US3719574A - Apparatus for measuring in a continuous manner the oxygen in a molten metal - Google Patents
Apparatus for measuring in a continuous manner the oxygen in a molten metal Download PDFInfo
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- US3719574A US3719574A US00052373A US3719574DA US3719574A US 3719574 A US3719574 A US 3719574A US 00052373 A US00052373 A US 00052373A US 3719574D A US3719574D A US 3719574DA US 3719574 A US3719574 A US 3719574A
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
- G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
- G01N27/403—Cells and electrode assemblies
- G01N27/406—Cells and probes with solid electrolytes
- G01N27/411—Cells and probes with solid electrolytes for investigating or analysing of liquid metals
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
- G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
- G01N27/403—Cells and electrode assemblies
- G01N27/406—Cells and probes with solid electrolytes
- G01N27/411—Cells and probes with solid electrolytes for investigating or analysing of liquid metals
- G01N27/4118—Means for protecting the electrolyte or the electrodes
Definitions
- the present invention applies more particularly to detection of the oxygen potential in copper, lead, tin and silver.
- the said apparatus as described in the prior patent application comprises means adapted to measure the potential present between two faces of a solid electrolyte, one of which is in contact with a phase or phases providing a controlled oxygen pressure or potential used as a reference and the other of which is in contact with the molten metal under test, a tube being provided for protecting the solid electrolyte against chemical attacks and against thermal shock and mechanical stress, which tube closely surrounds the solid electrolyte and forms a contact electrode with the molten metal.
- the solid electrolyte which may consist of zirconia containing lime or yttria or another material which conducts solely or primarily by movement of oxygen ions, is shaped in the form of a rod or of a strip.
- the rod or strip is held in the end of the protective tube by a cement.
- FIG. 1 is a longitudinal section.
- FIGS. 2 and 3 show details.
- Two or more rods or strips A A, of solid electrolyte about 3 cm long are cemented into an alumina ring B by means of an oxide cement 6 consisting primarily for example of alumina, zirconia, magnesia, or other inactive oxides, which resists penetration of liquid copper and/or gases and which does not interfere with the electrical behavior or the electrolyte.
- oxide cement 6 consisting primarily for example of alumina, zirconia, magnesia, or other inactive oxides, which resists penetration of liquid copper and/or gases and which does not interfere with the electrical behavior or the electrolyte.
- a platinum wires 3,4 are attached by winding as shown at l and 2, round the electrolyte rods A A, after the ends have been platinized or sheathed in platinum foil. These wires 3, 4 are then led away to the top of the apparatus to be used as a probe, in twin bore insulators 5 in such a manner that they do not make contact with one another or with an outer protecting metal or cermet tube C.
- the upper ends ofthe rods A A are maintained in a stream or air (as shown by an arrow 8) which enters the cell via a tube D which may consist either of a inert oxide refractory or of a stainless steel.
- An arrow 9 shows the way along which the air leaves the tube D.
- the combined unit A A and B are then cemented into the protective tube C by, means of a cement 7 which adheres satisfactorily to both of the materials of B and C.
- This cement 7 may be electrically conducting and different from that used within the ring B;cements based on alumina, magnesia or alumina mixed with chromium are suitable.
- the tube C is extended at its lower end by a tongue E, whose end is dipped in the liquid metal for some time prior to immersion of the probe, so as to conduct heat from the molten metal to the solid electrolyte and its surrounding parts, and thus reduce the thermal shock to which these parts are subjected whenthey enter the metal.
- the lower ends of the rods or strips of electrolyte A A are fully immersed in the liquid copper below the level L of the latter, when the device is in use and the emf which is measured is that established between the upper and lower ends, the actual measurements being made between X and Y and X and Y.
- the alumina ring B may be eliminated if the cement 6 in which the electrolyte rods A A are set is sufficiently non-conducting, and it is not affected by being heated over long periods of time in contact with the cement on the inside of tube C.
- the controlled oxygen potential used as a reference may also be a mixture of two phases such as a metal and its oxide, as for example nickel and nickel oxide or copper and cuprous oxide depending on the temperature.
- the mixture used as the controlled oxygen potential is maintained at the upper ends of the solid electrolyte rods A A a gentle stream of deoxidized argon or nitrogen is passed through the cell via tube D, so as to sweep away air which may infiltrate the device.
- the mixture W of the two phases metal and its oxide, with a platinum lead 3 (or 4), is held in a hollow in the top of each piece of solid electrolyte A A (as shown in FIG. 2 or is sintered around the top (as shown in FIG. '3).
- Apparatus for the continuous measurement by immersion of oxygen contained in a molten metal which comprises:
- a solid oxygen electrolyte selected from the group of solid oxygen electrolyte rod and solid oxygen electrolyte strip and wherein the length of said electrolyte is greater than the width of said electrolyte;
- one face of said electrolyte being adapted to be contacted with a phase or phases providing a controlled oxygen pressure used as a reference;
- the end of the electrolyte which contains the face which is adapted to be contacted with the phase or phases providing a controlled oxygen pressure is platinized or sheathed in platinum foil and then platinum wire is attached thereto by winding around said end of the electrolyte; and wherein said platinum wire is then led away to the top of the apparatus in such a manner that it does not make contact with the tube;
- said electrolyte is held in the end of said tube by means of a cement which adheres satisfactorily to said electrolyte and tube.
- Apparatus for the continuous measurement by immersion of oxygen contained in a molten metal which comprises:
- a solid oxygen electrolyte selected from the group of solid oxygen electrolyte rod and solid oxygen electrolyte strip and wherein the length of said electrolyte is greater than the width of said electrolyte;
- one face of said electrolyte being adapted to be contacted with a phase or phases providing a controlled oxygen pressure used as a reference;
- an alumina ring present between said electrolyte and said tube; and wherein said electrolyte is cemented into said alumina ring by means of an oxide cement which resists penetration of liquid copper, gases and which does not interfere with the electrical behavior of the electrolyte.
- the cement which adheres to both of the materials of the ring and the tube is a substance based on a material selected from the group of alumina, magnesia, and alumina mixed with chromium.
- Apparatus for the continuous measurement by immersion of oxygen contained in a molten metal which comprises:
- said electrolytes are held in the end of said tube by means of a cement which adheres satisfactorily to both of said electrolytes and said tube.
- said at least two electrolytes are cemented into said alumina ring by means of an oxide cement which resists penetration of liquid copper, gases and which does not interfere with the electrical behavior of the electrolyte.
- said cement which adheres to both of the materials of the ring and tube is a substance based on material selected from the group of alumina, magnesia, and alumina mixed with chromium.
- said oxide cement is selected from the group of alumina, zirconia, and magnesia.
- phase or phases providing a controlled oxygen pressure consists of a metal and metal oxide, and is located at the upper ends of said solid electrolytes.
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Abstract
Apparatus for the continuous measurement by immersion of oxygen contained in a molten metal which includes solid oxygen electrolyte rod or strip; reference electrode having known oxygen potential; means for measuring the electrochemical potential present between the reference electrode and the metal which is to be tested; a protective tube surrounding the electrolyte; and wherein the electrolyte is held in the end of the tube by means of an oxide cement.
Description
United States Patent 91 Richardson 111 3,719,574 1*March 6, 1973 APPARATUS FOR MEASURING IN A CONTINUOUS MANNER THE OXYGEN IN A MOLTEN METAL [75] Inventor: Frederick Denys Richardson, Epsom, England [73] Assignees: Metallurgie Hoboken-Overpelt,
Brussels, Belgium; RST International Metals Limited, London, England; part interest to each Notice: The portion of the term of this patent subsequent to May 9, 1989,
has been disclaimed.
[22] Filed: July 6, 1970 [21] App]. No.1 52,373
[52] US. Cl ..204/195 S [51] Int. Cl. ..G0ln 27/30 [58] Field of Search ..204/195 S, l T; 324/29 [56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,378,478 4/1968 Kolodney etal. ..204/195 2\ x',\ Y/X 9/1968 Tajirietaluul 104/195 l0/l97l Engelletal ..204/1955 FOREIGN PATENTS OR APPLICATIONS 2 I ,673 4/1961 Germany ..204/195 Primary Examiner-G. L. Kaplan Attorney-Fred C. Philpitt and Burtan A. Amernick [5 7] ABSTRACT Apparatus for the continuous measurement by immersion of oxygen contained in a molten metal which in,- cludes solid oxygen electrolyte rod or strip; reference A electrode having known oxygen potential; means for measuring the between the reference electrode and the metal which electrochemical potential present is to be tested; a protective tube surrounding the electrolyte; and wherein the electrolyte is held in the end of the tube by means of an oxide cement.
15 Claims, 3 Drawing Figures Fie.3
APPARATUS FOR MEASURING IN A CONTINUOUS MANNER TI-IE OXYGEN IN A MOLTEN METAL The present invention applies more particularly to detection of the oxygen potential in copper, lead, tin and silver.
The said apparatus as described in the prior patent application comprises means adapted to measure the potential present between two faces of a solid electrolyte, one of which is in contact with a phase or phases providing a controlled oxygen pressure or potential used as a reference and the other of which is in contact with the molten metal under test, a tube being provided for protecting the solid electrolyte against chemical attacks and against thermal shock and mechanical stress, which tube closely surrounds the solid electrolyte and forms a contact electrode with the molten metal.
According to the present invention the solid electrolyte which may consist of zirconia containing lime or yttria or another material which conducts solely or primarily by movement of oxygen ions, is shaped in the form of a rod or of a strip. Preferably, the rod or strip is held in the end of the protective tube by a cement.
The figure of the accompanying drawings shows an apparatus according to the present improvement.
FIG. 1 is a longitudinal section.
FIGS. 2 and 3 show details.
The invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Two or more rods or strips A A, of solid electrolyte about 3 cm long are cemented into an alumina ring B by means of an oxide cement 6 consisting primarily for example of alumina, zirconia, magnesia, or other inactive oxides, which resists penetration of liquid copper and/or gases and which does not interfere with the electrical behavior or the electrolyte.
To the upper ends of the rods or strips A,, A platinum wires 3,4 are attached by winding as shown at l and 2, round the electrolyte rods A A, after the ends have been platinized or sheathed in platinum foil. These wires 3, 4 are then led away to the top of the apparatus to be used as a probe, in twin bore insulators 5 in such a manner that they do not make contact with one another or with an outer protecting metal or cermet tube C.
The upper ends ofthe rods A A, are maintained in a stream or air (as shown by an arrow 8) which enters the cell via a tube D which may consist either of a inert oxide refractory or of a stainless steel. An arrow 9 shows the way along which the air leaves the tube D.
The combined unit A A and B are then cemented into the protective tube C by, means of a cement 7 which adheres satisfactorily to both of the materials of B and C. This cement 7 may be electrically conducting and different from that used within the ring B;cements based on alumina, magnesia or alumina mixed with chromium are suitable.
The tube C is extended at its lower end by a tongue E, whose end is dipped in the liquid metal for some time prior to immersion of the probe, so as to conduct heat from the molten metal to the solid electrolyte and its surrounding parts, and thus reduce the thermal shock to which these parts are subjected whenthey enter the metal.
The lower ends of the rods or strips of electrolyte A A are fully immersed in the liquid copper below the level L of the latter, when the device is in use and the emf which is measured is that established between the upper and lower ends, the actual measurements being made between X and Y and X and Y.
The advantage of using rods or strips lie in their cheapness, their good resistance to thermal shock, and the fact that if the emfs between both X and Y and X and Y are continuously recorded, agreement between the two emfs proves that the cell is working properly and that changes in the emfs recorded are caused only by changes in the oxygen potential in the copper. It might be desirable to have three or more rods or strips and to reject the probe only when two emfs fail to agree.
The alumina ring B may be eliminated if the cement 6 in which the electrolyte rods A A are set is sufficiently non-conducting, and it is not affected by being heated over long periods of time in contact with the cement on the inside of tube C.
The controlled oxygen potential used as a reference may also be a mixture of two phases such as a metal and its oxide, as for example nickel and nickel oxide or copper and cuprous oxide depending on the temperature.
In such cases, the mixture used as the controlled oxygen potential is maintained at the upper ends of the solid electrolyte rods A A a gentle stream of deoxidized argon or nitrogen is passed through the cell via tube D, so as to sweep away air which may infiltrate the device.
The mixture W of the two phases metal and its oxide, with a platinum lead 3 (or 4), is held in a hollow in the top of each piece of solid electrolyte A A (as shown in FIG. 2 or is sintered around the top (as shown in FIG. '3).
What I claim is:
1. Apparatus for the continuous measurement by immersion of oxygen contained in a molten metal which comprises:
a. a solid oxygen electrolyte selected from the group of solid oxygen electrolyte rod and solid oxygen electrolyte strip and wherein the length of said electrolyte is greater than the width of said electrolyte;
b. one face of said electrolyte being adapted to be contacted with a phase or phases providing a controlled oxygen pressure used as a reference;
c. the other face of said electrolyte being adapted to be contacted with the molten metal which is to be tested;
d. means for measuring the electrochemical potential present between the reference and the metal which is to be tested;
e. the end of the electrolyte which contains the face which is adapted to be contacted with the phase or phases providing a controlled oxygen pressure is platinized or sheathed in platinum foil and then platinum wire is attached thereto by winding around said end of the electrolyte; and wherein said platinum wire is then led away to the top of the apparatus in such a manner that it does not make contact with the tube;
f. a tube surrounding said electrolyte against chemical attacks, the thermal shock, and mechanical stress due to contact with the liquid molten metal;
g. said electrolyte is held in the end of said tube by means of a cement which adheres satisfactorily to said electrolyte and tube.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said tube is made of a substance selected from the group of metal and cermet.
3. Apparatus for the continuous measurement by immersion of oxygen contained in a molten metal which comprises:
a. a solid oxygen electrolyte selected from the group of solid oxygen electrolyte rod and solid oxygen electrolyte strip and wherein the length of said electrolyte is greater than the width of said electrolyte;
b. one face of said electrolyte being adapted to be contacted with a phase or phases providing a controlled oxygen pressure used as a reference;
c. the other face of said electrolyte being adapted to be contacted with the molten metal which is to be tested;
(1. means for measuring the electrochemical potential present between the reference and the metal which is to be tested;
e. a tube surrounding said electrolyte against chemical attacks, the thermal shock, and mechanical stress due to contact with the liquid molten metal;
f. said electrolyte is held in the end of said tube by means of cement; and
g. an alumina ring present between said electrolyte and said tube; and wherein said electrolyte is cemented into said alumina ring by means of an oxide cement which resists penetration of liquid copper, gases and which does not interfere with the electrical behavior of the electrolyte.
4. The apparatus of claim 3 wherein the electrolyte and the ring are cemented into said tube by means of a cement which adheres to both of the materials of the alumina ring and the tube.
5. The apparatus of claim 4 in which the cement which adheres to both of the materials of the ring and the tube is a substance based on a material selected from the group of alumina, magnesia, and alumina mixed with chromium.
6. The apparatus of claim 3 wherein said oxide cement is selected from the group of alumina, zirconia, and magnesia. 1
7. Apparatus for the continuous measurement by immersion of oxygen contained in a molten metal which comprises:
a. at least two solid oxygen electrolytes selected from the group of solid oxygen electrolyte rod and slid oxygen electrolyte strip; b. one face of each of said electrolytes being adapted to be contacted with a phase or phases providing a controlled oxygen pressure used as a reference; c. the other face of each of said electrolytes being adapted to be contacted with the molten metal which is to be tested;
. means for measuring the electrochemical potential present between the reference and the metal which is to be tested;
e. a tube surrounding said electrolytes to protect said solid electrolytes against chemical attacks, the thermal shock, and mechanical stress due to contact with the liquid molten metal;
f. said electrolytes are held in the end of said tube by means of a cement which adheres satisfactorily to both of said electrolytes and said tube.
8. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein an alumina ring is present between said electrolytes and said tube; and
wherein said at least two electrolytes are cemented into said alumina ring by means of an oxide cement which resists penetration of liquid copper, gases and which does not interfere with the electrical behavior of the electrolyte.
9. The apparatus of claim 8 wherein the electrolytes and the ring are cemented into said tube by means of a cement which adheres to both of the materials of the alumina ring and the tube.
10. The apparatus of claim 9 wherein said cement which adheres to both of the materials of the ring and tube is a substance based on material selected from the group of alumina, magnesia, and alumina mixed with chromium.
11. The apparatus of claim 8 wherein said oxide cement is selected from the group of alumina, zirconia, and magnesia.
14. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein the ends of said at least two electrolytes which contain the faces which are adapted to be contacted with the phase or phases providing a controlled oxygen pressure are platinized or sheathed in platinum foil, platinum wires are attached thereto by winding around said ends of the electrolytes, and the platinum wires are led away to the top of the apparatus in such a manner that they do not make contact with one another or with the tube.
12. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein said phase or phases providing a controlled oxygen pressure consists of a metal and metal oxide, and is located at the upper ends of said solid electrolytes.
13. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein platinum wires are fixed to the solid electrolytes by means of said phase or phases providing a controlled oxygen pressure and the platinum wires are led away to the top of the apparatus in such a manner that they do not make contact with one another or with the tube.
15. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein said tube ends in a tongue which projects beyond the end of said electrolytes so that it may be used to conduct heat from the molten metal to said electrolytes and its surrounding parts prior to their immersion in the metal.
Claims (14)
1. Apparatus for the continuous measurement by immersion of oxygen contained in a molten metal which comprises: a. a solid oxygen electrolyte selected from the group of solid oxygen electrolyte rod and solid oxygen electrolyte strip and wherein the length of said electrolyte is greater than the width of said electrolyte; b. one face of said electrolyte being adapted to be contacted with a phase or phases providing a controlled oxygen pressure used as a reference; c. the other face of said electrolyte being adapted to be contacted with the molten metal which is to be tested; d. means for measuring the electrochemical potential present between the reference and the metal which is to be tested; e. the end of the electrolyte which contains the face which is adapted to be contacted with the phase or phases providing a controlled oxygen pressure is platinized or sheathed in platinum foil and then platinum wire is attached thereto by winding around said end of the electrolyte; and wherein said platinum wire is then led away to the top of the apparatus in such a manner that it does not make contact with the tube; f. a tube surrounding said electrolyte against chemical attacks, the thermal shock, and mechanical stress due to contact with the liquid molten metal; g. said electrolyte is held in the end of said tube by means of a cement which adheres satisfactorily to Said electrolyte and tube.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said tube is made of a substance selected from the group of metal and cermet.
3. Apparatus for the continuous measurement by immersion of oxygen contained in a molten metal which comprises: a. a solid oxygen electrolyte selected from the group of solid oxygen electrolyte rod and solid oxygen electrolyte strip and wherein the length of said electrolyte is greater than the width of said electrolyte; b. one face of said electrolyte being adapted to be contacted with a phase or phases providing a controlled oxygen pressure used as a reference; c. the other face of said electrolyte being adapted to be contacted with the molten metal which is to be tested; d. means for measuring the electrochemical potential present between the reference and the metal which is to be tested; e. a tube surrounding said electrolyte against chemical attacks, the thermal shock, and mechanical stress due to contact with the liquid molten metal; f. said electrolyte is held in the end of said tube by means of cement; and g. an alumina ring present between said electrolyte and said tube; and wherein said electrolyte is cemented into said alumina ring by means of an oxide cement which resists penetration of liquid copper, gases and which does not interfere with the electrical behavior of the electrolyte.
4. The apparatus of claim 3 wherein the electrolyte and the ring are cemented into said tube by means of a cement which adheres to both of the materials of the alumina ring and the tube.
5. The apparatus of claim 4 in which the cement which adheres to both of the materials of the ring and the tube is a substance based on a material selected from the group of alumina, magnesia, and alumina mixed with chromium.
6. The apparatus of claim 3 wherein said oxide cement is selected from the group of alumina, zirconia, and magnesia.
7. Apparatus for the continuous measurement by immersion of oxygen contained in a molten metal which comprises: a. at least two solid oxygen electrolytes selected from the group of solid oxygen electrolyte rod and slid oxygen electrolyte strip; b. one face of each of said electrolytes being adapted to be contacted with a phase or phases providing a controlled oxygen pressure used as a reference; c. the other face of each of said electrolytes being adapted to be contacted with the molten metal which is to be tested; d. means for measuring the electrochemical potential present between the reference and the metal which is to be tested; e. a tube surrounding said electrolytes to protect said solid electrolytes against chemical attacks, the thermal shock, and mechanical stress due to contact with the liquid molten metal; f. said electrolytes are held in the end of said tube by means of a cement which adheres satisfactorily to both of said electrolytes and said tube.
8. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein an alumina ring is present between said electrolytes and said tube; and wherein said at least two electrolytes are cemented into said alumina ring by means of an oxide cement which resists penetration of liquid copper, gases and which does not interfere with the electrical behavior of the electrolyte.
9. The apparatus of claim 8 wherein the electrolytes and the ring are cemented into said tube by means of a cement which adheres to both of the materials of the alumina ring and the tube.
10. The apparatus of claim 9 wherein said cement which adheres to both of the materials of the ring and tube is a substance based on material selected from the group of alumina, magnesia, and alumina mixed with chromium.
11. The apparatus of claim 8 wherein said oxide cement is selected from the group of alumina, zirconia, and magnesia.
12. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein said phase or phases providing a controlled oxygen pressure consists of a metal and metal oxide, and is located at the upper ends of said solid electrolytes.
13. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein platinum wires are fixed to the solid electrolytes by means of said phase or phases providing a controlled oxygen pressure and the platinum wires are led away to the top of the apparatus in such a manner that they do not make contact with one another or with the tube.
14. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein the ends of said at least two electrolytes which contain the faces which are adapted to be contacted with the phase or phases providing a controlled oxygen pressure are platinized oR sheathed in platinum foil, platinum wires are attached thereto by winding around said ends of the electrolytes, and the platinum wires are led away to the top of the apparatus in such a manner that they do not make contact with one another or with the tube.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US5237370A | 1970-07-06 | 1970-07-06 |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US3719574A true US3719574A (en) | 1973-03-06 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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| US00052373A Expired - Lifetime US3719574A (en) | 1970-07-06 | 1970-07-06 | Apparatus for measuring in a continuous manner the oxygen in a molten metal |
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Cited By (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3864232A (en) * | 1973-05-02 | 1975-02-04 | Westinghouse Electric Corp | Apparatus for Monitoring the Oxygen Content of High Temperature Fluids |
| US3884680A (en) * | 1971-08-31 | 1975-05-20 | Metallurgie Hoboken | Automatically controlling the oxygen content in copper and copper alloys |
| US4166019A (en) * | 1975-09-26 | 1979-08-28 | General Electric Company | Electrochemical oxygen meter |
| US4292157A (en) * | 1979-05-18 | 1981-09-29 | Toyota Jidosha Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Solid pole oxygen sensor and its manufacturing process |
| US4304651A (en) * | 1979-06-27 | 1981-12-08 | Toyota Jidosha Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Solid pole oxygen sensor |
| US4310402A (en) * | 1979-11-13 | 1982-01-12 | Westinghouse Electric Corp. | Gas tight sealant for zirconia sensors |
| US4378279A (en) * | 1981-08-31 | 1983-03-29 | Uop Inc. | High temperature electrical connection and method of producing same |
| WO1985002681A1 (en) * | 1983-12-16 | 1985-06-20 | Didier-Werke A. G. | Carrier sleeves for measurement heads |
| US5071528A (en) * | 1988-04-09 | 1991-12-10 | Schott Glaswerke | Method and device for measuring the oxygen partial pressure in high-temperature, corrosive liquids |
| US20070137286A1 (en) * | 2005-12-15 | 2007-06-21 | Heraeus Electro-Nite International N.V. | Measuring probe |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3378478A (en) * | 1963-02-20 | 1968-04-16 | Atomic Energy Commission Usa | Apparatus for continuous oxygen monitoring of liquid metals |
| US3403090A (en) * | 1964-05-06 | 1968-09-24 | Yawata Iron & Steel Co | Vessel for measuring oxygen content of a molten metal |
| US3616407A (en) * | 1965-10-14 | 1971-10-26 | Hoesch Ag | Arrangement for determining the presence of an active element in a body of molten metal |
-
1970
- 1970-07-06 US US00052373A patent/US3719574A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3378478A (en) * | 1963-02-20 | 1968-04-16 | Atomic Energy Commission Usa | Apparatus for continuous oxygen monitoring of liquid metals |
| US3403090A (en) * | 1964-05-06 | 1968-09-24 | Yawata Iron & Steel Co | Vessel for measuring oxygen content of a molten metal |
| US3616407A (en) * | 1965-10-14 | 1971-10-26 | Hoesch Ag | Arrangement for determining the presence of an active element in a body of molten metal |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| G. R. Fitterer, Reprinted from Journal of Metals, pp. 1 6, Aug. 1966. * |
Cited By (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3884680A (en) * | 1971-08-31 | 1975-05-20 | Metallurgie Hoboken | Automatically controlling the oxygen content in copper and copper alloys |
| US3864232A (en) * | 1973-05-02 | 1975-02-04 | Westinghouse Electric Corp | Apparatus for Monitoring the Oxygen Content of High Temperature Fluids |
| US4166019A (en) * | 1975-09-26 | 1979-08-28 | General Electric Company | Electrochemical oxygen meter |
| US4292157A (en) * | 1979-05-18 | 1981-09-29 | Toyota Jidosha Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Solid pole oxygen sensor and its manufacturing process |
| US4304651A (en) * | 1979-06-27 | 1981-12-08 | Toyota Jidosha Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Solid pole oxygen sensor |
| US4310402A (en) * | 1979-11-13 | 1982-01-12 | Westinghouse Electric Corp. | Gas tight sealant for zirconia sensors |
| US4378279A (en) * | 1981-08-31 | 1983-03-29 | Uop Inc. | High temperature electrical connection and method of producing same |
| WO1985002681A1 (en) * | 1983-12-16 | 1985-06-20 | Didier-Werke A. G. | Carrier sleeves for measurement heads |
| US5071528A (en) * | 1988-04-09 | 1991-12-10 | Schott Glaswerke | Method and device for measuring the oxygen partial pressure in high-temperature, corrosive liquids |
| US20070137286A1 (en) * | 2005-12-15 | 2007-06-21 | Heraeus Electro-Nite International N.V. | Measuring probe |
| US7418882B2 (en) * | 2005-12-15 | 2008-09-02 | Heraeus Electro-Nite International N.V. | Measuring probe |
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