US3717412A - Method for analyzing spectral data using halograms - Google Patents

Method for analyzing spectral data using halograms Download PDF

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Publication number
US3717412A
US3717412A US00092979A US3717412DA US3717412A US 3717412 A US3717412 A US 3717412A US 00092979 A US00092979 A US 00092979A US 3717412D A US3717412D A US 3717412DA US 3717412 A US3717412 A US 3717412A
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Prior art keywords
light
spectrum
hologram
shade
sample
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US00092979A
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English (en)
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H Takuma
H Mori
K Masutani
K Umezu
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Jeol Ltd
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Jeol Ltd
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R33/00—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables
    • G01R33/20—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables involving magnetic resonance
    • G01R33/28—Details of apparatus provided for in groups G01R33/44 - G01R33/64
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
    • G01J3/00—Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
    • G01J3/28—Investigating the spectrum
    • G01J3/45—Interferometric spectrometry
    • G01J3/453—Interferometric spectrometry by correlation of the amplitudes
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N30/00—Investigating or analysing materials by separation into components using adsorption, absorption or similar phenomena or using ion-exchange, e.g. chromatography or field flow fractionation
    • G01N30/02—Column chromatography
    • G01N30/86—Signal analysis
    • G01N30/8651—Recording, data aquisition, archiving and storage
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
    • G06E—OPTICAL COMPUTING DEVICES
    • G06E3/00—Devices not provided for in group G06E1/00, e.g. for processing analogue or hybrid data
    • G06E3/001—Analogue devices in which mathematical operations are carried out with the aid of optical or electro-optical elements

Definitions

  • data provided by an analytical instrument is recorded on chart paper as a two-dimensional spectrum.
  • the abscissa of the recorded spectrum represents the swept high frequency and the ordinate represents the signal intensity.
  • the spectrum thus obtained contains micro-information pertaining to the sample, the said information being analyzed by comparing the said spectrum with the spectrum of a known sample.
  • the comparison is usually entrusted to the judgment of the research worker involved with the result that when the spectrum of the known sample and the spectrum of the unknown sample have similar peaks, it is difficult to make a precise comparison. Again, this method is extremely time consuming inasmuch as the unknown spectrum has to be compared with the spectra of a large number of known samples.
  • Another method of data processing is to use an interference spectrometer.
  • a ray of light generated by a light source is split into two rays of light, one ray being reflected by a movable reflector, the other by a fixed reflector.
  • the two light rays are then unified by the beam splitter.
  • the increase or decrease of the light intensity is determined by the interference of the two light rays and detected by a detector.
  • the variation of the interference pattern determined by the difference in the optical path, is also detected.
  • Advantages claimed for this type of spectrometer are high S/N (signal to noise) ratio and short measuring time. Disadvantages, however, as in the case of the aforegoing, include time consuming data processing, caused by the fact that the detected spectrum is a Fourier transformed spectrum of the light generated by the light source.
  • the output signal from any one of a number of types of analytical instrument is converted into a one-dimensional spectrum such as a light and shade or uneven spectrum. Subsequently, a hologram of such a spectrum is formed and the pattern is discerned by correlation. Correlation is carried out by fixing two holograms together and irradiating them with a laser beam. By so doing, the spectrum obtained by the analytical instrument is automatically analyzed both speedily and easily. It should be mentioned here, however, that since the patterns of any two two-dimensional spectra are different due to the difference in sample quantity and density, it is impossible to discern the hologram pattern by correlating the said two two-dimensional spectra.
  • the output signal from an interference spectrometer is similarly converted into a one-dimensional spectrum such as a light and shade or uneven spectrum, the said spectrum serving as a hologram.
  • Pattern discernment is also effected by correlation. Since, in this case, the hologram is reversely Fourier transformed by Fraunhofer diffraction, the data obtained from the interference spectrometer is optically analyzed both speedily and easily.
  • One object of this invention is to provide a method and apparatus for processing data optically in an analytical instrument.
  • Another object of this invention is to provide a method and apparatus for processing data rapidly in an analytical instrument.
  • FIG. 1 shows a nuclear magnetic resonance apparatus according to this invention.
  • FIG. 2 shows an output signal wave form of the nuclear magnetic resonance apparatus recorded on chart paper.
  • FIG. 3 shows a light and shade spectrum obtained by the apparatus shown in FIG. 1.
  • FIG. 4 shows an optical system for producing a hologram.
  • FIG. 5 shows a optical system for correlating any two holograms.
  • FIG. 6 shows another embodiment for producing a one dimensional spectrum.
  • FIG. 7 shows a mass spectrometer according to this invention.
  • FIG. 8 shows a liquid chromatograph according to this invention.
  • FIG. 9 shows a spectrometer according to this invention.
  • FIG. 10 shows an interference spectrometer according to this invention.
  • FIG. 11 shows a light and shade spectrum produced by the spectrometer shown in FIG. 10.
  • FIG. 12 shows an optical system for carrying out F raunhofer diffraction.
  • FIG. 1 a sample is enclosed in a probe 1, DC and high frequency magnetic fields are produced around the said probe by an electro-magnet 2 and a high frequency coil 3 to which a high frequency is supplied by a sweep generator 4. By sweeping the high frequency, high frequency energy is absorbed by the sample at certain frequencies.
  • the absorption signal is detected by a circuit 5 and a detector 6.
  • FIG. 2 shows the output signal wave form of the detector 6. Normally, the spectrum shown in FIG. 2 is obtained by means of a recorder. According to this invention, however, the said spectrum is converted into a light and shade or uneven spectrum by feeding the output signal of the detector 6 into an electron beam exposure unit 7.
  • An electron beam produced by a filament 8 is controlled by a grid 9 in circuit with the detector 6, accelerated by an anode 10, and focused by an electron lens 11.
  • the focused electron beam is deflected by a deflecting coil 12 and irradiated on a movable plate 13 arranged on rollers 14 so that the electron beam is scanned at right angles to the direction of plate movement.
  • a light and shade spectrum as shown in FIG. 3 is recorded on the plate 13 according to the intensity of the electron beam.
  • FIG. 4 shows an embodiment for producing such a hologram.
  • a laser beam generated by a laser 21 such as a HeNe laser is split r I i 1 into two beams by a beam splitter 22.
  • One beam is diffracted by a plate 23, on which the light and shade spectrum is recorded, and then irradiated on a film plate 24.
  • the other beam is reflected by a reflector 25, bent by a prism 26 and then irradiated on the said film plate 24.
  • the two beams form an interference pattern, viz, a hologram which is recorded on the film plate 24.
  • the recognition of the spectrum pattern obtained by the analytical instrument can be effected by the hologram according to this invention. Correlation of any tow holograms is effected by fixing them together and irradiating a laser beam on the fixed holograms.
  • FIG. 5 shows the optical system for effecting the above correlation.
  • a laser beam is irradiated on and diffracted by the fixed holograms 31 and 32.
  • the diffracted laser beam is then focused on a screen 33 by a cylindrical lens 34. If both holograms 31 and 32 have the same pattern, a light spectrum is produced on the screen 33. Conversely, if their patterns are different, the light spectrum does not appear on the screen. Therefore, by using a hologram of an unknown sample as the hologram 31 and a hologram of a known sample as the hologram 32, the unknown sample can be qualitatively analyzed.
  • the density of the interference pattern changes according to the intensity of the output signal produced by the analytical instrument.
  • the brightness of the spectrum on the screen changes according to the difference in the densities of the two holograms. This being so, the unknown sample can be quantitatively analyzed by observing the spectrum brightness.
  • FIG. 6 shows another embodiment using an electrooptics element for forming a light and shade or uneven spectrum.
  • a monochromatic light generated by a light source 41 passes through an electro-optics element 42, such as a KDF or ADP element, is focused by a cylindrical lens 47 and then irradiated a silver halide coated plate 43 which is moved by a motor 44.
  • the output voltage of a detector 6 is applied to electrodes 45 and 46.
  • the transmissivity of the light passing through the electro-optics element varies according to the output voltage of the detector 6 with the result that a light and shade spectrum is recorded on the plate 43.
  • FIG. 7 shows a mass spectrometer according to this invention.
  • an ion beam emitted from an ion source 51 is accelerated by acceleration slits 52 and then passes through a magnetic field produced by an electro-magnet 53 to which an excitation current is supplied by a variable power source 54.
  • the accelerated ion beam is dispersed according to the ion mass-to-charge (m/e) ratio by the said magnetic field.
  • Only ions having a certain mass-to-charge ratio pass through a slit 55, the said ions being detected by an ion collector 56.
  • the output signal of the collector 56 is fed into the electron beam exposure unit 7 via an amplifier 57.
  • By varying the intensity of the magnetic field produced by the electro-magnet 53 a light and shade or uneven spectrum is recorded by the electron beam exposure unit.
  • the said spectrum is then converted into a hologram by the optical system shown in FIG. 4.
  • FIG. 8 shows a liquid chromatograph according to this invention.
  • An eluant 61 in an eluant reservoir 62 is fed into a column 63, containing a fixed phase 64 such as ion exchange resin, via a pipe 65 by a pump 66.
  • a liquid sample is injected into the column 63 via a sample inlet port 67 which is separated into its various components according to the chromatograph phenomenon by the fixed phase.
  • the separated components are then detected by a detector 68, and the eluant and liquid sample passed through the detector 68 is collected in a reservoir 69.
  • the signal detected by the detector 68 is fed into the electron beam exposure unit 7 via an amplifier 70 so as to record a one-dimensional spectrum.
  • FIG. 9 shows a spectrometer according to this invention.
  • light from a light source passes through an inlet slit 81 into a monchromator 82.
  • the light is reflected by a reflector 83 and irradiated on a rotatable grating 84 so that the irradiated light is dispersed in accordance with the wavelength.
  • the dispersed light is reflected by a reflector 85, passes through an outlet slit 86 and is detected by a detector 87 such as a photomultiplier.
  • the detected electrical signal is fed into the electron beam exposure unit 7 via an amplifier 88 so as to record a one-dimensional spectrum such as a light and shade or uneven spectrum.
  • FIG. 10 shows an interference spectrometer according to this invention.
  • a light generated by a light source 91 is made to form a parallel ray of light by a lens 92.
  • the parallel light is split into two rays of light by a beam splitter 93 so that the split rays are directed to movable and fixed mirrors 94 and 95 respectively.
  • the said movable mirror 94 is moved at a constant speed by a motor 96.
  • the light reflected by the movable mirror 94 passes through the beam splitter 93 and is focused on a detector 97 by a lens 98.
  • the amplitude Fa (v) of this light is expressed as follows:
  • A(v) is the amplitude of the light generated by the light source 91
  • f is the light frequency
  • v is the wave number (i.e., reciprocal of wave length) of the light
  • l is the distance between the beam splitter 93 and the movable mirror 94.
  • the said two rays of light cause an interference phenomenon to occur on the detector screen, the amplitude F (A) of the detected light being expressed as follows:
  • l (A) is represented as an interferogram which is a Fourier transformed spectrum of the energy intensity of the light generated by the light source.
  • a spectrum corresponding to the wave number is obtained by carrying out the Fourier transformation of I (A) in reverse.
  • I (A) is transformed by an electronic computer by which means transformation is extremely complicated and elaborate.
  • Optical transformation on the other hand, as effected by this invention, simplifies the process appreciably.
  • the signal detected by the detector 97 is amplified by an amplifier 99 and fed into the electron beam exposure unit 7.
  • the resultant light and shade spectrum as shown in FIG. 11 is then recorded on the plate 100, the information intensity contained thereon being expressed as follows:
  • FIG. 12 shows the optical system of this said diffraction.
  • a monochromatic light 101 such as a laser light
  • the plate 100 where the light and shade spectrum is recorded and diffracted.
  • the diffracted light is then focused on a screen 102 by a cylindrical lens 103.
  • the first term expresses the zero order transmission diffracted light
  • the second term expresses the +l order diffracted light
  • the third term expresses the -1 order diffracted light.
  • the entire spectrum is obtained by calculating the wave number of each light spot spectrum appearing on the screen. Since, however, the diffracted light rays of the +1 and 1 order diffracted light are symmetrical, it is sufficient to calculate one order only.
  • the spectrum pattern can be discerned by means of a hologram by using the optical system shown in FIG. 5.
  • a method of analyzing spectral data received from an analytical instrument which produces the information signal from a sample comprising the steps for:
  • step C juxtaposing the hologram of step B with holograms of known samples and passing light therethrough;

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
  • Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Nonlinear Science (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Mathematical Physics (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analysing Materials By Optical Means (AREA)
  • Holo Graphy (AREA)
  • Analysing Materials By The Use Of Radiation (AREA)
US00092979A 1969-11-28 1970-11-27 Method for analyzing spectral data using halograms Expired - Lifetime US3717412A (en)

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JP9594669 1969-11-28
JP9594769 1969-11-28

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DE (1) DE2058555A1 (ref)
FR (1) FR2074952A5 (ref)
GB (1) GB1336745A (ref)

Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4109996A (en) * 1975-06-03 1978-08-29 Sentralinstitutt For Industriell Forskning Method for producing a synthetic hologram
US4717258A (en) * 1985-12-31 1988-01-05 Smith College 3-channel microdensitometer for analysis of plate spectra
EP0196236A3 (en) * 1985-03-28 1989-06-07 National Research Development Corporation Method and apparatus for the reconstruction of nuclear magnetic resonance images
US4971447A (en) * 1988-03-17 1990-11-20 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Method for measuring concentration of chemical substances
US5412195A (en) * 1992-12-29 1995-05-02 Hughes Aircraft Company High security spectral code strip
US5461475A (en) * 1994-02-02 1995-10-24 Physical Optics Corporation Binary optical spectrum analyzer
WO1996000887A1 (en) * 1994-06-28 1996-01-11 Photonex Limited An improved optical sensor and method
US5679899A (en) * 1995-03-06 1997-10-21 Holographics Inc. Method and apparatus for non-destructive testing of structures
US6646745B2 (en) * 2001-10-22 2003-11-11 Triquint Technology Holding Co. Method and apparatus for locking the transmission wavelength in optical communication laser packages
WO2007027073A3 (en) * 2005-08-30 2007-07-05 Vladimir Schiliov Method of spectral identification of the material resource objects and device for identification

Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3556661A (en) * 1967-04-26 1971-01-19 Thomson Houston Comp Francaise Analysis apparatus for spectrometer signals with fourier transform output

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3556661A (en) * 1967-04-26 1971-01-19 Thomson Houston Comp Francaise Analysis apparatus for spectrometer signals with fourier transform output

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
Moire Pattern Resulting From Superposition of Two Zone Plates ; Chau; Applied Optics; Vol. 8 No. 8; Aug. 69 pg. 1707 1712. *

Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4109996A (en) * 1975-06-03 1978-08-29 Sentralinstitutt For Industriell Forskning Method for producing a synthetic hologram
EP0196236A3 (en) * 1985-03-28 1989-06-07 National Research Development Corporation Method and apparatus for the reconstruction of nuclear magnetic resonance images
US4717258A (en) * 1985-12-31 1988-01-05 Smith College 3-channel microdensitometer for analysis of plate spectra
US4971447A (en) * 1988-03-17 1990-11-20 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Method for measuring concentration of chemical substances
US5412195A (en) * 1992-12-29 1995-05-02 Hughes Aircraft Company High security spectral code strip
US5461475A (en) * 1994-02-02 1995-10-24 Physical Optics Corporation Binary optical spectrum analyzer
WO1996000887A1 (en) * 1994-06-28 1996-01-11 Photonex Limited An improved optical sensor and method
GB2305504A (en) * 1994-06-28 1997-04-09 Photonex Ltd An improved optical sensor and method
GB2305504B (en) * 1994-06-28 1998-03-18 Photonex Ltd An improved optical sensor and method
US5679899A (en) * 1995-03-06 1997-10-21 Holographics Inc. Method and apparatus for non-destructive testing of structures
US6646745B2 (en) * 2001-10-22 2003-11-11 Triquint Technology Holding Co. Method and apparatus for locking the transmission wavelength in optical communication laser packages
WO2007027073A3 (en) * 2005-08-30 2007-07-05 Vladimir Schiliov Method of spectral identification of the material resource objects and device for identification

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DE2058555A1 (de) 1971-06-24
GB1336745A (en) 1973-11-07
FR2074952A5 (ref) 1971-10-08

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