuit
US3281822A (en) * 1963-08-08 1966-10-25 Dick Co Ab Character alignment and proportional spacing system
US3423749A (en) * 1966-03-30 1969-01-21 Ibm Character positioning control
US3500470A (en) * 1966-02-08 1970-03-10 Ferranti Ltd Electronic display systems
US3509817A (en) * 1968-11-21 1970-05-05 Mohawk Data Sciences Corp Line printing with proportional spacing and justification
US3546681A (en) * 1969-01-30 1970-12-08 Rca Corp Programmed method for manipulating electronic fonts in electronic photocomposition systems
US3588872A (en) * 1968-03-04 1971-06-28 Harris Intertype Corp Point size,computation and exposure control device for a character display apparatus
US3614767A (en) * 1968-02-19 1971-10-19 Rca Corp Electronic photocomposing system that forms characters of different point sizes

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US3174427A (en) * 1961-12-27 1965-03-23 Ibm Proportional space matrix printer

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3011164A (en) * 1957-07-25 1961-11-28 Research Corp Digital expansion circuit
US3281822A (en) * 1963-08-08 1966-10-25 Dick Co Ab Character alignment and proportional spacing system
US3500470A (en) * 1966-02-08 1970-03-10 Ferranti Ltd Electronic display systems
US3423749A (en) * 1966-03-30 1969-01-21 Ibm Character positioning control
US3614767A (en) * 1968-02-19 1971-10-19 Rca Corp Electronic photocomposing system that forms characters of different point sizes
US3588872A (en) * 1968-03-04 1971-06-28 Harris Intertype Corp Point size,computation and exposure control device for a character display apparatus
US3509817A (en) * 1968-11-21 1970-05-05 Mohawk Data Sciences Corp Line printing with proportional spacing and justification
US3546681A (en) * 1969-01-30 1970-12-08 Rca Corp Programmed method for manipulating electronic fonts in electronic photocomposition systems

Cited By (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4000486A (en) * 1973-10-23 1976-12-28 International Business Machines Corporation Full page, raster scan, proportional space character generator
US4031519A (en) * 1974-11-11 1977-06-21 Ibm Corporation Printer
US4141079A (en) * 1975-10-14 1979-02-20 Realty & Industrial Corporation, Ltd. Electronic typographic apparatus
US4207612A (en) * 1975-10-14 1980-06-10 Realty & Industrial Corporation Electronic typographical display device with justification feature
USRE31200E (en) * 1976-01-19 1983-04-05 Xtrak Corporation Raster scan display apparatus for dynamically viewing image elements stored in a random access memory array
US4070710A (en) * 1976-01-19 1978-01-24 Nugraphics, Inc. Raster scan display apparatus for dynamically viewing image elements stored in a random access memory array
US4090187A (en) * 1976-05-10 1978-05-16 Thomson-Csf Laboratories, Inc. Television titling system for producing overlapping characters
US4246578A (en) * 1978-02-08 1981-01-20 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Pattern generation display system
US4240075A (en) * 1979-06-08 1980-12-16 International Business Machines Corporation Text processing and display system with means for rearranging the spatial format of a selectable section of displayed data
US4342096A (en) * 1980-02-15 1982-07-27 Sperry Corporation Variable pitch character generator for dot matrix printer
US5681121A (en) * 1983-06-23 1997-10-28 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Printer in which the amount of carriage travel can be changed for different printing types
US4703320A (en) * 1983-08-24 1987-10-27 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Character pattern storage and display device
US4841453A (en) * 1986-11-10 1989-06-20 Ibm Corporation Multidirectional scan and print capability
US5724067A (en) * 1995-08-08 1998-03-03 Gilbarco, Inc. System for processing individual pixels to produce proportionately spaced characters and method of operation

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GB1370065A (en) 1974-10-09
FR2143010A1 (fr) 1973-02-02
DE2221705B2 (de) 1980-08-28
DE2221705C3 (de) 1981-04-09
FR2143010B1 (fr) 1973-07-13
DE2221705A1 (de) 1972-12-28

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