US3694260A - Bonded heater,cathode,control electrode structure and method of manufacture - Google Patents

Bonded heater,cathode,control electrode structure and method of manufacture Download PDF

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US3694260A
US3694260A US127735A US3694260DA US3694260A US 3694260 A US3694260 A US 3694260A US 127735 A US127735 A US 127735A US 3694260D A US3694260D A US 3694260DA US 3694260 A US3694260 A US 3694260A
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cathode
disk
heater
film
insulating layer
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James E Beggs
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JAMES E BEGGS
INDIANA NATIONAL BANK
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J21/00—Vacuum tubes
    • H01J21/36—Tubes with flat electrodes, e.g. disc electrode
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J1/00—Details of electrodes, of magnetic control means, of screens, or of the mounting or spacing thereof, common to two or more basic types of discharge tubes or lamps
    • H01J1/02—Main electrodes
    • H01J1/13—Solid thermionic cathodes
    • H01J1/20—Cathodes heated indirectly by an electric current; Cathodes heated by electron or ion bombardment
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J1/00—Details of electrodes, of magnetic control means, of screens, or of the mounting or spacing thereof, common to two or more basic types of discharge tubes or lamps
    • H01J1/02—Main electrodes
    • H01J1/13—Solid thermionic cathodes
    • H01J1/20—Cathodes heated indirectly by an electric current; Cathodes heated by electron or ion bombardment
    • H01J1/28—Dispenser-type cathodes, e.g. L-cathode
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J9/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for the manufacture, installation, removal, maintenance of electric discharge tubes, discharge lamps, or parts thereof; Recovery of material from discharge tubes or lamps
    • H01J9/02—Manufacture of electrodes or electrode systems
    • H01J9/04—Manufacture of electrodes or electrode systems of thermionic cathodes

Definitions

  • a unitary heater, cathode, and control electrode structure for an electron discharge device is formed by coating a disk of a porous refractory metal with an inorganic insulating layer, overcoating the insulating layer with a film of refractory metal, forming a grid pattern in the film on one side of the disk, forming openings in the film and insulating layer corresponding to the pattern, and impregnating the disk with thermionic emissive material.
  • This invention relates to electrodes for electron discharge devices, and particularly, to a method of manufacturing a unitary heater, cathode, and control grid structure for an electron discharge device which can be mounted in a tube envelope for completion of the construction of the device.
  • the three-electrode electron discharge device basically consists of a heater, a cathode, a control grid, and an anode operating in a vacuum environment.
  • the anode is a relatively rugged structure while the cathode and its associated heater and control electrode are the chief components determining the degree of performance of the device. The life of the device is determined by successful operation of these components.
  • the control grid is usually closely spaced to the cathode, and must be maintained in a fixed position relative to the cathode during operation of the device, a major portion of the cost of constructing the device consists in manufacturing and assembling the heater, cathode, and control grid in the evacuated envelope. If these elements can be pre-assembled into a rugged and reliable structure, construction of the electron tube, or electron discharge device, can be simplified, manufacturing costs reduced, and operation made more dependable.
  • Another object of my invention is to provide new and improved methods of forming a unitary heater, cathode, control grid structure for an electron discharge device.
  • a unitary heater, cathode, control grid structure for an electron discharge device is formed by coating a disk of a porous refractory metal with an inorganic insulating layer, coating the insulating layer with a film of refractory metal and United States Patent "ice forming a grid pattenr in the film on one side of the disk. Thereafter, openings are formed in the film and the insulating layer corresponding to the grid pattern and the disk is impregnated with thermionic emissive material.
  • a rugged unitary structure is available which can easily be assembled in a tube envelope in opposition to the anode structure to form a completed electron discharge device.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates schematically the assembly stages of a unitary control electrode, cathode structure
  • FIG. 2 illustrates the successive assembly stages of a unitary heater, cathode, control electrode structure
  • FIG. 3 illustrates the successive assembly stages of a modification of the unitary heater, cathode, control electrode structure of FIG. 2;
  • FIG. 4 is a vertical cross-section of an electron discharge device employing the unitary heater, cathode, control electrode structure of FIG. 2.
  • a porous refractory metal disk 1 is provided with two outer parallel surfaces 2, 3 and a groove 4 which extends around the periphery of the disk. Porous disk 1 is coated on its upper surface with an inorganic insulating layer 5 upon which is deposited a thin film 6 of a refractory metal. Porous disk 1 may be formed of any suitable refractory metal such as tungsten or molybdenum.
  • the material of the inorganic insulating layer 5 preferably is a material having a low dielectric constant and a high dielectric strength such as boron nitride or alumina and may be deposited on the upper surface of the disk from a chemical vapor.
  • the film 6 of a refractory metal which overcoats the insulating layer 5 may be deposited on the layer 5 by sputtering or chemical vapor deposition and may comprise either tungsten or a tungsten alloy such as tungsten carbide, molybdenum or molybdenum carbide, or zirconium.
  • an etched grid is placed in contact with the upper surface of layer 6 and a blast of abrasive particles such as aluminum oxide powder is employed to erode openings 7 in the layers 5 and 6.
  • a blast of abrasive particles such as aluminum oxide powder is employed to erode openings 7 in the layers 5 and 6.
  • opening 7 are sufliciently deep that a portion of the porous disk 1, such as portions 8, are removed to form a concave surface that can aid in focusing electron current through the openings 7 in the control gird.
  • a suitable mixture of oxides For this purpose, a mixture of barium, calcium, and aluminum oxides is coated on the surface 3, the composite structure is inverted, and inductively heated to a temperature of approximately 1650 C. whence the oxides form a liquid and penetrate the pores of the disk 1. After this assembly operation has been completed, a metal clad heater 9 is brazed to the bottom surface 3 of the assembly.
  • the porous refractory metal disk 1 is provided with a concave rim 10 which corresponds to the groove 4 0f the disk of FIG. 1 and which is used, as is explained later, for positioning and supporting the assembly.
  • Two or more lateral holes 11 are formed in the rim of the disk and extend from one edge almost to the opposite edge. Plugs 12 are used to close the openings of these holes.
  • the entire disk 7 is then coated with a thin layer (0.0001 inch to 0.001 inch thick) of an insulating layer of an inorganic material having a low dielectric constant. Thereafter, the top and bottom surfaces of the insulating layer are covered with an overcoating film of refractory metal having a thickness of the order of 0.5 to microns.
  • Layer 6 of this film of refractory material on the upper surface of the composite structure as seen in FIG. 2 extends over the edges to provide a portion 13 to function as a contact region for the control electrode to be formed in the upper layer.
  • both upper layer 6- of the film of refractory metal and the lower layer 14 are coated with a photoresist.
  • a control electrode or grid pattern is developed on layer 6 and a heater pattern on layer 14. The exposed metal is then removed by etching to form a grid in upper layer 6 and a heater in lower layer 14.
  • the grid pattern is carburized to provide a surface capable of operating hot with a low level of grid emission.
  • a mask (not shown) is placed over the heater side of the disk. This mask is provided with an annular opening 15. Thereafter, the two surfaces are sub jected to a blast of aluminum particles to erode the boron nitride layer 5 from the openings in the grid pattern and also opening 15 in the heater mask.
  • plugs 12 are removed from openings 11 and the assembly is fired in a vacuum at a high temperature of the order of 1200 C.l800 C. to thoroughly free it from gases.
  • a mixture of cathode oxides is then inserted in holes 11 and the assembly is heated to a temperature where the oxides form a liquid that impregnates the pores of the tungsten disk.
  • Contact to the cathode is made through opening 15 in the insulating film 5.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates my unitary heater, cathode, and control grid structure as embodied in an electron discharge device of a type described and claimed in my concurrently filed appication S.N. 39,248 now U.S. Pat. No. 3,662,209, and assigned to the assignee of this present invention.
  • This device 30 comprises three concentric cylinders 31, 32, and 33. Cylinders 31 and 32 are formed of a suitable metal, such as titanium, while cylinder 33 is formed of an insulating material such as a spinel.
  • the cylinders are supported on an insulating base 34 of a "suitable material such as forsterite, cylinders 31 and 32 having at their lower ends outwardly extending flanges which are insulated from each other by a layer 35 of forsterite.
  • Cylinder 33 provides a support for an anode structure 36 while cylinder 32 provides a support for a unitary heater, cathode, control grid structure 37 of my invention.
  • a garter spring 38 comprising a resilient conductive helix, snaps into the concave rim of structure 37 and rests upon a shoulder 39 at the upper end of cylinder 32.
  • garter spring 38 contacts both the grid contact region 13 of assembly 37 and shoulder 39 so that the outwardly extending flange of cylinder 32 forms an externally accessible contact for the control grid.
  • Contact to cathode disk 1 is made by means of a pluarlity of conductors 40 which extend from cylinder 31 are are inclined to cathode disk to make a resilient contact with the disk.
  • Contact to heater 14 is made through a pair of leads 41, 42 which pass through openings provided in base 34.
  • One of the advantages of my invention is that it permits preassembling the unitary heater, cathode, grid structure as a rugged and reliable structure and facilitates positioning of that composite structure in an electron discharge device.
  • etching film 6 very fine and exact control grid details can be formed.
  • carburizing the control grid it is maintained at a low level of grid emission.
  • the continuous film of insulation beneath the entire heater permits it to be operated at a large potential difference with respect to the cathode.
  • a layer 5 which is not only an insulating layer but also a good thermal conductor, heat is transferred directly from the control grid to the cathode so that the grid runs at the same temperature as the cathode.
  • porous tungsten disk is coated with a material from the group consisting of boron nitride and alumina and overcoated with a film of a material from the group consisting of tungsten, tungsten carbide, molybdenum, molybdenum carbide, and zirconium.
  • the method of claim 1 which includes the steps of forming a hole in the coating of the disk and introducing thermionic emissive material into the porous disk through the hole.
  • Tilt is certified that error appears; in the. abox zd-nidentfificzd P21116111 i2 and that: said Letters Patent are hereby correct-tad as shown below:

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Solid Thermionic Cathode (AREA)

Abstract

A UNITARY HEATER, CATHODE, AND CONTROL ELECTODE STRUCTURE FOR AN ELECTRON DISCHARGE DEVICE IS FORMED BY COATING A DISK OF A POROUS REFRACTORY METAL WITH AN INORGANIC INSULATING LAYER, OVERCOATING THE INSULATING LAYER WITH A FILM OF REFRACTORY METAL, FORMING A GRID PATTERN IN THE FILM ON ONE SIDE OF THE DISK, FORMING OPENINGS IN THE FILM AND INSULATING LAYER CORRESPONDING TO THE PATTERN, AND IMPREGNATING THE DISK WITH THERMIONIC EMISSIVE MATERIAL.

Description

Sept. 26, 1972 J. E. BEGGS .5 2
BONDED HEATER, CATHODE, CONTROL ELECTRODE STRUCTURE AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURE Original Filed May 21, 1970 F IG; 4
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//V V E /V TOR.
JAMES 5. 85668, by 4 W HIS ATTORNEY 3,694,260 BONDED HEATER, CATHODE, CONTROL ELECTRODE STRUCTURE AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURE James E. Beggs, 2644 Troy Road, Schenectady, N.Y. 12309 Original application May 21, 1970, Ser. No. 39,463. Divided and this application Mar. 24, 1971, Ser. No.
Int. Cl. H01j 1/00; B44d 1/18 US. Cl. 117-210 Claims ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE A unitary heater, cathode, and control electrode structure for an electron discharge device is formed by coating a disk of a porous refractory metal with an inorganic insulating layer, overcoating the insulating layer with a film of refractory metal, forming a grid pattern in the film on one side of the disk, forming openings in the film and insulating layer corresponding to the pattern, and impregnating the disk with thermionic emissive material.
This invention relates to electrodes for electron discharge devices, and particularly, to a method of manufacturing a unitary heater, cathode, and control grid structure for an electron discharge device which can be mounted in a tube envelope for completion of the construction of the device.
This application is a division of my copending application Ser. No. 39,463, filed May 21, 1970, entitled Bonded Heater, Cathode Control Electrode Structure and Method of Manufacture now US. Patent No. 3,599,031. The invention herein described was made in the course of or under a contract or subcontract thereunder with the Department of the Army.
The three-electrode electron discharge device, or triode, basically consists of a heater, a cathode, a control grid, and an anode operating in a vacuum environment. Of these electrodes, the anode is a relatively rugged structure while the cathode and its associated heater and control electrode are the chief components determining the degree of performance of the device. The life of the device is determined by successful operation of these components. Because the control grid is usually closely spaced to the cathode, and must be maintained in a fixed position relative to the cathode during operation of the device, a major portion of the cost of constructing the device consists in manufacturing and assembling the heater, cathode, and control grid in the evacuated envelope. If these elements can be pre-assembled into a rugged and reliable structure, construction of the electron tube, or electron discharge device, can be simplified, manufacturing costs reduced, and operation made more dependable.
It is a principal object of my invention to provide a new and improved unitary heater, cathode, and control grid structure for an electron discharge device.
It is another object of my invention to provide a thermionic cathode with a finely detailed grid bonded to one side and an efficient heater bonded to the other side.
Another object of my invention is to provide new and improved methods of forming a unitary heater, cathode, control grid structure for an electron discharge device.
In accordance with the present invention, a unitary heater, cathode, control grid structure for an electron discharge device is formed by coating a disk of a porous refractory metal with an inorganic insulating layer, coating the insulating layer with a film of refractory metal and United States Patent "ice forming a grid pattenr in the film on one side of the disk. Thereafter, openings are formed in the film and the insulating layer corresponding to the grid pattern and the disk is impregnated with thermionic emissive material. When a heater is attached to the other side of the disk, a rugged unitary structure is available which can easily be assembled in a tube envelope in opposition to the anode structure to form a completed electron discharge device.
While the specification concludes with claims particularly pointing out and distinctly claiming that which is regarded as the present invention, the details of the preferred process and embodiment of the invention may be more readily ascertained from the following detailed description when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 illustrates schematically the assembly stages of a unitary control electrode, cathode structure;
FIG. 2 illustrates the successive assembly stages of a unitary heater, cathode, control electrode structure;
FIG. 3 illustrates the successive assembly stages of a modification of the unitary heater, cathode, control electrode structure of FIG. 2; and
FIG. 4 is a vertical cross-section of an electron discharge device employing the unitary heater, cathode, control electrode structure of FIG. 2.
In the group of sketches which form FIG. 1 and show from left to right the successive stages used to manufacture a bonded control electrode, cathode structure, a porous refractory metal disk 1 is provided with two outer parallel surfaces 2, 3 and a groove 4 which extends around the periphery of the disk. Porous disk 1 is coated on its upper surface with an inorganic insulating layer 5 upon which is deposited a thin film 6 of a refractory metal. Porous disk 1 may be formed of any suitable refractory metal such as tungsten or molybdenum. The material of the inorganic insulating layer 5 preferably is a material having a low dielectric constant and a high dielectric strength such as boron nitride or alumina and may be deposited on the upper surface of the disk from a chemical vapor. The film 6 of a refractory metal which overcoats the insulating layer 5 may be deposited on the layer 5 by sputtering or chemical vapor deposition and may comprise either tungsten or a tungsten alloy such as tungsten carbide, molybdenum or molybdenum carbide, or zirconium.
After the composite structure comprising disk 1 with layers 5 and 6 has been formed, an etched grid is placed in contact with the upper surface of layer 6 and a blast of abrasive particles such as aluminum oxide powder is employed to erode openings 7 in the layers 5 and 6. Preferably opening 7 are sufliciently deep that a portion of the porous disk 1, such as portions 8, are removed to form a concave surface that can aid in focusing electron current through the openings 7 in the control gird.
To obtain thermionic emission from the cathode, it is necessary to fill the pores of the porous disk 1 with a suitable mixture of oxides. For this purpose, a mixture of barium, calcium, and aluminum oxides is coated on the surface 3, the composite structure is inverted, and inductively heated to a temperature of approximately 1650 C. whence the oxides form a liquid and penetrate the pores of the disk 1. After this assembly operation has been completed, a metal clad heater 9 is brazed to the bottom surface 3 of the assembly.
In the form of the invention illustrated in FIG. 2, the porous refractory metal disk 1 is provided with a concave rim 10 which corresponds to the groove 4 0f the disk of FIG. 1 and which is used, as is explained later, for positioning and supporting the assembly. Two or more lateral holes 11 are formed in the rim of the disk and extend from one edge almost to the opposite edge. Plugs 12 are used to close the openings of these holes. The entire disk 7 is then coated with a thin layer (0.0001 inch to 0.001 inch thick) of an insulating layer of an inorganic material having a low dielectric constant. Thereafter, the top and bottom surfaces of the insulating layer are covered with an overcoating film of refractory metal having a thickness of the order of 0.5 to microns. Layer 6 of this film of refractory material on the upper surface of the composite structure as seen in FIG. 2 extends over the edges to provide a portion 13 to function as a contact region for the control electrode to be formed in the upper layer. Thereafter, both upper layer 6- of the film of refractory metal and the lower layer 14 are coated with a photoresist. A control electrode or grid pattern is developed on layer 6 and a heater pattern on layer 14. The exposed metal is then removed by etching to form a grid in upper layer 6 and a heater in lower layer 14.
In constructing the unitary heater, cathode, control grid assembly, I prefer to form porous disk 1 of tungsten, insulating layer 5 of boron nitride, and films 6 of tungsten although the other materials of the previously mentioned groups of material may be used. After a grid has been formed in layer 6 by the photoetching process, the grid pattern is carburized to provide a surface capable of operating hot with a low level of grid emission. After the carburizing step, a mask (not shown) is placed over the heater side of the disk. This mask is provided with an annular opening 15. Thereafter, the two surfaces are sub jected to a blast of aluminum particles to erode the boron nitride layer 5 from the openings in the grid pattern and also opening 15 in the heater mask.
After the eroding step, plugs 12 are removed from openings 11 and the assembly is fired in a vacuum at a high temperature of the order of 1200 C.l800 C. to thoroughly free it from gases. A mixture of cathode oxides is then inserted in holes 11 and the assembly is heated to a temperature where the oxides form a liquid that impregnates the pores of the tungsten disk. Contact to the cathode is made through opening 15 in the insulating film 5.
In the modification of my unitary heater, cathode, control grid assembly illustrated in FIG. 3, a plurality of conductive tubes are inserted in disk 1 prior to the step of coating the disk with inorganic insulating layer 5. In all other respects, the assemby of FIG. 3 is formed as explained in connection with the description of FIG. 2. After the step of eroding the areas in films 6 and 5 to form openings 7, a mixture of cathode oxides such as barium, calcium and aluminum oxides is introduced into the porous disk 1 through tubes 20. Tubes 20 likewise form terminals for the cathode obviating the need for opening 15.
FIG. 4 illustrates my unitary heater, cathode, and control grid structure as embodied in an electron discharge device of a type described and claimed in my concurrently filed appication S.N. 39,248 now U.S. Pat. No. 3,662,209, and assigned to the assignee of this present invention. This device 30 comprises three concentric cylinders 31, 32, and 33. Cylinders 31 and 32 are formed of a suitable metal, such as titanium, while cylinder 33 is formed of an insulating material such as a spinel. The cylinders are supported on an insulating base 34 of a "suitable material such as forsterite, cylinders 31 and 32 having at their lower ends outwardly extending flanges which are insulated from each other by a layer 35 of forsterite. Cylinder 33 provides a support for an anode structure 36 while cylinder 32 provides a support for a unitary heater, cathode, control grid structure 37 of my invention. A garter spring 38, comprising a resilient conductive helix, snaps into the concave rim of structure 37 and rests upon a shoulder 39 at the upper end of cylinder 32. In this manner, garter spring 38 contacts both the grid contact region 13 of assembly 37 and shoulder 39 so that the outwardly extending flange of cylinder 32 forms an externally accessible contact for the control grid. Contact to cathode disk 1 is made by means of a pluarlity of conductors 40 which extend from cylinder 31 are are inclined to cathode disk to make a resilient contact with the disk. Contact to heater 14 is made through a pair of leads 41, 42 which pass through openings provided in base 34.
One of the advantages of my invention is that it permits preassembling the unitary heater, cathode, grid structure as a rugged and reliable structure and facilitates positioning of that composite structure in an electron discharge device. By etching film 6, very fine and exact control grid details can be formed. Furthermore, by carburizing the control grid, it is maintained at a low level of grid emission. The continuous film of insulation beneath the entire heater permits it to be operated at a large potential difference with respect to the cathode. By providing a layer 5 which is not only an insulating layer but also a good thermal conductor, heat is transferred directly from the control grid to the cathode so that the grid runs at the same temperature as the cathode.
While I have shown and described several embodiments of my invention, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that many changes and modifications may be made without departing from my invention in its broader aspects and I, therefore, intend the appended claims to cover all such changes and modifications as fall within the true spirit and scope of my invention.
What I claim as new and desire to secure by Letters Patent of the United States is:
1. The method of forming a unitary heater, cathode, and control grid structure for an electron discharge device which comprises coating a disk of porous refractory metal with an inorganic insulating layer,
overcoating the insulating layer with a film of refractory metal,
forming a grid pattern in the film on one side of the disk,
forming openings in the film and insulating layer corresponding to the pattern,
forming a heater on the other side of the disk, and
impregnating the disk with thermionic emissive material.
2. The method of claim 1 which includes the step of hardening the pattern-bearing portion of the film and eroding the unhardened portions of the film to form the openings.
3. The method of claim 1 in which the porous tungsten disk is coated with a material from the group consisting of boron nitride and alumina and overcoated with a film of a material from the group consisting of tungsten, tungsten carbide, molybdenum, molybdenum carbide, and zirconium.
4. The method of claim 1 in which a porous tungsten disk is coated with boron nitride and overcoated with a film of tungsten.
5. The method of claim 1 which includes the steps of forming a hole in the coating of the disk and introducing thermionic emissive material into the porous disk through the hole.
6. The method of claim 1 which includes the step of coating one surface of the film of refractory metal with a photoresist to form a grid pattern on the metal and utilizing an etchant to remove the uncoated portions of the film on said one surface whereby the remaining metal on said one surface is in the form of a grid pattern,
7. The method of claim 6 which includes the step of carburizing the grid pattern and utilizing abrasive material to erode the uncoated portion of the inorganic insulating layer.
8. The method of claim 1 in which a mask containing a heater pattern is laid over the other side during the 6 step of overcoating the insulating layer and is removed 3,428,834 2/1969 Yerouchalm 313346 R after the completion of the overcoating step. 3,339,290 1968 YOShidO et a1 313- 6 R R fere s Cited ALFRED L. LEAVITT, Primary Examiner UNITED STATES PATENTS 5 K. P. GLYNN, Assistant Examiner 2222 122 41:22: 21 :1 "51: 2:2 aumea. 3,514,324 5/1970 Koppins 117-224 x 117212;313-268329 3,441,781 4/1969 Cooper 313-346 R 10 9 assignor New York ls's'i'oner' of Patents 2 9 6 2 r m m e t P e S 3 Leaka e; w
James E Beggs 'Beg gs, 2644 Troy Road V 12309, pleaseadd ompany, Schenectady,
Signed and sealed this 13th day of March 1973.
:RQBERT GOTTSCHALK Comm Patent; No
Iz m1tc'1:(a=)
Tilt is certified that error appears; in the. abox zd-nidentfificzd P21116111 i2 and that: said Letters Patent are hereby correct-tad as shown below:
Column 1, afterJames E. Schenec tady, New York to General Electric C SEAL) ttest:
DWARD M.FLETCHER-,JR. ttesting Officer
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Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2351489A1 (en) * 1976-05-10 1977-12-09 Varian Associates THERMOIONIC ELECTRON SOURCE WITH CATHODE-LINKED CONTROL GRID
US4223243A (en) * 1979-05-09 1980-09-16 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Tube with bonded cathode and electrode structure and getter
US4237209A (en) * 1979-05-09 1980-12-02 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Erosion lithography with high-aspect nozzle
US4254357A (en) * 1979-09-14 1981-03-03 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Multi-arrayed micro-patch emitter with integral control grid
US4272612A (en) * 1979-05-09 1981-06-09 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Erosion lithography to abrade a pattern onto a substrate
EP0039877A1 (en) * 1980-05-12 1981-11-18 International Business Machines Corporation A multiple electron beam cathode ray tube
EP0059491A1 (en) * 1981-02-26 1982-09-08 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Oxide cathode
US4459323A (en) * 1980-04-18 1984-07-10 Thomson-Csf Process for producing an impregnated cathode with an integrated grid, cathode obtained by this process and electron tube equipped with such a cathode
US11205564B2 (en) 2017-05-23 2021-12-21 Modern Electron, Inc. Electrostatic grid device to reduce electron space charge
US11626273B2 (en) 2019-04-05 2023-04-11 Modern Electron, Inc. Thermionic energy converter with thermal concentrating hot shell

Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2351489A1 (en) * 1976-05-10 1977-12-09 Varian Associates THERMOIONIC ELECTRON SOURCE WITH CATHODE-LINKED CONTROL GRID
US4223243A (en) * 1979-05-09 1980-09-16 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Tube with bonded cathode and electrode structure and getter
US4237209A (en) * 1979-05-09 1980-12-02 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Erosion lithography with high-aspect nozzle
US4272612A (en) * 1979-05-09 1981-06-09 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Erosion lithography to abrade a pattern onto a substrate
US4254357A (en) * 1979-09-14 1981-03-03 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Multi-arrayed micro-patch emitter with integral control grid
US4459323A (en) * 1980-04-18 1984-07-10 Thomson-Csf Process for producing an impregnated cathode with an integrated grid, cathode obtained by this process and electron tube equipped with such a cathode
EP0039877A1 (en) * 1980-05-12 1981-11-18 International Business Machines Corporation A multiple electron beam cathode ray tube
EP0059491A1 (en) * 1981-02-26 1982-09-08 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Oxide cathode
US11205564B2 (en) 2017-05-23 2021-12-21 Modern Electron, Inc. Electrostatic grid device to reduce electron space charge
US11626273B2 (en) 2019-04-05 2023-04-11 Modern Electron, Inc. Thermionic energy converter with thermal concentrating hot shell

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